More research is needed to fully understand the way in which parents, particularly fathers, are portrayed in family films and the effects those portrayals might have. Viewers, particularly parents, need to understand how the material their children view presents reality and how it may shape their children's perspectives of the real world, particularly where the family unit and parenting role are concerned. By exploring these portrayals through the lens of Cultivation Theory, this study sought to answer this overarching question: How are fathers portrayed in family films as opposed to television? This quantitative study explores the top twenty films from the 1980s, the 1990s and the decade spanning 2004-2014 in order to ascertain this. Families within those films, particularly parents and most specifically fathers, are the primary subjects of study. Observations were made through content analysis. The findings show that fathers are portrayed more positively in family films than they are on television. The data suggest that the differences between fathers and mothers in film are not so marked and sexist as they are in television shows, and that fathers may exert a stronger and more positive role in film families than they do in television families. This study begins to establish film as a genre to further be explored as a medium for family relations studies as television has been. Film is a powerful media tool in its own right and should further be studied with regard to portrayal of families in its material.

Os microRNAs (miRs) desempenham um papel importante na biologia das células-tronco por meio da interação com seus mRNAs alvos, induzindo inibição da tradução e/ou degradação destes transcritos. Durante a diferenciação de células pluripotentes, os miRs podem ser induzidos ou reprimidos, no entanto, suas funções específicas são amplamente inexploradas. Nós investigamos os papéis funcionais de um conjunto selecionado de miRs na pluripotência e diferenciação celular, usando microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa (High Content Analysis). Para isso, foram empregadas a NTera-2 (células de carcinoma embrionário humano, CCE) e a H1 (células-tronco embrionárias humanas, CTEh) como modelos. Essas células foram transfectadas reversamente com trinta moléculas de miRs distintas (individualmente) ou moléculas controles. Após 3-4 dias de cultura, as células foram fixadas, permeabilizadas e coradas com Hoechst / CellMask Blue (núcleo/citoplasma), anti-OCT4, anti-Ciclina B1 e imageadas com um sistema ImageXpress Micro HCA. O CellProfiler foi utilizado para quantificar vários parâmetros morfométricos e medidas de intensidade de OCT4 e Ciclina B1 em compartimentos nucleares e citoplasmáticos. Esses dados foram usados para gerar perfis fenotípicos multiparamétricos específicos de cada miR (usando KNIME) e o agrupamento desses dados levou à identificação de vias e processos envolvidos na indução de características de pluripotência ou diferenciação celular causadas por miRs com efeitos fenotípicos similares. Como exemplo, as vias de PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? e DICER foram encontradas como moduladas por alguns clusters fenotípicos e os transcritos de alguns alvos foram avaliados por qPCR para validar os achados. Parte do trabalho foi focada na regulação da via Notch por miRNAs em células pluripotentes, o que levou à observação de que o miR- 363-3p inibe a sinalização de Notch e promove pluripotência nessas células. A transfecção de miR-363-3p não apenas elevou as características de pluripotência em NTera-2 e H1, mas também protegeu as CCE da diferenciação induzida por cocultivo com OP9 expressando DLL1 e causou a diminuição no nível de transcritos de PSEN1. Em conclusão, o ensaio desenvolvido aqui provou ser uma ferramenta robusta na detecção de mecanismos moleculares, baseando-se na combinação de análises fenotípicas funcionais e bioinformáticas. / microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in stem cell\'s biology by binding to target mRNAs transcripts, inducing translation blockage and/or transcripts degradation. Upon differentiation of pluripotent cells, miRNAs can be induced or repressed, however, their specific roles are largely unexplored. We investigated the functional roles of a selected set of miRs in pluripotency and differentiation, using quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy (High Content Analysis). For this, we used NTera-2 (human embryonal carcinoma cells, ECC) and H1 (embryonic stem cells; ESC) as models. These cells were reverse-transfected with thirty distinct miRs mimics (individually) or control molecules. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Hoechst/CellMask Blue (nucleus/cytoplasm), antiOCT4, anti-Cyclin B1 and imaged using an ImageXpress Micro HCA System. CellProfiler was used to quantify several morphometric parameters and intensity measurements of OCT4 and CYCB1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Quantified parameters were used to generate miR-specific multiparametric phenotypic profiles (using KNIME) and clustering these data led to identification of pathways and processes involved in the induction of pluripotency or cell diferention features caused by miRs with similar phenotypic effects. As an example, PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? and DICER pathways were found to be regulated by some phenotypic clusters and transcripts level of some of miR targets were evaluated by qPCR to validate de findings. Part of the work was focused in the regulation of Notch pathway by miRNAs in pluripotent cells, which led the observation that miR-363-3p inhibits Notch signaling and promotes pluripotency feature, as the transfection with miR-363-3p mimic not only enhanced pluripotent phenotype in NTera-2 and H1, but also protected de ECCs from differentiation induced by coculture with OP9 expressing DLL1 and decreased PSEN1 transcripts level.In conclusion, The assay developed here proved to be a robust tool in the detection of molecular mechanisms based on combined functional phenotypic and bioinformatic analyzes.

