Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta a análise do grau de coesão entre as orações combinadas na estrutura com a seguinte composição: a subordinada é não-finita e tem a preposição para encabeçando a oração. Numa abordagem sincrônica, pesquisamos o comportamento funcional dessa estrutura na modalidade falada e escrita por meio de critérios formais de controle com o fim de apreender a motivação de cada interpretação. A estrutura para + infinitivo tem sido usada em outros contextos semânticos que não o de finalidade. Esses sentidos outros têm demonstrado um caráter mais abstratizado e, em alguns casos, um entrelaçamento sintático bastante acentuado com a oração-núcleo. Essa constatação fez com que fosse possível postular a instauração de um processo de intensa gramaticalização. Tendo em vista que nem todas as orações configuradas neste tipo de padrão estrutural sinalizam finalidade no português do Brasil, procedo à identificação dos padrões funcionais, que denunciam a língua em sua dinamicidade gerando funções inovadoras a fim de atender às necessidades comunicativas dos falantes. Esta dissertação apresenta-se como uma contribuição da ciência lingüística ao trabalho pedagógico, em um diálogo bastante interessante por envolver a percepção do aluno, a decisão pedagógica do professor e a discussão teórica da lingüística contemporânea. / This dissertation mastering work presents the analysis of the degree cohesion among combined sentences in their structure with the following composition: the subordinate is non-finite and it has the preposition para (to) heading it. In a synchronous approach, we search the functional behavior of this structure in the spoken and written modality by means of formal criteria of control in order to apprehend the motivation of each interpretation. The structure to + infinitive has been used in other semantic contexts with several different meanings from the purpose meaning (the initial one). These other meanings have demonstrated a more abstraticized feature and, in some cases, a syntactic blending sufficiently accented with the main sentence. This confirmation has given the possibility of claiming the instauration of an intense grammaticalization process. There is a view in which not all the sentences that are configured in this structural standard type sign to the purpose semantic feature in the Brazilian Portuguese. So I proceed to the identification of the functional standards that denounce the language in its dynamicity, it also generates innovative functions in order to embody the communicative needs of the speakers. This dissertation is presented as a contribution from the linguistic science to the pedagogical work, in a really interesting dialogue that involves the student perception, the pedagogical teacher decision and the linguistic contemporary theoretical discussion.

Submitted by Margareth Ferreira Pinto (margarethfpinto@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-26T15:36:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - dbora lima martins.pdf: 851724 bytes, checksum: 940995bed7b5079a937d09813a397e0d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gilmar Barros (gilmargomesdebarros@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T18:23:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - dbora lima martins.pdf: 851724 bytes, checksum: 940995bed7b5079a937d09813a397e0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - dbora lima martins.pdf: 851724 bytes, checksum: 940995bed7b5079a937d09813a397e0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A presente pesquisa tem o intuito de delinear e explorar os contextos em que se insere a Plataforma P-55, buscando descrever o perfil dos trabalhadores desse canteiro de obra e possíveis extensões. Para isso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral conhecer o sujeito ecológico, trabalhador, do sexo masculino, que migrou para o município do Rio Grande a fim de trabalhar na edificação da Plataforma P-55, no Polo Naval, onde se espera que ele retrate como é a vida de um trabalhador de grandes obras (TGOs), como é sua jornada de trabalho,quais são suas atividades, suas metas, como lida com a distância dos entes queridos, enfim, de que maneira se dá os impactos e as mudanças advindas de sua migração, quais são suas percepções e como se percebe diante do novo ambiente. As grandes obras têm atraído o olhar da academia, contudo, pouco se conhece sobre o impacto socioambiental que a migração desses trabalhadores desencadeia na vida dos mesmos e por ventura da comunidade local. Dessa forma, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 14 homens que migraram para Rio Grande para trabalhar no Polo Naval, mais especificamente na Plataforma P-55 que se instalou na cidade. Dentre os principais resultados, pode-se verificar que os trabalhadores são migrantes de Pernambuco, Bahia e Rio de Janeiro e buscam no emprego melhores condições financeiras. Para isso vivenciam uma jornada de trabalho intensa e além disso, sofrem com a distância de suas famílias. Muitos pensam em continuar vivendo no município de Rio Grande se puderem seguir trabalhando e a grande maioria almeja evoluir profissionalmente. Sugere-se então que os trabalhadores estejam a par de seus direitos trabalhistas, o que abrange entre outras, salário, saúde e prevenção de acidentes, prezando o bem-estar. / This research aims to outline and discuss the contexts in which it operates the Platform P-55, describing the profile of this construction site workers and their extensions. For this, the present study aims to know the general subject ecological worker, male sex, they migrated to the city of Rio Grande in order to work in the edification of Platform P-55, in Naval Pole, where he is expected to portrays how the life of a worker works great (TGOs), as is his