Date: 2024-05-29 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Robert Bildt, Ebrahim Alibhai, Sebastian Karlsson Title: The Organizational Puzzle: Congruence and its Impact on Change Processes Supervisor: Johan Grinbergs Keywords: Congruence, Communication, Organizational change, Management ControlSystems, Leadership, Contingency Theory Research question: How does congruence between the leader and their organizationalcontext affect organizational changes? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how congruence betweenthe leader and their organizational context affects adaptability to changes in the organization.By examining these aspects, we can gain deeper insight and understanding of howcongruence can influence the implementation of organizational change. Method: A case study was conducted using a qualitative method for data collection and dataprocessing. To gather empirical data, semi-structured interviews were conducted, which werelater used for a thematic analysis. Conclusion: The conclusion is that communication is crucial for achieving congruencewithin an organization. Effective communication helps leaders adapt to the organizationalcontext, motivate employees and manage changes efficiently. In the studied organization,respondents indicated that involvement, communication and transparency were central toachieving congruence, despite the challenges varying between departments. Leadersprioritized communication in change management, which facilitated employees'understanding and acceptance of changes.

This report aims to investigate the possibility of making roof gutter heating systems more energy efficient while maintaining their performance. With a societal target of becoming climate-neutral, all energy use needs to be minimized and without previous research on the subject, real estate owners may have overused electricity in their efforts. The report assesses available conventional systems, how they work, and their composition. With the help of meteorological data a new system was created that would reduce energy use drastically. The findings state that depending on the earlier system installed by companies the new improved system would only use between 2.5-52% of the energy used by the conventional systems. This is largely because the conventional systems are primitive and has not been updated to a central and internet-connected control system. It is this implementation of online meteorological data and using that data in developed dynamic controlling systems that has led to a decrease in energy use for roof gutter heating systems.

Problembakgrund och problemdiskussion: Som följd av samhällets ökade medvetenhet avseende hållbarhet står näringslivet inför utmaningar av att möta de förändrade förhållandena, som externa och interna drivkrafter bidragit till, för att bibehålla en etablerad marknadsposition. Dessa utmaningar reflekteras även i företags förmågor att inkludera hållbarhet inom verksamhetsstyrningens komponenter, vilket ramverk som “Sustainability Control System as a Package” ämnar att underlätta. Däremot varierar beslutet av att inkludera hållbarhet inom verksamheter och dess styrning utifrån olika motiv, vilka förklaras som kognitiva, normativa och regulativa fundament. Hur dessa fundament påverkar den hållbara verksamhetsstyrningen har inte tidigare tagits till hänsyn vid forskning, vilket följande studie ämnar att göra.   Metod: Den kvalitativa studien har utförts som en flerfallstudie där semistrukturerade intervjuer från fallföretag, som representerat de tre kognitiva, normativa och regulativa fundamenten, utgjort grunden för studiens empiriska materialinsamling. Detta för att gentemot den teoretiska referensramen kunna urskilja mönster för hur hållbara element genomsyrar respektive verksamhetsstyrning.   Syfte: Syftet med följande studie är att bidra med analyser och förklaringar över hur företags kognitiva, normativa och regulativa fundament genomsyrar den hållbara verksamhetsstyrningen. Detta för att sedan kunna urskilja varför verksamhetsstyrningen är utformad på ett visst sätt, med utgångspunkt i “Sustainability Control System as a Package”.   