The present study describes the nature, scope and application of universal jurisdiction as an important tool against impunity in international criminal law, in a straight forward manner, where inquiry into the recent developments of universal jurisdiction is undertaken. Forthwith, the formation of the principle of universal jurisdiction - especially its practical application - must be guided by international consensus, not through advocacy action of states with short term and narrow objectives. The thesis seeks to identify and observe how far the law of universal jurisdiction has actually evolved and how far we should expect it to evolve in the near future, considering its restrains and challenges. It is argued that the concept of state sovereignty, which constitutes the greatest impediment on the exercise of universal jurisdiction, has seen various changes to its fundamentals elements in the 21st Century. The aim is to look at the universality principle, not as an isolated part, but as part of a broader framework in modern international law and thus special attention is given to the relationship between universal jurisdiction and the principle of aut dedere aut judicare. These principles are interrelated, yet distinct, parallels in deterring commission of the most heinous offences of international...

Les prairies permanentes représentent l’une des principales formes d’utilisation des terres en Europe. En France, elles représentent près de 40% de la Surface Agricole Utile (SAU) et restent le support de nombreux systèmes d’élevage. Les scénarios actuels de changement climatique prévoient tous un accroissement de la variabilité climatique qui pourrait se traduire par un accroissement des évènements extrêmes, notamment en ce qui concerne les épisodes de sécheresses. Ces événements extrêmes sont de nature à altérer la structure et le fonctionnement des prairies et en conséquence la capacité de ces écosystèmes à rendre des services agricoles, écologiques et environnementaux. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance et de résilience des communautés végétales prairiales face à l’occurrence de sécheresses extrêmes s’avère donc cruciale pour évaluer la stabilité du fonctionnement de l’écosystème prairial et notamment du service de production qu'il supporte. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’évaluer la capacité des prairies permanentes à maintenir leur fonction de production face à un événement de sécheresse extrême. Elle s’appuie sur une démarche expérimentale en mésocosmes sous conditions semi-contrôlées permettant de caractériser le rôle de la composition et de la structure des communautés végétales prairiales dans la résistance et la résilience à la sécheresse des prairies. Pour évaluer l’importance de la composition et de la diversité fonctionnelle dans la réponse des communautés végétales, des monocultures et des mélanges associant graminées et une légumineuse ont été sélectionnés. L’originalité de ce travail réside dans une approche d’écologie fonctionnelle permettant d’appréhender l’importance des interactions entre espèces dans la réponse de la communauté via l’analyse de traits morphologiques et physiologiques mesurés conjointement dans les compartiments aérien et souterrain de la végétation. Cette étude a mis en évidence le rôle prépondérant du Trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens) dans la modulation de l’impact d’un événement de sécheresse extrême sur la production de biomasse de mélanges prairiaux. Si aucun effet tampon de la composition et de la structure de la communauté n’a été mis en évidence durant la sécheresse, la présence et l’abondance de Trèfle blanc a été reliée à une meilleure récupération à long terme de la production de biomasse des mélanges. Après l’extrême, une surproduction des mélanges associant graminée et Trèfle blanc a ainsi été attribuée à des mécanismes de facilitation azotée et de complémentarité verticale de niches au niveau racinaire pour l’acquisition de l’eau. Nous avons ainsi souligné l’importance de la croissance des racines profondes pour la mise en place de complémentarités fonctionnelles entre espèces et donc pour le maintien de la production sous sécheresse extrême. L’événement de sécheresse affecte durablement le comportement des racines et de ce fait les mécanismes sous-jacents de l’effet bénéfique du Trèfle blanc sur la production aérienne. Par ailleurs, notre étude a mis en évidence le rôle majeur des interactions hétérospécifiques dans l’expression de traits intraspécifiques liés aux stratégies d’acquisition des ressources et par conséquent dans la régulation de la performance des espèces sous sécheresse extrême. Nous montrons que la structure et la composition fonctionnelle de la communauté végétale apparaît essentielle dans la régulation de la réponse à un événement de sécheresse extrême. Dans notre étude, la récupération de la production de biomasse aérienne après sécheresse extrême repose essentiellement sur la présence de Trèfle blanc et la mise en place d’interactions positives entre espèces. La prise en compte de la modulation par les interactions interspécifiques du comportement des espèces en mélanges s’avère nécessaire dans la prévision de la production des prairies sous climat futur. (...) / Permanent grasslands are one of the main forms of land use in Europe. In France, permanent grasslands represent around 40% of Utilised Agricultural Land and support many animal-based farming systems. Current climate change scenarios predict increased climate variability that could result in an increase in extreme events such as drought episodes. These extreme events can significantly alter the structure and functioning of