Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-14T19:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariano Gomes.pdf: 1567671 bytes, checksum: afce58d63dd5811f4cc58b360d326898 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T19:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariano Gomes.pdf: 1567671 bytes, checksum: afce58d63dd5811f4cc58b360d326898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-11 / CNPq / The regulation of organic production in Brazil was built in a participatory manner, and is updated periodically by members of organized civil society and public agencies. Brazil recognizes three mechanisms for assessing organic compliance: certifier-operated certification, participatory compliance systems operated by participatory conformity assessment organizations (OPACs) and social control organizations operated by organized family farmers who are exempted from certification to sell directly to consumers. The objective of this legal framework was to represent the various realities of agroecology and organic production in the country. This study aims to investigate the case of public certification in organic agriculture in Brazil, focusing on the State of Minas Gerias, more specifically on Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu?ria (IMA), a Conformity Assessment Agency. As of 2011, producers and conformity assessment agencies must be registered with the Ministry of Agriculture. The analysis of the National Record of Organic Producers (CNPO) in the last four years showed a marked increase in the number of organic producers registered (96%). The distribution of the organic producers in the CNPO according to the three mechanisms proposed in the regulation points to different forms of ensuring organic quality in the country, which follow the regulation despite applying different tools and using different trade spaces. The growth in the number of OPACs operating Participatory Assurance Systems in this period (2012-2016) was over 200%. Certification, albeit not regulated, is the mechanism chosen worldwide to provide organic quality assurance, as implemented primarily by private companies. Public certification takes place only in Denmark, although in some European countries it is subsidized for small producers for a certain period of time. In Brazil, federal resources offered by the Brazilian Support Service for Micro and Small Business (SEBRAE), in partnership with the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), supported the implementation of public and private certification (SCOFANO, 2014) after publication of the legal framework for organic agriculture (2003-2009). At the federal states level, public certification exists in the states of Paran? through Instituto de Tecnologia do Paran? (TECPAR) and of Minas Gerais through IMA. At the national level, the service is provided by Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, located in Rio de Janeiro. Producers linked to public certification represent 2.22% of the registrations in the CNPO. Because they are public bodies, they can effectively comply with the principle of independence established by the ISO certification standard. The partnership with the public ATER Organizations is strategic, and should be pursued by public certifiers for the development of the sector. For the analysis of the organization, we rely on the four-fold view of organizations according to the anthroposophy and teachings of Rudolf Steiner. In the resource dimension, IMA needs to improve its fleet and electronic equipment, continue to support the professional qualification of its staff, and also broaden its staff. In the process dimension, it is efficient. However, it should invest in the relationship dimension, integrating its employees and partner organizations. In the identity dimension, actions that favor valuation and reaffirm the mission and values of both employees and the company should be sought, evaluated and renewed periodically. / A regulamenta??o da produ??o org?nica no Brasil foi constru?da de forma participativa, e ? atualizada periodicamente por membros da sociedade civil organizada e ?rg?os p?blicos. O Brasil reconhece tr?s mecanismos de avalia??o da conformidade org?nica: certifica??o operada pelas certificadoras, sistemas participativos de garantia - SPG operados pelas organiza??es participativas de avalia??o da conformidade (OPAC) e as organiza??es de controle social (OCS), operacionalizadas pelos agricultores familiares organizados que realizam a venda direta aos consumidores, sendo isentos de certifica??o. O objetivo deste arcabou?o legal era representar as diversas realidades envolvidas com a agroecologia e a produ??o org?nica no pa?s. O trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de caso da certifica??o publica na agricultura org?nica no Brasil, com foco no Estado de Minas Gerias, mais especificamente no Organismo de Avalia??o da Conformidade (OAC), Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu?ria (IMA). A partir de 2011 os produtores e organismos de avalia??o