workday, which its activities, its goals, how it deals with the distance of loved ones, anyway, that way takes the impacts and changes resulting from their migration, what are your perceptions and as noted before new environment. Major works have attracted the eye of the academy, yet little is known about the environmental impact that these buildings bring to life the very workers / laborers. Thus, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 men who migrated to work in the Rio Grande in Naval Pole, specifically the Platform P-55 that settled in the city. Among the main results, we can verify that workers are migrants from Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro seek employment and better financial conditions. For this experience an intense workday and beyond suffer from the distance of their families. Many think to continue living here if they can continue working and most craves evolve professionally. It is then suggested that workers are aware of their labor rights, which include among others, salary, health and accident, preserving the welfare.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-28T17:39:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Felipe Reis Rodrigues.pdf: 1603576 bytes, checksum: 3339dc514da1d070eb064b181fb06543 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T17:39:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Felipe Reis Rodrigues.pdf: 1603576 bytes, checksum: 3339dc514da1d070eb064b181fb06543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / CNPq / The large number of new products that are developed and made available to the consumer has allowed access to industrialized food, which are sources of carbohydrates and saturated fats. The high consumption of this type of product in Brazil associated with the decreased physical activity, resulted in the epidemiological phenomenon known as nutritional transition, characterized by overweight and obesity. This trend is not only observed in Brazil, therefore the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the reduction of sugar and fat consumption. From this scenario, this study aimed to develop a beverage of pomegranate as a healthier alternative to products available in the market. The pomegranate is a fruit with low use in Brazil; however, it presents nutritional characteristics that justify the increase in consumption. It was performed an online study to identify the fruit that would compose the mixed juice with pomegranate, and it has been suggested the orange. Then, it was evaluated the beverages intention to purchase. The blend of orange and pomegranate reached the highest average score for such as parameter by consumers, and the sugar content reached the highest relative importance. In a second phase of the study it was evaluated the formulations by varying the ratio water/pulp, pomegranate/orange and sugar content. The most preferred sample had a lower proportion of pomegranate pulp, higher orange content and sugar. The following study has focused on the replacement of sucrose by high intensity sweeteners (sucralose, stevia and monk fruit extract) were evaluated. Firstly it was estimated the sweetness equivalence for each of them using two different methods (paired comparison and magnitude estimation), and two ways of data analyses (logistic regression and survival analysis). The methods provided similar results, but the survival analysis showed a better alternative for the data analysis. From this result it was investigated the effect of information on the sweetener used on the perception of the product. It was considered the effect of extrinsic variables, namely: design (traditional vs. minimalist), nutritional information (present vs. absent), processing information technology (present vs. absent) and nutritional traffic light (present vs. absent) on the consumer intention to purchase, considering the time constraint as a variable in the study. The time factor did not affect the purchase intent and the highest averages were achieved by packaging with traditional design, which was used in the subsequent study. The study investigated the effects of the information on the additive used to sweeten beverages (sweetener: sucralose, stevia or extract of monk fruit; or sucrose: sugar or no added sugar) on the acceptance, sensory characteristics and wellbeing associated with the beverages. The information was significant on the sensory description of the samples, wellbeing associated to the products and acceptance. Results have shown that samples with the most similar characteristics to the beverage sweetened with sugar were those that achieved the highest acceptance means. The findings achieved in the several studies carried out in this Thesis can be considered relevantto the development of healthier products, which include pomegranate in its composition. / O grande n?mero de novos produtos que s?o desenvolvidos e colocados ? disposi??o do consumidor vem permitindo o acesso aos alimentos industrializados fontes de carboidratos e gorduras saturadas. No Brasil o elevado consumo desse tipo de produto, associado ? diminui??o da pr?tica de atividade f?sica, resultou no fen?meno epidemiol?gico conhecido como transi??o nutricional caracterizado pelo sobrepeso e obesidade. Essa tend?ncia n?o se restringe apenas ao Brasil, por isso a Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de (OMS) recomenda que o consumo a??car e de gordura seja reduzido. A partir deste cen?rio, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver uma bebida ? base de rom? como alternativa mais saud?vel aos produtos encontrados atualmente no mercado. A rom? ? uma fruta com pouca utiliza??o no Brasil; por?m, apresenta caracter?sticas nutricionais que justificam o incremento do seu consumo. Foi realizado estudo on-line a fim de identificar a fruta que comporia o suco misto junto com a rom?, tendo sido identificada a laranja. Em seguida foi avaliada a inten??o de compra das bebidas a partir dos front-of-packs de prot?tipos de produtos mistos e de elaborados com apenas uma das frutas utilizadas na bebida mista (rom? e laranja). O suco misto alcan?ou maior m?dia quanto a esse par?metro, sendo o teor de a??car a caracter?stica com maior import?ncia relativa. No estudo subsequente foram avaliadas formula??es do produto variando-se a propor??o de ?gua/ polpa, rom?