grasslands, with implications for their capacity to provide agricultural, ecological and environmental services. Improved understanding of the resistance and resilience mechanisms of grassland plant communities exposed to extreme drought is therefore critical in order to assess the stability of grassland functions, in particular that of biomass production. This thesis aims at assessing the capacity of permanent grasslands to sustain their production when exposed to an extreme drought event. The study uses an experimental approach and semi-controlled conditions to investigate the role of community composition and functional diversity for drought resistance and resilience in grassland mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures combining grasses and legumes were selected to test the importance of composition and functional diversity for plant community responses during drought and up to a year after the end of water stress. The originality of this work is the use of a functional ecological approach to assess the impacts of species’ interactions via measurements of plant morphological and physiological traits both above- and below-ground. This study demonstrates the importance of white clover (Trifolium repens) in modulating the impact of extreme droughts on biomass production of grassland mixtures. Community composition did not have a buffering effect on biomass production during the drought event but the presence and abundance of white clover in mixtures was linked to higher recovery of biomass production in the long-term. After the extreme drought event, overyielding in mixtures combining grass and white clover could be attributed to mechanisms of nitrogen facilitation and vertical root complementarity for water uptake. Results also show the importance of deep root growth for the establishment of functional complementarity between species and the maintenance of biomass production under extreme drought. Drought had lasting effects on the root system patterns and thus on the underlying mechanisms of the positive effect of white clover on aboveground production. Moreover, this work highlights the key role of heterospecific interactions in the expression of intraspecific traits related to resource acquisition strategies. Heterospecific interactions are thus an important driver of the species performance under extreme drought.We show that the structure and functional composition of the plant community in simplified mixtures are critical for modulating grassland responses to an extreme drought event. In our study, the recovery of aboveground biomass production is mainly related to the presence of white clover and the establishment of positive interactions between species. Changes of species behaviour in response to heterospecific interactions should be taken into account to better predict grassland biomass production under future climatic conditions. From an applied perspective, accounting for the key role of white clover and the inherent variability or neighbour-induced plasticity of intraspecific traits appears important to adapt mixtures of species or varieties to more intense and frequent drought events.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michel Jorge Samaha.pdf: 2335647 bytes, checksum: 7af3f5eab3158ad2008664ed705c7072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Based on the welfare system approaches (WS) and variety of capitalism (VoC) designed by Gösta Esping-Andersen and Peter Hall and David Soskice, respectively, this thesis focuses on the growing theoretical concern with the possible complementarities between the social protection system and the capitalist production system. When these approaches are articulated it is assumed that Brazil has a variety of combinations of these systems and cannot be typified as a homogeneous case. As Brazilian reality is heterogeneous, unequal and complex, the territorial scale chosen for the research were the Federative Units. The objectives of the thesis are to characterize the welfare systems and the varieties of capitalism in the Brazilian States, test the determination among them and identify the factors and the complementarities capable of explaining their economic heterogeneity and social protection. In addition to these goals, the study aims to show that the States are heterogeneous both in characterization of VoC as well as in terms of their WS; the States with matching systems present a significant complementarity and are nearby states. Despite the thesis limitations, it provides a theoretical framework for studying the internal variability of the types of welfare systems and varieties of capitalism, contributing to the construction of a typology adapted to the Brazilian heterogeneity. Furthermore, an ethnic dimension was introduced in the composition of the state types found, a theme that has been overlooked by the specialized literature. / A crescente preocupação teórica com as possíveis complementariedades entre o sistema de proteção social e o sistema de produção capitalista é desenvolvida nesta tese, tomando-se como referências as abordagens dos Regimes de Bem-Estar (RB) e de Variedade de Capitalismo (VoC), concebidas respectivamente por Gösta Esping-Andersen e Peter Hall e David Soskice. Ao integrar essas abordagens, assume-se o pressuposto de que o Brasil abriga uma variedade de combinações desses sistemas, não podendo ser tipificado como um caso homogêneo. A realidade brasileira é heterogênea, desigual e complexa, por isso a escala territorial eleita para a pesquisa foi a das Unidades Federativas. Os objetivos da tese consistem em caracterizar os regimes de bem-estar e a variedades de capitalismo nos estados brasileiros e testar a determinação entre eles, e, ainda, identificar os fatores e as complementariedades capazes de explicar a heterogeneidade econômica e de proteção social dos mesmos. Além de perseguir esses objetivos, o trabalho pretende mostrar que as unidades federativas são heterogêneas tanto na caracterização da VoC como no seu RB, e que estados com regimes coincidentes apresentam uma significativa complementariedade e estão espacialmente próximos. Não obstante suas limitações, a tese oferece um referencial teórico para estudar a variabilidade interna dos regimes de bem-estar e variedades de capitalismo, contribuindo para a construção de uma tipologia adaptada à heterogeneidade do Brasil. Além disso, foi introduzida uma dimensão étnica na composição dos tipos estaduais encontrados, tema quase negligenciado pela literatura especializada.