Slutsats: Utifrån studien anses företags hållbara verksamhetsstyrning utformas olika utifrån de fundament som grundat vilka samt till vilken grad hållbara aspekter prioriteras. För verksamheter som drivs utifrån kognitiva fundament genomsyrar deras hållbarhetsarbete verksamhetsstyrningen med grund i ett företags affärskoncept och influerar främst informella styrsätt som kulturen, värderingar, en transparent och tvärfunktionell kommunikation samt en allokerad ansvarsfördelning, vilket understöttas av ett antal formella styrmedel. För företag med normativa fundament genomsyrar hållbarhet verksamheten som en utav flera delar av det grundläggande affärskonceptet via den överordnade strategin. Formella styrsätt som tydliga strategier och målsättningar, uppföljning av dessa samt tydlig arbetsfördelning, influerar verksamhetsstyrningen för att strukturerat samordna hållbarhet med de övriga affärskonceptens områden. Företag med regulativa fundament bibehåller det grundläggande affärskoncept, där hållbarhet istället genomsyrar verksamhetsstyrningens komponenter direkt med övervägande formella styrsätt, främst målsättningar och riktlinjer, för att strukturerat etablera och upprätthålla ett accepterat hållbarhetsarbete utifrån lagar och externa krav. / Background and Problem: As a consequence from the society's increased sustainability awareness, companies face challenges of meeting the changed conditions, which external and internal incentives have contributed to, in order to attain an established market position. These challenges also reflect the constitution of the management control system, which frameworks like the “Sustainability Control System as a Package” intends to facilitate. However, the choice of including sustainability within companies and their management control varies between different motives, which are described as cognitive, normative and regulatory reasons. How these underlying reasons affect the sustainable management control haven’t been researched before, which is the aim of this study.                                                                  Method: The qualitative study has been made by a multiple case study on companies, that represents the three cognitive, normative and regulative underlying reasons, using semi structured interviews which has constructed the basis for the empirical data collection. This has been compared to the theoretical framework in order to distinguish patterns of how sustainability permeate each management control system. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to contribute with an analysis and explanations of how a company’s regulatory, normative or cognitive underlying reason permeate its sustainable management control system. This will be made in order to distinguish why the management control is constructed in a certain way, by using the framework “Sustainability Control System as a Package”.   Conclusion: Based on the made study, companies sustainable management control is considered to be constructed based on what underlying reasons that have formed which, and how much, sustainable elements are prioritized. Companies who are driven by cognitive reasons permeate their business with sustainable elements by making sustainability their business concept. Mostly the informal control systems like culture, values, a transparent and cross functional communication as well as an allocated responsibility have been affected, which are supported by a number of formal control systems. Companies who have normative reasons permeate their business with sustainability by making it as one of several parts in their business concept, through their overall strategy. Formal control systems like distinctive strategies and goals, performance measurements and a clear division of responsibility are being used as a way to coordinate the sustainability in a structured way, to facilitate with the other parts of the business concept. On the contrary, companies who have regulative reasons keep their already established fundamental business concept, where sustainability directly permeate the different components of their management control system. Formal control systems, mainly goals and policies, are used, in order to create and keep a structured sustainability implementation according to laws and external demands.

Bakgrund: Interorganisatoriska relationer har blivit allt viktigare de senaste åren, företag köper exempelvis in IT-tjänster för att kunna förbättra sin kärnverksamhet. Det är dock vanligt att interorganisatoriska relationer misslyckas, en lösning till problem med dessa relationer är att använda ekonomisk styrning. En typ av relation som är speciellt utsatt för problematiken är relationen mellan små och medelstora företag, vilket är en grupp det saknas forskning och empiriska undersökningar om, trots dess stora inverkan på den svenska ekonomin. Ännu mer problematiskt blir det när dessa företag köper eller säljer tjänster, då hantering av tjänster kräver en större administrativ kunskap som mindre företag generellt inte besitter. Därmed är det av intresse att studera hur relationen mellan små och medelstora företag som hanterar tjänster ska styras på bästa sätt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa en modell över hur styrningen av interorganisatoriska relationer utformas och används av små och medelstora företag. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie med ett abduktivt angreppsätt. Empirisk data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer på fem olika små och medelstora företag som köper och säljer tjänster, med syfte att framhäva perspektivet från båda partner i relationen.  Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att det krävs en kombination av formella och informella styrmedel för att ha en fungerande interorganisatorisk relation. Avvägningen av olika styrverktyg beror på olika bakomliggande faktorer som präglar relationen mellan små och medelstora företag men resultatet tydliggör även att tillit och kommunikation har en stor inverkan på behovet av olika slags styrning. Samtidigt har kontraktet en väsentlig del av de studerade interorganisatoriska relationerna. Det är i kontraktet som bland annat finansiella och ickefinansiella målsättningar kan specificeras och kontraktet används som ett underlag för utförandet av tjänsten, uppföljning och avstämning, vilket inte alltid utförs i praktiken. Tilliten som finns mellan parterna i en relation påverkar hur kontraktet sedan används. Studien visar att formella styrmedel och tillit i vissa delar av relationen kan användas som substitut till varandra. / Background: The importance of interorganizational relationships has increased in recent years. Companies outsource peripheral components of their operations, such as IT, in order to focus on the main purpose of the company. It is common, however, for these relationships to fail and one solution to the problems arising from interorganizational relationships is the use of management control systems. Relationships between small and medium sized enterprises, in particular, present significant issues. Although they have a great impact on the Swedish economy, there are few scientific studies on them. These companies have an even harder time coping with interorganizational relationships when they are dealing with services, as they require more administrative knowledge than they don’t possess. It is therefore of elevated interest to study the relationship between small and medium sized enterprises that handles services and what type of management control system is best suited for the relationship.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a model of the management control systems of interorganizational relationships between small and medium sized enterprises.  Design: The study is a qualitative case study with an abductive approach. Empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews at five different small and medium sized enterprises that sell and buy services in order to elucidate both parties’ perspectives.  Conclusion: The results from the study demonstrate that it is necessary to have a combination of formal and informal management control systems in order to maintain a functioning interorganizational relationship. The balance between different control systems depends on underlying factors arising from the relationship between small and medium sized enterprises. The study also shows that trust and communication has a great impact on the need for different types of control, however, the contract has simultaneously proven to be an essential part of the interorganizational relationships that have been studied. The contract can specify the financial and non-financial aims of the parties and can also be used as a model for how the service should be provided. The contract can also be used for future reviews of the working relationship, although this is not always the case, as the level of trust between the two parties will influence how the contract is actually used. The study shows that formal control systems and trust can be used as substitutes to one another throughout the relationship.

Digitální Fly-by-Wire systém je novým přístupem k řídícímu systému letadla, na jehož základě firma Honeywell - HTS CZ začala výzkumný projekt s názvem “Next Generation Distributed Fly-by-Wire System” a tato práce je jeho součástí. Řídící plochy letadla jsou řízeny dvěma nebo třemi elektrohydraulickými (či elektrickými) servy a každé servo je ovládáno nezávislou řídící jednotkou. Díky provozním tolerancím systému a drobným odchylkám vstupních dat v řídících jednotkách, dostává každé servo mírně odlišné povely a rozdíl v poloze serv vede k namáhání řídící plochy i k namáhání serv. Hlavním cílem této práce je navrhnout algoritmus, který bude eliminovat rozdíly mezi polohami jednotlivých serv, a tudíž sníží sílu, která namáhá řídící plochu, na přípustnou mez. Implementace řídícího systému letadla byla do detailu analyzována a algoritmus redukce síly na kontrolní ploše letadla byl navržen a implementován v prostředí Simulink. Iterační kriteriální ladící metoda byla vyvinuta a za účelem co nejlepšího nastavení algoritmu redukce síly. Práce také analyzuje vliv časových zpoždení na sběrnici na kvalitu algoritmu redukce síly.