Thesis Lifestyle in magazine Květy (1960 - 1968) deals with the lifestyle in the years 1960 - 1968 in Czechoslovakia from the viewpoint magazíne Květy. The work examines how the magazine, presented lifestyle in the reference period and how they influenced the ideas of readers' lifestyles. Due to the great range of lifestyle related work has focused solely on housing, leisure and fashion. In the field of housing, work has concentrated on available housing, household furniture, decorations and articles of daily use. In the fashion most attention was focused on the clothing, hairstyles then in fashion and beauty treatments. Leisure time has been reduced to activities designed for relaxation, entertainment and distraction, prevailed in the area of recreation, sports activities and activities of various interest groups. Lifestyle in the analysis of the text was analyzed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of content analysis. Quantitative analysis is mainly concerned with the development of a range of lifestyle topics. Qualitative analysis provides information about the content of a particular lifestyle topics. The paper also deals with the theoretical embedding the concept of lifestyle, a lifestyle of Czechoslovakia in the 60s 20th century, the magazine examined the...

Structural changes in the knowledge economy have greatly affected the way business is conducted and the processes firms create value. The financial reporting system is inadequate as a result of such changes, and disclosure of intellectual capital (IC) information has gained importance for communicating with capital markets. Empirical research documents corporate governance (CG) factors influencing IC disclosure practices, as well as demonstrates the value-relevance and predictive power of IC information. The disclosure of IC information by listed firms is a topic that has attracted considerable attention from contemporary researchers, but scant empirical evidence exists. Much of the researchers has examined CG as a key determinant of IC (and nonfinancial) disclosure; in contrast, few provides evidence for explaining their controversial findings of board independence on disclosure. In addition, a lack of studies confirms the literature about the use of IC information by capital market participants. Therefore, this thesis aims to examine disclosure of IC information in relation to outside directors, auditors, and sell-side analysts respectively. The specific objectives of this thesis are to examine whether outside directors’ expertise is a determinant of IC disclosure; and the extent to which the disclosure of IC information impacts on audit effort and analysts’ forecasts. In order to address these research objectives, a content analysis of IC disclosure (a self-constructed index of 64 coded items) in strategic reports released by FTST 350 companies is used. The content analysis captures and measures IC disclosure by category (i.e., human, structural & relational capital), notion (i.e., static vs. dynamic), and connection (i.e., across categories vs. with strategies). Using multivariate regression models that were primarily developed upon information asymmetry arguments and agency theory, the specific objectives of this thesis are addressed in three empirical chapters. The findings in Chapter 3 showed that proportion of outside directors (NEDs) with cross-directorship, nonaccounting and academia expertise has a positive association with IC disclosures, whereas board independence itself has no effect on the disclosures. The findings indicates that the monitoring role of NEDs alone is inadequate in promoting IC disclosure. Rather, it supports the importance of the dual role (i.e., monitor and advisory) of a supervisory board. The results also respond to the UK CG Code in their recommendation that the combination of skills, experience and knowledge guarantees a sound information environment to the market. Nonetheless, findings raised a further concern about the quantity of IC disclosures when companies have more NEDs with accounting expertise. On whether and how disclosure of IC information impacts on audit effort, Chapter 4 found that firms with high levels of IC disclosure in the previous year pay more audit fees (proxied for audit effort) in the current year regardless of their earnings quality conditions. It was also found that firms greatly disclosing dynamic IC information are charged more than those of focusing on static IC disclosure. In addition, findings in Chapter 5 revealed that there is a negative relation between IC disclosure and analyst forecast errors, indicating that UK sell-side analysts appreciate the disclosure of IC information and thus confirming that IC information has predictive ability of explaining a firm’s future value. It was further identified that disclosed IC information absorbs the negative effect of concentrated executive ownership and opaque financial environment. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that IC reporting process could be improved by having sufficient outside directors with certain types of expertise on the board. In doing so, improved IC disclosure helps to reduce information asymmetry (proxied by analyst forecast accuracy) between firms and outside investors, albeit firms bear a significant increase in audit fees. This study calls for guidelines for IC disclosure in the UK and the support of assurance services to enhance credibility of firm-provided IC information in a bid to promote the communication of IC information with the capital market.