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) is an important component of the human diet in the world, but in the meantime, Europe produces only 26% of the lentils it consumes. This is partly due to strong agronomic weaknesses that reduce yield such as lodging, bruchid beetles and weeds, especially in organic farming. Intercropping, the simultaneous growing of two or more species in the same field is tested here as an option to reduce these drawbacks and develop organic lentil production. The aims of this thesis were to (1) assess the potential of lentil-spring wheat intercrops to produce organic lentil, (2) understand the mechanisms that explain their performances, and (3) evaluate the profitability of such intercrops. A two-year field experiment was carried out in southwestern France in 2015 and 2016 under organic farming rules. Four lentil and two wheat cultivars were grown as sole crops and intercrops in multiple additive and substitutive designs. Our results showed that the total intercrop attainable grain yield was higher than the mean of sole crops. Yet, lentil yield in intercrop was lower than in sole crop as the result of a strong competition for resources from wheat in early lentil growth stages reducing the number of branches per plant of lentil. This led to lower gross margins of intercrops. However, lentil lodging was strongly reduced in intercrops thus its mechanical harvest efficiency increased. This led to similar mechanically harvested yields of lentil in intercrop and sole crop. Consequently, after mechanical harvest and grain cleaning, the marketable gross margin of intercrops was higher than that of sole crops. Our results suggest that (1) intercrop had no effect on bruchids, (2) the most effective intercrop is when lentil is at sole crop density and wheat at 15-20%, (3) intercrop performance is due to complementary use of N pools through legume N2 fixation and (4) the intensity of interspecific interactions depends on year, wheat density and genotypes. Our work indicates that lentil-spring wheat intercrop can develop organic lentil production but a better understanding of Genotype x Environment x Cropping system interactions may be useful to design optimized managements.

Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para a modelagem e resolução de problemas de fluxo de carga em sistemas elétricos de potência. O modelo proposto é formado simultaneamente pelo conjunto de equações não lineares que representam as restrições de carga do problema e por restrições de complementaridade associadas com as restrições de operação da rede, as quais propiciam o controle implícito das tensões nas barras com controle de geração. Também é proposta uma técnica para a obtenção dos valores discretos dos taps de tranformadores, de maneira que o ajuste dessas variáveis possa ser realizado em passos discretos. A metodologia desenvolvida consiste em tratar o sistema misto de equações e inequações não lineares como um problema de factibilidade não linear e transformá-lo em um problema de mínimos quadrados não lineares, o qual é resolvido por uma sequência de subproblemas linearizados dentro de uma região de confiança. Para a obtenção de soluções aproximadas desse subproblema foi adotado o método do gradiente conjugado de Steihaug, combinando estratégias de região de confiança e filtros multidimensionais para analisar a qualidade das soluções fornecidas. Foram realizados testes numéricos com os sistemas de 14, 30, 57, 118 e 300 barras do IEEE, e com um sistema brasileiro equivalente CESP 53 barras, os quais indicaram boa flexibilidade e robustez do método proposto. / This work presents a new approach to the load flow problem in electrical power systems and develops a methodology for its resolution. The proposed model is simultaneously composed by nonlinear equations and inequations which represent the load and operational restrictions of the system, where a set of complementarity constraints model the relationship between voltage and reactive power generation in controled buses. It is also proposed a new technique to obtaining a discrete solution for the transformer taps, allowing their discrete adjustment. The method developed treats the mixed system of equations and inequations of the load flow problem as a nonlinear feasibility problem and converts it in a nonlinear least squares problem, which is solved by minimizing a sequence of linearized subproblems, whitin a trust region. To obtain approximate solutions at every iteration, we use the Steihaug conjugate gradient method, combining trust region and multidimensional filters techniques to analyse the quality of the provided solution. Numerical results using 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300-bus IEEE power systems, and a real brazilian equivalent system CESP 53-bus, indicate the flexibility and robustness of the proposed method.