Over the last few decades, the complexity and variety of automation systems have increased dramatically. Commissioning has grown more and more critical for the entire industry. Conventional commissioning is time-consuming and expensive. It's always been a challenge in manufacturing to put new designs into production or implement new technologies, control codes, or tactics. In Virtual Commissioning (VC), control programs of the physical system's Digital Twin (DT) can be validated in Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) before the actual commissioning. The emergence of new VC tools and methods has become a tremendous advantage, bringing the values of shorter duration, flexibility, and lower risks to the commissioning process. In this thesis, advanced process control was developed using the software Matlab and Simulink in conjunction with the engineering tools S7-PLCSIM Advanced and STEP 7 TIA Portal to conduct VC. A VC approach with four key steps is taken to evaluate the possibility of validating advanced process control. The steps are modeling DT of a rolling mill, model-based control design, simulation model development in Simulink, communication between the simulation model and the PLC program using S-7 TIA Portal, and PLCSIM Advanced. Also, a simulated Human-Machine Interface was designed to operate and visualize the process. VC of the rolling mill process was verified and validated by Model-in-the-Loop (MIL) and SIL simulation. The simulation gives satisfactory results as both MIL and SIL show identical outputs of the process.

For many Internet of Things (IoT) devices security have not been a priority during the development, but what happens if the makers of IoT devices use a secure framework for developing their devices? In this thesis a number of such frameworks have been evaluated for their suitability to build an access control system around. Both Vanadium and Protocol of Things (PoT) were found to be suitable candidates. Both frameworks employ a distributed access control model where the owner of a device can grant other users access to the device by generating a signed authorization. PoT was ultimately chosen as the framework around which to design the prototype access control system because it was deemed to be slightly more suitable than Vanadium. The prototype takes the rule based and discretionary access control model from the underlying framework and makes it possible for administrators to transparently authorize users to devices through role abstractions. Thus it is possible to transparently manage a class of users at the same time instead of having to manage each individual user. Furthermore the prototype is able to do this in a generic way. The prototype does not contain any code of functionality for any specific device it manages, it is capable of managing access to any PoT device. The design and implementation is deemed both scalable and efficient. Running on a single thread it is possible to generate over one thousand signed authorizations per second. In a system where users are granted access to 200 unique device permissions the total file size of the signed authorizations and accompanying meta data does not exceed 150 kB. It takes approximately 70 ms to establish a secure connection between the client and server software. For large data transfers the throughput is approximately 2.6-2.8 MB per second, including encryption and decryption of request and response from the client to the server. / För många enheter tillhörande sakernas internet har säkerhet inte varit en prioritet under utvecklingen, men vad händer om tillverkare istället använder ett säkert ramverk för att utveckla sina produkter? I den här rapporten presenteras en utvärdering av några sådana ramverks lämplighet för att användas för att bygga ett accesskontrollsystem kring. Både Vanadium och Protocol of Things (PoT) finns vara lämpliga kandidater. Båda ramverken använder en decentraliserad säkerhetsmodell där ägaren av en enhet kan ge andra användare tillgång till enheten genom att generera en signerad auktorisation. PoT är det ramverk som användes för att utforma accesskontrollsystemprototypen kring för att det ansågs vara något mer lämpligt jämfört med Vanadium. Prototypen använder en rollabstraktion för att underlätta arbetet för administratörer att ge användare rätt behörigheter. På så vis blir det möjligt att konfigurera en klass av användare samtidigt istället för att behöva konfigurera varje användare individuellt. Prototypen kan göra allt detta på ett generiskt sätt. Det innebär att prototypen inte innehåller någon kod eller funktionalitet som är specifik för någon enhet så länge det är en PoT-enhet. Den föreslagna designen och implementationen är skalbar och effektiv. Över ett tusen signerade auktorisationer kan genereras per sekund på en exekveringstråd. I ett system där användare ges behörighet till 200 unika behörigheter på olika enheter uppgår den totala filstorleken för de signerade auktorisationerna och tillhörande metadata till mindre än 150 kB. Det tar uppskattningsvis 70 ms att skapa en säker anslutning mellan klient- och server-mjukvara. För stora dataöverföringar är överföringshastigheten uppskattningsvis 2.6-2.8 MB per sekund, vilket inkluderar kryptering och avkryptering av fråga och svar från klienten till servern.