Sjuksköterskor verksamma på barnavårdscentral (BVC) möter dagligen flyktingbarn och deras föräldrar i sitt arbete och dessa möten ser olika ut beroende på olika faktorer. Syftet med studien var att beskriva BVC- sjuksköterskors arbete med flyktingbarn och deras föräldrar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Ur resultatet kom tre kategorier: att skapa trygghet, att vara lyhörd och att ge stöd. I kategorin att skapa trygghet beskrev BVC- sjuksköterskor hur de arbetade för att skapa jämlik vård, öka tillgängligheten samt belyste de vikten av kontinuitet i vården för flyktingbarnen. Kategorin att vara lyhörd innefattade sjuksköterskors sätt att se det enskilda barnets behov. Detta tillämpades med respekt, förståelse och acceptans för kulturella skillnader. Att ge stöd genom behjälplighet vid språk-och kommunikationssvårigheter, rätt anpassad information och samverkan med andra professioner gav flyktingbarnen tryggare och snabbare integrering i det svenska samhället. Svårigheter som BVC- sjuksköterskorna beskrev var kommunikation via tolk, brist på resurser och brist på kontinuitet i arbete med flyktingbarn. Fortsatt forskning behövs för att få ökad kunskap och förståelse kring flyktingbarns behov. Det behövs även fortsatta studier i utveckling, organisation och samordning av verksamheter som bedriver vård och omsorg för flyktingbarn. / Nurses working in Child Health Centers (CHC-nurses) face daily refugee children and their parents in their work and these meetings vary depending on various factors.The aim of this study was to describe CHC-nurses experience of working with refugee children and their parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. From the result three categories emerged; to create security, to be responsive and to provide support. In the category to create security the CHC-nurses described how they worked to create equal care, increase accessibility, and highlight the importance of the continuity in the health care of refugee children. Category to be responsive comprised nurses' approach to the individual child's needs which was applied with respect, understanding and acceptance of cultural differences. Providing support through helpfulness with language and communication difficulties, the right customized information and collaboration with other professions gave refugee children safer and faster integration into the Swedish society. Difficulties described by the CHC-nurses were communication through interpreters, lack of resources and lack of continuity in the work with refugee children. Continued research is needed to increase knowledge and understanding of refugee children’s needs. Further studies in development, organization and coordination of activities engaged in health care for refugee children are needed.

Bakgrund: Hiv är ett kroniskt virus som angriper immunförsvaret. Det råder stor okunskap kring hiv samt en hel del fördomar och stigmatisering i samhället gällande de som är hiv-positiva. En diagnos medför en stor livsomställning och en transition genomgås. Det ligger i sjuksköterskans profession att bemöta varje person och hjälpa dem i den övergång som sker samt ge information angående hälso- och smittorisker. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen av att få ett positivt hiv-besked och hur diagnosen hanteras. Metod: Innehållsanalys av biografier används för att belysa personernas subjektiva upplevelser. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer tre teman.  Att få döden som följeslagare; där det framkommer att beskedet är sammankopplat med olika känslor och är unikt för varje person, döden står i centrum.  Att stänga dörren eller komma ut; valet att leva öppet med sin sjukdom eller hålla den hemlig är kopplat till stigmatisering.  Slutet på livet eller början på något nytt; hur personerna hanterar och accepterar situationen så en transition kan genomgås. Slutsats: Med arbetet kan en ökad förståelse för hiv-smittade personer uppnås. Genom att öka kunskapen kring hiv bland vårdpersonal kan en mer individuell vård ges till dessa personer. / Background: Hiv is a chronic illness which attacks the immune system. There is an ignorance around hiv and prejudices and stigmatisation in the community regarding the hiv-positives. A diagnosis brings a life adjustment and the person goes through a transition. The nursing profession contains the meeting with individuals and helps them through the transition and give information about risks of health and infection. Aim: Describe the experience of knowledge about a positive hiv-diagnosis and the management of the diagnosis. Method: A content analysis of biographies uses to illustrate the individuals subjective experiences. Results: Three themes arrives in the result. Death as follower; it reveals that the announcement of the hiv-diagnosis is linked to different feelings and it’s unique for each person, death is crucial. Close the door or come out; the choice to live openly with the disease or keep it as a secret is connected to stigmatization. The end of life or the beginning of something new; how to deal with and accept the situation so a transition can lives through. Conclusion: This study can contribute to an increased comprehension forpeople who lives with hiv.  The knowledge about the diagnosis could contribute to a more individual medical care.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies / William Schenck-Hamlin / Many critics and scholars (e.g. Lippman, 1927, Putnam, 2000, Entman, 1989, McChesney, 2004, Funigiello, 2005), have argued that news media coverage of major political affairs and policy often fails to provided citizens with the information they need to engage in these issues in a thoughtful manner. The style of news utilized by networks as well as choices in framing have been found to have a significant impact on what is covered and how audiences perceive coverage (Bennett, 2005, Patterson, 2000, Prior, 2003, Zaller, 2003, Cappella & Jamieson, 1997, Ibrahim, 2010, ‘T Riet et al., 2009, Bizer & Petty, 2005, Ben-Porath & Shaker, 2010, Domke & Shah, 1995, and Esposito, 1996). According to the PEW Foundation (2010) a large portion of the 2009-2010 healthcare coverage focused on politics and not how the healthcare system functions (policy). This paper explores the coverage of the 2009-2010 heath care issue by the Network Nightly News through the use of a content analysis. For the purpose of this study, the proposed method of Budge et al. (2001) political party platform categories were used to code the content of the broadcast. These 46 codes contained issues that dealt with the policy of health care and the politics surrounding healthcare, as well as positive vs. negative framing. 30 broadcasts were randomly chosen, one day for each month, from the three nightly news networks during the ten months of highest coverage. Each broadcast was divided into “quasi-sentences”, where each sentence was broken down into individual actions. Results illustrate the frequency between policy and political content, and positive and negative content surrounding the 2009-2010 health care issue. KEYWORDS: Framing, Policy, Politics, Health Care Reform, Network Nightly News, Content Analysis, Quasi-Sentence