Este trabalho propõe um novo modelo e uma nova abordagem para resolução do problema de fluxo de potência ótimo reativo com variáveis de controle discretas e restrições de atuação de dispositivos de controle de tensão. Matematicamente, esse problema é formulado como um problema de programação não linear com variáveis contínuas e discretas e restrições de complementaridade, cuja abordagem para resolução proposta neste trabalho se baseia na resolução de uma sequência de problemas modificados pelo algoritmo da função Lagrangiana barreira modificada-penalidade-discreto. Nessa abordagem, o problema original é modificado da seguinte forma: 1) as variáveis discretas são tratadas como contínuas por funções senoidais incorporadas na função objetivo do problema original; 2) as restrições de complementaridade são transformadas em restrições de desigualdade equivalentes; e 3) as restrições de desigualdade são transformadas em restrições de igualdade a partir do acréscimo de variáveis de folga não negativas. Para resolver o problema modificado, a condição de não negatividade das variáveis de folga é tratada por uma função barreira modificada com extrapolação quadrática. O problema modificado é transformado em um problema Lagrangiano, cuja solução é determinada a partir da aplicação das condições necessárias de otimalidade. No algoritmo da função Lagrangiana barreira modificada-penalidade-discreto, uma sequência de problemas modificados é resolvida até que todas as variáveis do problema modificado associadas às variáveis discretas do problema original assumam valores discretos. Para demonstrar a eficácia do modelo proposto e a robustez dessa abordagem para resolução de problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo reativo, foram realizados testes com os sistemas elétricos IEEE de 14, 30, 57 e 118 barras e com o sistema equivalente CESP 440 kV de 53 barras. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem para resolução de problemas de programação não linear proposta é eficaz no tratamento de variáveis discretas e restrições de complementaridade. / This work proposes a novel model and a new approach for solving the reactive optimal power flow problem with discrete control variables and voltage-control actuation constraints. Mathematically, such problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem with continuous and discrete variables and complementarity constraints, whose proposed resolution approach is based on solving a sequence of modified problems by the discrete penalty-modified barrier Lagrangian function algorithm. In this approach, the original problem is modified in the following way: 1) the discrete variables are treated as continuous by sinusoidal functions incorporated into the objective function of the original problem; 2) the complementarity constraints are transformed into equivalent inequality constraints; and 3) the inequality constraints are transformed into equality constraints by the addition of non-negative slack variables. To solve the modified problem, the non-negativity condition of the slack variables is treated by a modified barrier function with quadratic extrapolation. The modified problem is transformed into a Lagrangian problem, whose solution is determined by the application of the first-order necessary optimality conditions. In the discrete penalty- modified barrier Lagrangian function algorithm, a sequence of modified problems is successively solved until all the variables of the modified problem that are associated with the discrete variables of the original problem assume discrete values. The efectiveness of the proposed model and the robustness of this approach for solving reactive optimal power flow problems were verified with the IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118-bus test systems and the 440 kV CESP 53-bus equivalent system. The results show that the proposed approach for solving nonlinear programming problems successfully handles discrete variables and complementarity constraints.