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes a telemetry system developed for the EA-18G Flight Test program. The program requires transmission of a number of data streams, in IRIG-106 Chapter 4 PCM, Chapter 8 Mux-All 1553, Ethernet, and Fibre Channel formats. The initial requested data rate was in excess of 30 Mbits/sec. The telemetry system must operate at a range up to about 120 miles, at several test ranges, and with several different aircraft maneuvering configurations. To achieve these requirements, the Flight Test Instrumentation group at Boeing Integrated Defense Systems in Saint Louis, developed a telemetry system in conjunction with industry partners and test range customers. The system transmits two telemetry streams with a total aggregate rate on the order of 20 Mbits/sec. Each telemetry stream consists of up to four PCM streams, combined in a Teletronics Technology Corporation (TTC) Miniature Adaptable Real-Time Multiplexer Unit (MARM) data combiner. It uses Nova Engineering multi-mode transmitters capable of transmitting PCM-FM or Shaped Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SOQPSK). The transmitter also provides Turbo-Product Code (TPC) Forward Error Correction (FEC) to enhance range and improve link performance. Data collection units purchased from outside vendors or developed by Saint Louis Flight Test Instrumentation, translate Ethernet and Fibre Channel information into traditional PCM streams. A Boeing Flight Test Instrumentation developed control system provides flexible selection of streams to be combined into each telemetry stream, and functional control of antenna selection and transmitter operation.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multiphase induction machine drive has been under investigation for the last half century. Although it offers several attractive advantages over the conventional three-phase induction machine drive, it is restricted to highly specialised applications. One aspect of the multiphase induction machine drive is the complexity of the control algorithm for decoupled flux and torque control. The complexity, arising from the required coordinate transformations, increases with increase in the number of phases of the machine. Recently, a method that allows the control of a six-phase induction machine drive without any coordinate transformations was developed and tested. This new control technique allows the control of the machine to be similar to that of dc machines through the use of special trapezoidal-shaped stator current waveforms. These stator phase current waveforms consist of field (flux) and torque current components, with flat-topped amplitudes allowing a stator phase to act alternately in time as either a flux or a torque producing phase. The idea is to have a number of stator phases acting as flux producing phases, whilst the remaining phases act as torque producing phases at each time instance. This dissertation takes a further step in the research on this particular control technique. As the control method relates directly to the brush-dc machine operation, in this dissertation, the control method is defined as a “brush-dc equivalent” (BDCE) control method. First, in this dissertation, a simple analytical method is developed to determine a defined optimal ratio of the number of field to the number of torque phases of a multiphase induction machine that utilises trapezoidal stator current waveforms. The method is applied to induction machines with up to fifteen stator phases. Finite element analysis is used to verify the validity of the developed criterion and to verify the square-like air gap flux density. Secondly, in this dissertation, an analytical method for predicting and evaluating the rotor bar current waveform of a cage multiphase induction machine is proposed. The method is based on the Fourier transform and the winding function theory under linear condition assumptions. The method also allows for the calculation of the electromagnetic torque and rotor bar losses. Skin effect is considered in the calculation of the rotor bar resistance of the machine. Again, finite element analysis is used to verify the analytically calculated results. The developed method can be expanded and used to evaluate the rotor current waveform of any multiphase induction machine supplied with any stator current waveforms. The BDCE control method is implemented on a prototype nine-phase cage-rotor induction machine drive. A nine-phase inverter and