Master of Science / Department of Communications Studies / Gregory Paul / This report investigates how American art museums have adopted interactive technologies on their websites. The use of such technologies brings to the forefront a tension regarding authority over visitors’ experience of and interpretation of art both in person and online. Interactive tools on 15 art museum websites were coded as enabling one of three types of interaction: human-to-computer, human-to-human and human-to-content. Human-to-computer interactive features were most prevalent on museum websites, followed by human-to-human and human-to-content interactive technologies respectively. The findings demonstrate a tension between the goals of art museums in wanting to engage visitors in co-creation of meaning about art on the one hand and wanting to maintain their traditional authority over that meaning on the other. The report concludes by offering recommendations for how museums can use interactive technologies more effectively in order to maintain their role as centers of social and cultural life.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Todd F. Simon / The debate over human origins was a prominent fixture of U.S. news coverage during the first decade of the 21st century. During this period, U.S. news media featured regular portrayals of an all-out culture war between supporters of biological evolution and advocates of so-called “rival theories” of human origins. In the end, this war would cost American taxpayers millions of dollars in legal fees, confuse science students, divide communities with unparalleled animosities, and alter public policy at the city, county and state level. While there have been previous content analyses performed on U.S. newspaper coverage of evolution and its primary challenger, an idea called "intelligent design," these analyses have tended to be somewhat informal (Mooney & Nisbet, 2005) or lacking (Martin, et al., 2006). The following study addresses these gaps in the literature. Using content analysis, the following study examines hard news coverage of intelligent design presented in 12 U.S. newspapers of varying circulation size and storytelling influence. A final sample of 421 newspaper articles originally published between the years 2000 and the end of the year 2009 is analyzed herein. Results demonstrate that U.S. newspapers initially framed intelligent design as primarily a religious / unscientific concept, but that intelligent design was increasingly framed as a scientific / unreligious concept leading up to, during and after the landmark 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover trial. Additionally, this study finds no significant differences in framing intelligent design as a religious / unscientific or scientific / unreligious concept by dedicated science reporters and non-science reporters.

Enligt forskningen är förmågan att lösa problem något som tar lång tid för eleverna att utveckla, vilket betyder att det måste introduceras tidigt i undervisningen. Samtidigt visar forskningen att de problemuppgifter som eleverna får arbeta med i sina böcker, inte gynnar deras förmåga att lösa kreativa problem i den utsträckningen de borde. Syftet med den här undersökningen var därför att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning olika läromedel för årskurs ett behandlar problemlösning, samt hur stor del av dessa som verkligen kan klassas som riktiga problem.För att få svar på mitt syfte har jag genomfört en läromedelsanalys av fyra olika läromedel för årskurs ett. Resultatet pekar på att flera av läromedlen behandlar problemlösningen i en relativt stor utsträckning, men att flera av uppgifterna som behandlas inte uppfyller de krav som ställs på ett riktigt problem. Resultatet visar också att ett av läromedlen i stor utsträckning behandlar kreativa problem, vilket visar att lärarens val av läromedel kan bli avgörande för elevernas lärande. / According to research, the skill of problem solving takes a long time for students to develop. This means that it must be introduced early in school. At the same time, studies show that the problems that students encounter in their textbooks do not contribute to their problem solving skills to the same extent as it should. The purpose of this study, was therefore, to determine to which extent different textbooks deal with problem solving, and see how many problems really should be classed as real problems.To get an answer to my purpose, I conducted a content analysis of four different textbooks for grade one. The result indicated that several of the textbooks are dealing with problem solving to a relatively large extent, but that several of the problems in the books do not meet the requirements to be considered a real problem. The results also show that one of the textbooks largely deals with creative problems, which shows that the teacher's choice of teaching materials can be crucial to student learning.