da conformidade tinham que estar registrados no Minist?rio da Agricultura, Pecu?ria e do Abastecimento (MAPA). A an?lise do Cadastro Nacional de Produtores Org?nicos (CNPO), nos ?ltimos quatros anos evidenciou um crescimento acentuado no n?mero de produtores org?nicos cadastrados (96 %). A distribui??o dos produtores org?nicos no CNPO pelos tr?s mecanismos propostos na regulamenta??o mostra a realidade de diferentes situa??es existentes no pa?s para garantir as qualidades org?nicas, que embora usem diferentes ferramentas e espa?os de comercializa??o, seguem a regulamenta??o. O crescimento no n?mero de OPACs que operam SPG, nesse per?odo (2012-2016) foi superior a 200%. A certifica??o ? o mecanismo escolhido, mas n?o ? regulamentado, no mundo para dar garantia da qualidade org?nica, executada prioritariamente por empresas privadas. A certifica??o p?blica acontece somente na Dinamarca, embora em alguns pa?ses da Europa seja subsidiada para pequenos produtores, por determinado espa?o de tempo. No Brasil, recursos federais ofertados pelo Servi?o Brasileiro de Apoio as Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE) em parceria com o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), ap?s publica??o do marco legal da agricultura org?nica (2003- 2009), apoiaram a implanta??o da certifica??o p?blica e privada (SCOFANO, 2014). A certifica??o p?blica estadual existe nos estados do Paran? atrav?s do Instituto de Tecnologia do Paran? (TECPAR) e Minas Gerais atrav?s do IMA, e no ?mbito federal ? ofertada pelo Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia (INT), localizado no Rio de Janeiro. Os produtores vinculados ? certifica??o p?blica, representam 2,22% dos registros no CNPO, e pelo fato de serem ?rg?os p?blicos, podem efetivamente cumprir com o princ?pio da independ?ncia estabelecido pela norma ISO para a certifica??o. A parceria com as organiza??es de ATER p?blica ? estrat?gica, e, deve ser perseguida pelas certificadoras p?blicas para desenvolvimento do setor. Para an?lise da organiza??o, nos baseamos na vis?o quadrimembrada das organiza??es de acordo com a antroposofia e ensinamentos de Rudolf Steiner. O IMA como organiza??o no n?vel dos recursos precisa melhorar a frota e equipamentos eletr?nicos, continuar com o apoio a qualifica??o profissional do seu quadro, mas tamb?m realizar concursos para ampliar sua capacidade de atua??o. No n?vel dos processos, ? eficiente. Deve investir mais no n?vel das rela??es de seus funcion?rios e com as organiza??es parceiras, na busca de maior integra??o. No n?vel da identidade, a??es que favore?am a valora??o e reafirmem a miss?o e os valores dos funcion?rios e da empresa devem ser buscados, avaliados e renovados periodicamente.

The issue of launching medical devices on the market became more intense in the last few decades in connection to the expansion of the pharmaceutical industry and legal area. This legal area is still mostly undescribed and it stands in the shadow of known and more discussed medical products. Proper legal theoretical analysis is often completely absent. This master thesis aims to complexly describe and analyse theoretical bases of current legislative regulating the launching of the medical devices on the market, including other processes related to this issue. Emphasis is places on the concept of medical device, the responsibility of the manufacturer and the nature of notified body. The author focuses on the subsequent conformity assessment process and process of registration. The process of notification and exemption from this obligation and administrative nature of selected documents. The thesis is divided into eleven chapters and the introductory chapter focuses on a general introduction to the field of pharmaceutical law, namely the regulation of medical devices, including the definition of basic questions in the work under study. The second chapter deals with the analysis of sources of legal regulation of medical devices. The chapter is divided into sources of the law of the Czech Republic and...

The topic of my diploma thesis is removing the technical barriers of the trade of goods via harmonization of the essential requirements on the products -- mainly the legal aspects and practical consequences of the conformity assessment and the CE conformity marking. The goal of my thesis is firstly to find out what the main objective of the CE marking is and whether it really fulfills its role. Secondly, I want to find out how the process of conformity assessment looks like in practice. Thirdly I want to find out how the market surveillance is organized and how effective it is. My thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter depicts the situation as it had been before the marking was introducted. The second describes the statutory regulation of the CE marking system. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the process of the conformity assessment. The fifth chapter is about the market surveillance. The final sixth chapter explores problems that are related to the CE marking system.