/ laranja e o teor de a??car. A amostra mais aceita pelos participantes continha menor propor??o de polpa de rom?, maior teor de laranja e a??car. Foram realizados estudos onde o foco foi a substitui??o da sacarose por edulcorantes de alta intensidade (sucralose, stevia e extrato da fruta do monge). Inicialmente foi estimada a equival?ncia de do?ura para cada um deles utilizando dois m?todos distintos (compara??o pareada e estima??o de magnitude) e duas formas de tratamento de dados (regress?o log?stica e an?lise de sobreviv?ncia). Os m?todos forneceram resultados similares; por?m, a an?lise de sobreviv?ncia se mostrou melhor alternativa para o tratamento de dados. A partir desse resultado foi investigado o efeito da informa??o sobre o edulcorante usado na percep??o do produto. Foi realizado estudo para avaliar o efeito de vari?veis extr?nsecas, a saber: design (tradicional vs. minimalista), informa??o nutricional (presente vs. ausente), informa??o da tecnologia de processamento (presente vs. ausente) e sem?foro nutricional (presente vs. ausente) na inten??o de compra do consumidor considerando a restri??o de tempo como vari?vel no estudo. O fator tempo n?o afetou a inten??o de compra e as maiores m?dias foram alcan?adas pelas embalagens com design tradicional, o qual foi utilizado no estudo subsequente que investigou o efeito da informa??o sobre o aditivo usado para ado?ar as bebidas (edulcorantes: sucralose, stevia ou extrato da fruta do monge; sacarose ou sem adi??o de a??car) na aceita??o, caracter?sticas sensoriais e no bem-estar associado a elas. A informa??o sobre o aditivo usado para ado?ar a bebida teve efeito (p>0,05) na descri??o sensorial das amostras, no bem-estar associado a elas e na aceita??o. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras com as caracter?sticas mais parecidas com a bebida ado?ada com a??car foram as que alcan?aram maiores m?dias de aceita??o. Os achados encontrados a partir do desenvolvimento dos diversos estudos podem ser considerados relevantes para a elabora??o de produtos mais saud?veis, os quais incluem a rom? em sua composi??o.

Le réalisme d'une application traitant de l'animation comportementale de foules est fondé d'une part sur le rendu graphique des scènes produites par l'application, mais aussi sur le réalisme du comportement lui-même. C'est ce dernier point qui est notre objet d'étude. Le réalisme du comportement d'une foule est avant tout global (réalisme macroscopique) : elle doit avoir des propriétés statistiques (densité, dispersion, vitesse moyenne,…) proches de celles d'une foule réelle. Il est aussi local (réalisme microscopique), c'est-à-dire que les agents ou groupes d'agents doivent idéalement avoir des comportements proches de ceux des humains ou groupes humains pris pour référence, tout au moins dans le domaine d'application restreint considéré. L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle générique pour effectuer des simulations comportementales de foules, pour pouvoir satisfaire simultanément les deux types de réalisme macroscopique et microscopique et rendre compte de la plupart des types de foules (foules homogènes, groupes, collection d'agents). Pour ce faire, nous avons dégagé quelques principes simples et peu coûteux en ressources. Nous introduirons la notion de contexte (global, localisé, et propagateur). Les contextes globaux et localisés appliqués à un groupe d'agents tendent à leur donner un même comportement et constituent ainsi un moyen de contrôle global de ces acteurs (réalisme macroscopique). Le contexte propagateur donne un moyen de propagation d'informations entre les agents de la foule (communication). Les agents eux-mêmes sont dotés de tendances qui, en les différenciant dans un même contexte, leur donne une variété de comportements qui concourt au réalisme microscopique. / The realism of crowd behavioral animation is based on one hand on a rendering of graphic scenes generated by the application, and on the other hand on the realism of the behavior. This is last point which is our object of study. The realism of crowds' behavior is essentially global (macroscopic realism). It must respect the required statistical characteristics of the crowd (density, dispersal, speed…) similar to those of a real crowd. The realism is also local (microscopic realism), i.e. agents should ideally behave like humans or human groups taken as reference, at least in the focus of the considered application. The aim of our research is to propose a generic model to perform crowd behavior simulation in order to simultaneously satisfy the criterion of macroscopic and microscopic realism and that may be used to build various crowd behavioral simulations (homogeneous crowds, groups, collections of agents). To do this, we identified some simple principles and inexpensive resources; we introduce the notion of context (global, localized, and propagator). Global contexts applied to a group of agents, it tends to give them the same behavior and thus constitutes a means for global control of those agents (macroscopic realism). Propagator contexts allow the propagation of information among agents (communication). Agents are themselves equipped with tendencies that differentiate them within the context, and give them a variety of behaviors that contributes to microscopic realism.