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-29T19:32:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HaylenoHossoe.pdf: 552257 bytes, checksum: 67574fc47a9a5830adf3bb8ea33116cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T19:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HaylenoHossoe.pdf: 552257 bytes, checksum: 67574fc47a9a5830adf3bb8ea33116cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / This thesis approaches, as the object of its investigation, the structural changes in the Brazilian public TV that emerge from the set of contraposition efforts of the civil society organizations and the Brazilian State against the dominance of the private sector in national television, embodied in the empirical field that is configured in the development of TV Brazil, public Brazilian TV station linked to The Brazil Communication Company (Empresa Brasil de Comunicação – EBC). Created by the Federal Government in 2007, this TV station is a central axis of a reordering movement of the public TV system, marked by historical and situational conditions that allowed the expansion of "public field" through the convergence of governmental interests in forming a counterpoint to the private TV system. Such movement is based on the precept of the complementary roles of private, public and State television systems, contemplated in the Constitution since 1988, however, specifically limited by an incipient, diffuse and incomplete action of the State. The aim is, therefore, to investigate whether the conversion of the educational ideal, which subsidized the long years of activity of educational TV stations in an experiment guided by the broader and plural concept of public television, is able to break away with what is defined as " functional complementarity" in the relationship between TV systems in the Brazilian case. For this purpose, it was developed, in the evaluation of public policies, a political evaluation of the policy in a systematic search for the set of forces which acts in the conception of TV Brazil project, as well as an evaluation of the process in relation to its implementation, focused on the critical analysis of the early years of the new public television. In these evaluations, the categories Democracy, Complementarity and Public and Private offer conceptual support to the qualitative approach of the investigation in which it was developed bibliographic and document analysis from data collected through bibliographic and documental research, and semi-structured interviews. Thus, we intend to present new elements to a broader discussion about the process of reconfiguration of the role of public television in Brazil. / Esta tese aborda, como objeto de sua investigação, as modificações estruturais no sistema público de TV brasileiro que emergem do conjunto de esforços de contraposição de organizações da sociedade civil e do Estado brasileiro ao predomínio privado no setor televisivo nacional, materializados no campo empírico que se configura no desenvolvimento da TV Brasil, emissora pública ligada à Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC). Criada pelo Governo Federal em 2007, a emissora figura como eixo central de um movimento de reordenação do sistema público de TV, marcado por condicionantes históricos e conjunturais que permitiram a expansão do “campo público” por meio da convergência com interesses governamentais de constituição de um contraponto ao sistema privado de TV. Tal movimento sustenta-se no preceito da complementaridade dos sistemas privado, público e estatal de televisão, contemplado no texto constitucional desde 1988, porém, concretamente limitado pela atuação estatal incipiente, difusa e incompleta. Pretende-se, portanto, investigar se a conversão do ideal educacional, que subsidiou os longos anos de atuação das TVs educativas, em uma experiência pautada pelo conceito de TV pública, mais amplo e plural, é capaz de romper com o que delimitamos como “complementaridade funcional” na relação entre os sistemas no caso brasileiro. Para tanto, desenvolve-se, no âmbito da avaliação de políticas públicas, uma avaliação política da política, em busca da sistematização do conjunto de forças atuantes na concepção do projeto da TV Brasil, assim como uma avaliação do processo, no que se refere à sua implementação, voltada para a análise crítica dos primeiros anos da nova TV pública. Na avaliação, as categorias Democracia, Complementaridade e Público e Privado oferecem suporte conceitual à abordagem qualitativa da investigação, na qual se desenvolveu análise bibliográfica e documental a partir dos dados levantados por meio de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Dessa forma, pretende-se descortinar novos elementos para a ampliação do campo de debates acerca do processo de reconfiguração do papel da TV pública no Brasil.

Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para a modelagem e resolução de problemas de fluxo de carga em sistemas elétricos de potência. O modelo proposto é formado simultaneamente pelo conjunto de equações não lineares que representam as restrições de carga do problema e por restrições de complementaridade associadas com as restrições de operação da rede, as quais propiciam o controle implícito das tensões nas barras com controle de geração. Também é proposta uma técnica para a obtenção dos valores discretos dos taps de tranformadores, de maneira que o ajuste dessas variáveis possa ser realizado em passos discretos. A metodologia desenvolvida consiste em tratar o sistema misto de equações e inequações não lineares como um problema de factibilidade não linear e transformá-lo em um problema de mínimos quadrados não lineares, o qual é resolvido por uma sequência de subproblemas linearizados dentro de uma região de confiança. Para a obtenção de soluções aproximadas desse subproblema foi adotado o método do gradiente conjugado de Steihaug, combinando estratégias de região de confiança e filtros multidimensionais para analisar a qualidade das soluções fornecidas. Foram realizados testes numéricos com os sistemas de 14, 30, 57, 118 e 300 barras do IEEE, e com um sistema brasileiro equivalente CESP 53 barras, os quais indicaram boa flexibilidade e robustez do método proposto. / This work presents a new approach to the load flow problem in electrical power systems and develops a methodology for its resolution. The proposed model is simultaneously composed by nonlinear equations and inequations which represent the load and operational restrictions of the system, where a set of complementarity constraints model the relationship between voltage and reactive power generation in controled buses. It is also proposed a new technique to obtaining a discrete solution for the transformer taps, allowing their discrete adjustment. The method developed treats the mixed system of equations and inequations of the load flow problem as a nonlinear feasibility problem and converts it in a nonlinear least squares problem, which is solved by minimizing a sequence of linearized subproblems, whitin a trust region. To obtain approximate solutions at every iteration, we use the Steihaug conjugate gradient method, combining trust region and multidimensional filters techniques to analyse the quality of the provided solution. Numerical results using 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300-bus IEEE power systems, and a real brazilian equivalent system CESP 53-bus, indicate the flexibility and robustness of the proposed method.

Este trabalho propõe um novo modelo e uma nova abordagem para resolução do problema de fluxo de potência ótimo reativo com variáveis de controle discretas e restrições de atuação de dispositivos de controle de tensão. Matematicamente, esse problema é formulado como um problema de programação não linear com variáveis contínuas e discretas e restrições de complementaridade, cuja abordagem para resolução proposta neste trabalho se baseia na resolução de uma sequência de problemas modificados pelo algoritmo da função Lagrangiana barreira modificada-penalidade-discreto. Nessa abordagem, o problema original é modificado da seguinte forma: 1) as variáveis discretas são tratadas como contínuas por funções senoidais incorporadas na função objetivo do problema original; 2) as restrições de complementaridade são transformadas em restrições de desigualdade equivalentes; e 3) as restrições de desigualdade são transformadas em restrições de igualdade a partir do acréscimo de variáveis de folga não negativas. Para resolver o problema modificado, a condição de não negatividade das variáveis de folga é tratada por uma função barreira modificada com extrapolação quadrática. O problema modificado é transformado em um problema Lagrangiano, cuja solução é determinada a partir da aplicação das condições necessárias de otimalidade. No algoritmo da função Lagrangiana barreira modificada-penalidade-discreto, uma sequência de problemas modificados é resolvida até que todas as variáveis do problema modificado associadas às variáveis discretas do problema original assumam valores discretos. Para demonstrar a eficácia do modelo proposto e a robustez dessa abordagem para resolução de problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo reativo, foram realizados testes com os sistemas elétricos IEEE de 14, 30, 57 e 118 barras e com o sistema equivalente CESP 440 kV de 53 barras. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem para resolução de problemas de programação não linear proposta é eficaz no tratamento de variáveis discretas e restrições de complementaridade. / This work proposes a novel model and a new approach for solving the reactive optimal power flow problem with discrete control variables and voltage-control actuation constraints. Mathematically, such problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem with continuous and discrete variables and complementarity constraints, whose proposed resolution approach is based on solving a sequence of modified problems by the discrete penalty-modified barrier Lagrangian function algorithm. In this approach, the original problem is modified in the following way: 1) the discrete variables are treated as continuous by sinusoidal functions incorporated into the objective function of the original problem; 2) the complementarity constraints are transformed into equivalent inequality constraints; and 3) the inequality constraints are transformed into equality constraints by the addition of non-negative slack variables. To solve the modified problem, the non-negativity condition of the slack variables is treated by a modified barrier function with quadratic extrapolation. The modified problem is transformed into a Lagrangian problem, whose solution is determined by the application of the first-order necessary optimality conditions. In the discrete penalty- modified barrier Lagrangian function algorithm, a sequence of modified problems is successively solved until all the variables of the modified problem that are associated with the discrete variables of the original problem assume discrete values. The efectiveness of the proposed model and the robustness of this approach for solving reactive optimal power flow problems were verified with the IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118-bus test systems and the 440 kV CESP 53-bus equivalent system. The results show that the proposed approach for solving nonlinear programming problems successfully handles discrete variables and complementarity constraints.

No description available.