This master‘s thesis deals with using surface texture parameters for conformity assessment and process control. The aim of the thesis was to create an overview of surface texture parameters, an overview of procedures for conformity assessment and process control using surface texture parameters, practical application on an industrial product and practical recommendations. The thesis includes an overview of profile and areal surface texture parameters, including an original translation of terms of the areal method. Methods of conformity assessment and process control in connection with the surface texture parameters are also described. Statistical analysis was performed based on 7200 values of surface parameters and 1843200 values of profile parameters which were measured on parts from serial production. The last chapter includes practical recommendations.

För att uppnå optimal resursdelning och öka hållbar energiförsörjning, stiger behovet av gränsöverskridande kraftöverföring ständigt. Därför frekventa utbyta information med detaljerade galler uppgifter krävs. För att standardisera sådant utbyte och därigenom främja gemensam kraftsystemstudier i Europa, Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES) grundar sig på IEC CIM (Common Information Models) utfärdats av ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission Operators for Electricity) i 2013. En CGMES bedömning av överensstämmelse processen också inrättats att uppmuntra och undersöka antagandet av CGMES med relevanta kraftsystemtillämpningar. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att validera att Network Manager produkten av ABB har genomfört CGMES ordentligt. Effektflödesberäkningar utförs baserat på ENTSO-Es provnäten och erhållna lösningarna jämförs med standard resultat samt resultaten från Power Factory (ett kraftsystem analysverktyg från DIgSILENT som redan har passerat bedömningen av överensstämmelse med framgång). Jämförelse resultaten analyseras alltså för att identifiera orsakerna till eventuella avvikelser från standardeffektflödeslösningar och ge förslag på framtida utveckling av Network Manager. / To achieve optimal resource sharing and enhance the sustainability of energy supply, the need for cross-border power transmission is continuously growing. Therefore, frequent information exchange with detailed grid data is required. To standardize such exchange and thus to facilitate common power system studies in Europe, the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES) based on IEC CIM (Common Information Models) was issued by ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission Operators for Electricity) in 2013. A CGMES conformity assessment process was also set up to encourage and examine the adoption of CGMES with relevant power system applications. The main purpose of this thesis is to validate that the Network Manager product of ABB has implemented CGMES properly. Power flow calculations are performed based on ENTSO-E’s test networks and the solutions obtained are compared with the standard results as well as the results from Power Factory (a power system analysis tool from DIgSILENT that has already passed the conformity assessment successfully).  The comparison results are analyzed thus to identify causes of any variation from the standard power flow solutions and to give suggestions for future development of Network Manager.