The introduction of Grade R (Reception Year) and its curriculum in early childhood education has been a key policy initiative, but despite the importance of this level of education the demands of the transition from Grade R to Grade 1 are not explicitly discussed. Official documents note the likely difficulties and challenges inherent in the transition of children from preschool and home into the primary school environment but they do not explicitly say how these difficulties can be dealt with. This study investigated the implementation of transition policy and existing practices for children transiting from preschool or the home into Grade 1 in South Africa’s schools. A case study of two purposively selected schools, from two different provinces, explored the impact of transition on both children’s adjustment to their new environment and the school itself. Key policy documents were initially analysed, and key informants in government and non governmental organisations (NGOs) were interviewed in relation to aspects of the policy guidelines and practices for transition to school. Participating principals, teachers, parents and children as subjects were interviewed to identify their perspectives about transition and how they deal with it. The social, behavioural and academic adjustment of 6 children from each of the two schools was investigated using the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS). The results show that although some differences in the adjustment of children between the two case study schools were noted, it appeared that preschooled children were more likely to make better adjustments than non-preschooled (home) children. The study also revealed that schools’ strategies for dealing with transitions are not informed by the government’s transition policies and guidelines. Instead, the two schools devised their own in-house strategies to deal with transitions and these differed from one school to another. The study also highlights that teachers are not familiar with policies governing their working lives. The schools studied also lamented the lack of continuity in the curricula and the way of life between the school and preschool despite policies enacted to deal with this disjuncture. Whilst the findings show a disparity between the adjustments of preschooled children and their home counterparts a longitudinal study involving more case schools would provide greater insight into preschool grade 1 transition in a developing South Africa. The educational and policy implications of the study are discussed with regard to important processes and structures put in place for the transition process of children entering into primary schools. While case study findings cannot be generalised the results can be beneficial in informing other similar contexts grappling with transitions. The study highlights important processes undertaken in the adjustment of children into primary schools, however it also revealed some shortcomings which have serious implications for policy and practice. “Policy literacy” should be embarked upon to familiarise teachers as end users with what policy entails. Every school should have a transition programme that would help orientate and settle in the new entrants into the school environment. / Thesis (PhD (Education Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Education Management and Policy Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

L'histamine(HA) et l'orexine(Ox) jouent des rôles distincts/complémentaires dans l'éveil(Ev) associés à la locomotion, l'exploration, la motivation & l'anticipation. La régulation de l'Ev dépend donc des activités comportementales instantanées et de la participation diverse des systèmes d'éveil. Par une approche intégrée, cette thèse se focalise sur le rôle d'HA et Ox dans l'Ev lié à l'attirance sexuelle (Sexual Arousal), une condition sine qua non pour la reproduction.La présence de la souris femelle entraîne une augmentation de l'Ev chez le mâle. Celle-ci n'est pas significative si un autre mâle est présent. Cet effet dépend d'hormones sexuelles car les souris femelles ovariectomisées ou prétraitées par un antagoniste d'œstrogènes n'entrainent pas d'Ev chez les mâles, alors que les mâles prétraités par un antagoniste d'androgènes n'ont plus cette augmentation. L'inhibition de la synthèse d'HA ou du récepteur Ox1 abolit l'augmentation de l'Ev. Celle-ci est préservée chez la souris sans HA ou sans Ox mais absente chez la souris sans les deux. Ainsi, les systèmes à HA & à Ox, pilotés par les hormones sexuelles, jouent un rôle clé dans Sexual Arousal. Un déficit chronique en HA ou Ox serait compensé par des mécanismes adaptatifs, qui deviennent insuffisants lors de la délétion des deux systèmes. J'ai aussi participé à des études sur : 1) le rôle du récepteur H1 dans l'Ev exploratoire; 2) les neurones à HA, cible de l'acide ursodésoxycholique; 3) les connexines & le mode d'action du modafinil.Cette thèse contribue à qualifier le rôle synergique d'HA & Ox dans le contrôle des multiples facettes de l'Ev & soutient l'hypothèse que le contrôle de l'Ev est comportement-dépendant / Our previous work showed that histamine (HA) and orexin (Ox) neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in wakefulness(W) associated with locomotion, exploration, motivation and anticipation, leading to the hypothesis that the regulation of W, a highly heterogeneous brain state, depends on the instantaneous ongoing behavioral activities and diverse participation of various