control system are developed for supplying the nine-phase induction machine with the trapezoidal stator current waveforms. Rotor current waveform measurements are taken on a specially designed rotor to verify the analytically predicted waveform. The linear relationship of the developed torque and torque current of the proposed BDCE control method is verified through measurements. Through the comparison of analytical calculated results with finite element calculated and measured results, it is shown in this dissertation that the developed analytical techniques can be used in the design and performance analysis of multiphase induction machines. Also, from the results, it is clear that the new control technique works remarkably well even in the flux weakening region. However, outstanding aspects, such as efficiency and generated torque quality of the proposed drive still need to be investigated further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel word in die laaste halwe eeu al in navorsing ondersoek. Alhoewel dit verskeie aantreklike voordele bied bo die konvensionele driefase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel, is dit beperk tot hoogs gespesialiseerde aanwendings. Een aspek van die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel is die kompleksiteit van die beheer algoritme vir ontkoppelde vloed en draaimoment beheer. Die kompleksiteit, wat voortspruit uit die vereiste koördinaat transformasies, neem toe met toename in die aantal fases van die masjien. Onlangs is 'n metode wat die beheer van ’n sesfase induksiemasjien sonder enige koördinaat transformasies doen, ontwikkel en getoets. Hierdie nuwe beheertegniek maak die beheer van die masjien soortgelyk aan dié van GS masjiene deur die gebruik van spesiale trapezium-vormige statorstroom golfvorms. Hierdie stator fasestroom golfvorms bestaan uit veld- (vloed-) en draaimoment-stroom komponente met plat amplitudes, sodat 'n statorfase om die beurt in tyd optree as óf' ’n vloed of 'n draaimoment genereerde fase. Die idee is om 'n aantal statorfases te hê wat as vloed genereerde fases dien, terwyl die oorblywende fases as draaimoment genereerde fases optree op enige tydstip. Hierdie tesis neem 'n verdere stap in die navorsing op hierdie spesifieke beheertegniek. Met die beheermetode wat direk verband hou met borsel-GS masjien werking, word in hierdie proefskrif die beheermetode as 'n "borsel-GS ekwivalente" ["brush-DC equivalent" (BDCE)] beheermetode gedefinieer. In die eerste plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n eenvoudige analitiese metode ontwikkel om ’n gedefinieerde optimale verhouding van die aantal veld tot die aantal draaimoment fases van 'n multifase induksiemasjien te bepaal, wat van trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms gebruik maak. Die metode word toegepas op induksiemasjiene met tot vyftien statorfases. Eindige element analise is gebruik om die geldigheid van die ontwikkelde kriterium te verifieer en om die vierkantvormige luggaping vloeddigtheid te verifieer. In die tweede plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n analitiese metode vir die voorspelling en evaluering van die rotorstaafstroom golfvorm van 'n kourotor multifase induksiemasjien voorgestel. Die metode is gebaseer op die Fourier transform en die wikkelingsfunksie teorie onder lineêre-toestand aannames. Die metode wend hom ook daartoe tot die berekening van die elektromagnetiese draaimoment en rotorstaafverliese. Die huideffek word in ag geneem in die berekening van die rotorstaafweerstand van die masjien. Weereens is eindige element analise gebruik om die analitiese berekende resultate te verifieer. Die ontwikkelde metode kan uitgebrei en gebruik word om die rotorstroom golfvorm van van enige multifase induksiemasjien te evalueer wat gevoer word met enige statorstroom golfvorms. Die BDCE beheermetode is toegepas op 'n prototipe negefase kourotor induksiemasjien. 'n Negefase omsetter en beheerstelsel is ontwikkel vir die toevoer van die trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms aan die negefase induksiemasjien. Die rotorstroomgolfvorm metings is geneem op 'n spesiaal ontwerpte rotor om die analitiese voorspelde golfvorm te verifieer. Die lineêre verwantskap tussen die ontwikkelde draaimoment en draaimomentstroom van die voorgestelde BDCE beheermetode is geverifieer deur metings. Deur die analitiese berekende resultate met die eindige element berekende en gemete resultate te vergelyk, wys hierdie proefskrif dat die ontwikkelde analitiese tegnieke gebruik kan word in die ontwerp en werkverrigting analise van ’n multifase induksiemasjien. Vanuit die resultate is dit ook duidelik dat die nuwe beheertegniek besonder goed werk, selfs in die vloedverswakking spoedgebied. Egter, uitstaande aspekte soos effektiwiteit en genereerde draaimoment kwaliteit van die voorgestelde aandryfstelsel moet nog verder ondersoek word.