[pt] O Brasil encontra-se entre os maiores produtores de orgânicos do mundo e o desenvolvimento do mercado de alimentos orgânicos está diretamente relacionado à confiança dos consumidores quanto à origem dos produtos. Nesse contexto, as informações dos rótulos e o selo de garantia de produto orgânico facilitam o consumidor identificar os alimentos que estão em conformidade com os regulamentos e normas técnicas vigentes e criam ambiente de confiança em circuitos longos de comercialização para os mercados desses produtos. Considerando a relevância do tema e a escassez de pesquisas de campo sobre rotulagem de alimentos orgânicos, o objetivo da dissertação é analisar a situação da conformidade de rótulos de alimentos orgânicos embalados e comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro em relação à legislação aplicável, e propor recomendações para as entidades interessadas em uma melhor adequação da rotulagem desses produtos. A pesquisa de campo foi conduzida em 2012 e as amostras analisadas totalizaram 107 produtos, classificados segundo sete categorias, a saber: conservas e antepastos; confeitaria e chocolataria; bebidas; chás; laticínios; barras; e biscoitos e snacks. Os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos da conformidade (e da não-conformidade) da rotulagem das categorias selecionadas poderão ser utilizados por diversas entidades de interesse, como órgãos reguladores, órgãos de defesa do consumidor, organizações não-governamentais, fabricantes e seus fornecedores e consumidores de alimentos orgânicos embalados. / [en] Brazil is among the largest producers of organic food and the development of organic food market is directly concerned to consumer confidence in relation to authenticity of the products. In this context, food labels and organic certification seals provide a wide range of valuable information to make healthier choices easier to consumers and also reliability in long circuits of organic food to market. Considering the importance of the topic and the lack of research with this focus, The objective of this dissertation is two-fold: (i) to analyze the state of compliance of packaged organic food labels commercialized in the city of Rio de Janeiro, focusing on the mandatory labeling information; and (ii) to propose recommendations for organizations interested in compliance of packaged organic food labeling to current Brazilian regulation concerning the selected food categories. The field research was conducted in 2012 and the samples analyzed totaled 107 products, classified into seven categories, as follows: canned and antepastos; confectionery and chocolates; beverages; teas; dairy products; biscuits and snacks; and cereal bars. The quantitative and qualitative results of compliance (and noncompliance) labeling of the selected categories can be used by several entities of interest such as regulators, consumer protection agencies, nongovernmental organizations, manufacturers and their suppliers and organic food consumers.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-07-03T17:28:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Machado Rocha.pdf: 2299550 bytes, checksum: dc4f9a37e0d5220596d63ce7b2793888 (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br), reason: Favor acertar o tamanho da ficha. O tamanho padrão é 7,5cm x 12,5cm, de acordo com o Código de Catalogação Anglo-Americano (AACR2). Atenciosamente, Catarina Ribeiro Bibliotecária BEE - Ramal 5992/5993/5994 on 2017-07-10T14:43:13Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-03T13:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Rocha.pdf: 2401003 bytes, checksum: d8f81985c8f3cc90ba1106fbfbbe9bcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-22T16:10:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Rocha.pdf: 2401003 bytes, checksum: d8f81985c8f3cc90ba1106fbfbbe9bcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T16:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Rocha.pdf: 2401003 bytes, checksum: d8f81985c8f3cc90ba1106fbfbbe9bcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / Várias são as razões pelas quais determinados temas podem necessitar de intervenção do Estado. Assim, para atingir o objetivo desejado, o Estado pode recorrer a uma diversidade de ações, onde a natureza do problema a ser resolvido ou evitado e a magnitude dos impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais, decorrentes da aplicação de cada uma das opções, condicionam a estratégia e, conseqüentemente, o instrumento a ser adotado. A depender do problema a ser resolvido é possível que a solução passe pelo estabelecimento de um programa de avaliação da conformidade como forma de regulamentar determinado setor. Assim, torna-se fundamental que a sua concepção seja dotada de cuidados com vistas a garantir sua adequada e efetiva implantação, bem como tornar sua absorção pela sociedade o menos traumática possível. Por meio de uma análise crítica dos casos de insucesso experimentados pelo Inmetro na implantação de programas de avaliação da conformidade, da identificação de cada ator envolvido neste processo, de seus interesses e motivações, e da estruturação do macroprocesso de avaliação da conformidade do instituto foi possível perceber que a grande fraqueza do processo está fundamentada na carência de ações de divulgação e comunicação adequadas junto às partes impactadas e interessadas pelos programas de avaliação da conformidade. Desta forma, o estabelecimento de mecanismos oportunos de comunicação, envolvimento e participação de todas as partes impactadas e interessadas pelo estabelecimento de um programa de avaliação da conformidade mostra-se fundamental como forma de mitigar os entraves observados em grande parte das ações desta natureza, conduzidas pelo Estado, em especial pelo Inmetro. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor um conjunto de ações que devem ser empreendidas pelo Inmetro, devidamente fundamentado por um conjunto de informações referentes a cada segmento que se pretenda regulamentar, de forma a minimizar os entraves ao processo de implantação de um programa de avaliação da conformidade. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo hierárquico dos processos específicos e operacionais da Diretoria de Qualidade do Inmetro, além de entrevistas com o corpo funcional da Diretoria seguidas de análises das causas de insucesso da atividade. Por fim, foi estruturado um Guia de Implantação Assistida que permitirá a sistematização da atividade. / There are several reasons for which certain issues may require State intervention. Thus, to achieve the desired goal, the State may use a variety of actions, where the nature of the problem to be solved or avoided and the magnitude of the economic, political and social impact, arising from the implementation of each option, determine the strategy and, consequently, the instrument to be adopted. Depending on the problem to be solved is possible that the solution passes through the establishment of a conformity assessment program as a way to regulate a sector. Thus, it is essential that its development be provided with care in order to ensure an appropriate and effective deployment and make their absorption into society the least traumatic as possible. Through a critical analysis of the failures experienced by Inmetro in implementing conformity assessment programs, of the identification of each actor involved in this process, their interests and motivations, and of the structure of the macro-processes of conformity assessment of the institute could realize that the great weakness of the process is based on the lack of appropriated actions of disclosure and communication with the parties concerned and impacted by the conformity assessment programs. Thus, the establishment of mechanisms for timely communication, involvement and participation of all impacted and interested parties in setting up a conformity assessment program has proven crucial as a way to mitigate the barriers observed in the majority of such actions, conducted by the State, especially by Inmetro. In this context, this research aims to propose a set of actions to be undertaken by Inmetro, duly supported by a set of information on each segment to be regulated, in order to minimize any obstacles to the deployment of a conformity assessment program. Therefore, we performed a hierarchical study of specific and operational processes of Inmetro Quality Board, as well as interviews with the Quality Board’s workforce followed by analysis of the causes of failure of the activity. Finally, a Assisted Deployment Guide that will allow the systematization of the activity was structured.

[pt] Com a motivação de contribuir para a garantia da confiabilidade metrológica de eletrocardiógrafos, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um sistema para avaliação da conformidade de ECGs com base na norma IEC 60601-2-51 e na Recomendação R90 (1990) da OIML. Desde 1995, as normas da série IEC 60601 vêm sendo utilizadas como base para regulamentar a avaliação de equipamentos eletromédicos no País. Em 2003, a IEC publicou a norma IEC 60601-2-51 (avaliação de desempenho de eletrocardiógrafos - ECGs) sendo adotada pela ABNT em 2005, com a denominação ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-51. O sistema desenvolvido foi estruturado em dois subsistemas: subsistema de avaliação de segurança elétrica e subsistema de avaliação de desempenho. O sistema permite avaliar eletrocardiógrafos analógicos e eletrocardiógrafos digitais sem automatização da medição, de acordo com a norma IEC 60601-2-51. Para avaliar o sistema desenvolvido foram utilizados dois ECGs digitais em uso em hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. A sua calibração, com rastreabilidade ao SI, foi realizada no Laboratório de Metrologia do Parque de Material de Eletrônica da Aeronáutica do Rio de Janeiro (PAME-RJ). Os ensaios realizados mostraram que o sistema atende aos requisitos da norma ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-51, com limitações caracterizadas no trabalho e passíveis de solução (rejeição de modo comum, deriva com a temperatura e reticulado de tempo e amplitude). / [en] Motivated to contribute with the guarantee of metrological reliability of electrocardiographs, the present work aims at developing a system for conformity assessment of ECGs, based on the IEC 60601-2-51 standard and on the Metrological Recomendation R-90 (1990) of OIML. Since 1995, the standard series IEC 60601 have been used as base to regulate the evaluation of electromedical equipments in Brazil. The IEC 60601-2-51 standard (performance evaluation of electrocardiographs - ECGs) has been published by IEC in 2003 and incorporated by ABNT in 2005, with the denomination ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-51. To allow the conformity analysis to the applicable standards, the proposed system was structured in two subsystems: subsystem for electric safety evaluation and subsystem for performance evaluation. The system allows to evaluate analogical and digital electrocardiographs without automated measurements, in agreement with the IEC 60601-2- 51 standard. In order to evaluate the system, it was applied on two digital ECGs in use at a public hospital of Rio de Janeiro. Its calibration, with traceability to SI, has been performed at the Metrology Laboratory of the Electronics Material Depot of the Air Force at Rio de Janeiro (PAME-RJ). The tests performed have shown that the system complies with the requirements of the IEC 60601-2-51 standard. The detected limitations, which were characterized in this work, have simple solutions, concerning the common-mode rejection ratio, temperature drift and reticulate of time and amplitude.