arousal systems. Using an integrative approach, this thesis focused on the role of HA and Ox in sexual arousal, a prerequisite for reproduction.The presence of a female mouse elicited in a male a marked increase in W. This increase was not significant if another male was introduced. Ovariectomized or estrogen receptor antagonist-treated female mice did not elicit sexual arousal in males. Male mice pretreated with an androgen receptor antagonist did not show any increased W facing a female. Acute inhibition of HA synthesis or Ox1-receptor antagonist abolished sexual arousal. Whereas sexual arousal was intact in knockout(KO) mice lacking either HA or Ox, it was totally absent in double KO mice. Thus, both the HA and Ox systems, driven by sex hormones, promote sexual arousal. Chronic HA or Ox loss could be compensated by up-regulated adaptive mechanisms, which became ineffective when both systems were deleted.During my thesis, I was also involved in the studies of 1) role of HA H1-receptor in W associated with exploration; 2) HA neurons as target of ursodeoxycholic acid; 3) astroglial connexins and modafinil mode of action.This thesis contributes to qualify the synergistic role of HA and Ox in controlling the multiple facets of W and supports the hypothesis that the control of W is behavior-dependent

This paper explores the cross-cultural differences in affect valuation, emotion regulation, and the relationship between affect valuation, emotion regulation and subjective well-being across White Americans, Asians, and Third Culture Kids (TCKs). Emotional experiences shape every facet of our lives, yet understanding the extent to which emotional experiences are universal is still poorly understood. This is particularly the case among individuals with diverse cultural experiences. In the current study, we look at TCK individuals, a group composed of White-identifying individuals who spent a significant time of their childhood in East Asian countries. Through a questionnaire that was distributed via email and word of mouth, participants (N = 239) were asked to complete five surveys that included a subjective well-being scale, the affect valuation index, an emotion regulation questionnaire, an interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire, and a set of scenarios that tested the individual’s tendency to feel a duty to themselves or to others. This study found that the Asian group significantly valued low arousal emotions more so than European Americans or the TCK individuals. TCKs were most likely to feel a strong sense of duty to help others.

Previous research has shown temperament to be stable throughout development and this effect remains when controlling for infant birth order. However, to our knowledge, there have been no investigations examining the direct relationship between temperament characteristics and birth order within the family. Because infant temperament has been shown to be related to maternal stress during pregnancy it stands to reason that mothers caring for multiple children while pregnant will experience more stress, and thus affect the temperament of their gestating offspring. Therefore, the first aim of the present investigation was to evaluate whether birth order was associated with infant temperament. Additionally, research has shown relationships between birth order and language; with second born children showing a significant advancement of language skills compared to first born children. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between birth order and gestural abilities. Because gestural abilities significantly predict language development, it stands to reason that birth order should also affect the gestural abilities of infants. Thus, the second aim of the current project was to evaluate the relationship between birth order and gestural abilities. Eighty-three children visited the lab at M = 15.45 months. Caregivers completed the Infant Behavioral Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory:Words and Gestures (MCDI-WG), and a demographic questionnaire concerning family size and birth order. In line with our first aim, we evaluated correlations between infant temperament and birth order. These analyses revealed a significant relationship between the temperamental superdimension of negative affectivity; specifically, the subdimension of sadness was the main factor driving the relationship between birth order and temperament. Next, to investigate whether birth order was related to gestural abilities, we analyzed correlations between birth order and the MCDI-WG categories of performing actions with objects, as well as imitation. This analysis revealed significant associations between birth order and both gestural categories. While these results were in line with our expectations, they remain to be supported by replication. However, should these results withstand tests of replication, they suggest interesting findings for both temperament and language research. First, these results suggest that later born children are at risk for a difficult temperament; however, the specific cause of this relationship is unknown, but could include prenatal stress, or stress during infancy such as less time spent with caregivers. Secondly, these results suggest that later born children are at a particular advantage. This advantage may be due to the fact that later born children, by virtue of their larger families, have a greater number of exemplars from which to learn gestures through observation.

This study forms part of three broader research projects that focus on investigating ways in which teachers can promote resilience in resource-constrained contexts by means of implementing school health initiatives, such as school-based vegetable gardens. Following on a need identified within the broader research projects, the purpose of this study was to explore and describe teachers’ perceptions of involving different groups of role-players in school-based vegetable gardens in resource-constrained contexts in an attempt to understand how different role-players may contribute to successful gardens. For this purpose, I focused on the experiences of 36 primary school teachers from nine schools in the Eastern Cape province who have been involved in school-based vegetable gardens in recent years. I was guided by Ozer’s (2007) model of potential effects of school gardens as theoretical framework, utilised interpretivism as meta-theory and followed a qualitative methodological approach. I selected a case study research design, applying Participatory Reflection and Action (PRA) principles. Data were generated and documented by means of a PRA-based workshop, five semi-structured interviews and observation-as-contextof- interaction, supported by visual and audio documentation techniques, field notes and a reflective journal. Following inductive thematic analysis, I identified four themes and related sub-themes. The themes relate to role-players often involved in school-based vegetable gardens as well as their respective responsibilities; benefits associated with involving the various role-players; factors that may support the successful establishment and maintenance of school-based vegetable gardens, and challenges experienced when involving the different role-players. The findings of this study indicate that teachers experienced the role that different groups of people may fulfil positively despite some challenges associated with such involvement. More specifically, role-players in school-based vegetable gardens can significantly contribute to the success of such gardens by supporting teachers in developing innovative solutions to the challenges they face. Teachers and learners were found to be the primary role-players, supported by dedicated school principals and in many cases, one or two gardeners that may also be community members. Lastly, a dedicated garden coordinator (such as a teacher) and support by the national Department of Basic Education were found to be important. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

abstract: Since the 1980s, interest in the cognitive and affective influences on teaching has initiated studies on teacher beliefs and practices. Studies of teacher beliefs in academic areas such as reading, math, social studies, and science are prolific. However, studies about the teacher beliefs and practices of music teachers are scarce. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to explore the teacher beliefs of middle school orchestra teachers and to examine how their self-reported and observed teaching practices reflect these beliefs. Based on the work of foreign language education researcher Simon Borg (2003) a conceptual framework was developed that shows the various sources of teacher beliefs and practices, including formative preservice musical experiences, inservice contextual factors, and inservice professional development. Employing a qualitative multiple case study method, six purposely-selected middle school orchestra teachers, representing a variety of experience levels and program characteristics, shared their teacher beliefs and practices. Data generation included observations, interviews, stimulated recall (think aloud teacher commentary of videotaped teaching episodes), and written reflection surveys. During analysis, six core teacher beliefs about middle school string students and how they learn were identified. These beliefs guided the teachers’ observed practices. Findings from this study illustrated that preservice formative musical experiences influenced the middle school orchestra teachers’ beliefs about the value and importance of music teaching as a career. Data from the participants revealed a wide variety of instructional practices emanating from largely similar core pedagogical beliefs. Analysis suggested that experienced teachers held more developed teacher beliefs, and they selected instructional practices carefully, where inexperienced teachers were still formulating their own beliefs and experimenting with instructional practices. Data from the study point out that contextual constraints sometimes prevent teachers from enacting their closely held beliefs. This incongruence influenced three of the six participants to change teaching positions or retire early from the education profession. The study of music teacher beliefs and practices may be of interest to preservice and inservice music teachers and music teacher educators. Future studies may explore the relationship between teacher beliefs and practices and student achievement, and contribute to string music education research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music Education 2019