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é analisar em que medida a avaliação da conformidade de projetos de engenharia de grandes empreendimentos, conduzidos segundo regime epecista, pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de aprendizagem organizacional pelas entidades envolvidas. No contexto organizacional em que a pesquisa se insere, os objetos de análise são os projetos de três terminais aquaviários a serem operados pela Transpetro: (i) Pecém – Tecem (CE); (ii) Barra do Riacho (ES); e (iii) Ilha Comprida (RJ) e a unidade principal é a Unidade de Implementação de Empreendimentos para Transpetro (IETR) da Petrobras. A metodologia compreende: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre os temas centrais; (ii) seleção do tipo de caso e delimitação das unidades de caso; (iii) proposição do modelo conceitual; (iv) elaboração do estudo de caso; (v) formulação das conclusões do caso e recomendações para as entidades envolvidas. Destacam-se como resultados da pesquisa: (i) a indicação dos documentos críticos nas fases FEED e executiva dos respectivos projetos; (ii) o mapeamento dos principais erros oriundos da incompatibilização entre as disciplinas envolvidas ou decorrentes do não atendimento a requisitos de normas e regulamentos técnicos aplicáveis; e (iii) a proposição de recomendações para as entidades envolvidas. Como conclusão, a pesquisa indica que o modelo conceitual proposto mostrou-se adequado para os fins a que se destina, constituindo um importante instrumento de gestão que poderá ser disseminado em outros contextos organizacionais de avaliação da conformidade de projetos de engenharia. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to analyze to what extent the conformity assessment of engineering projects in large buildings, conducted according EPC regime, can be used as a tool for organizational learning by the entities involved (contractor, business EPC; subcontractors and certification). In the organizational context in which the research takes place, the objects of analysis are the projects of three waterway terminals of the Transpetro: (i) Pecém - Tecém (CE); (ii) Barra do Riacho (ES); and (iii) Ilha Comprida (RJ) and the main unit is the Unit Implementation of Projects for Transpetro (IETR) from Petrobras. The method comprises: (i) bibliographic and documentary research on the central themes, (ii) selecting the type of case and delimitation of the unit case, (iii) propose of a conceptual model, (iv) preparation of case study, (v) formulation of conclusions and recommendations of the case to entities involved. Stand as the search results: (i) an indication of critical documents in phases FEED and executive of the respective projects, (ii) the mapping of the principal errors that come from the incompatibility between the disciplines involved or arising from the unmet requirements of applicable standards and technical regulations; (iii) to propose recommendations for the entities involved. In conclusion, the research shows that the suggested model was adequate for the purposes for which it is intended, constituting an important management tool and learning that could be disseminated in other organizational contexts of conformity assessment of engineering projects.

The products, which can be labelled with a mark of conformity are included in regulated sphere and they have to ful fill the given requirments before makrket introduction. This diploma thesis is dealing with the aspects which have to fulfilled before the nonautomatic weighing instruments from are introduced to the market. The diploma thesis also revises current methods and proceeds of conformity assessment on ES workplace of conformity assessment accordin to appropriate norms, documents and directives. The aim is also to make a new quality manual for the ES workplace of conformity assessment.