Till följd av covid-19 pandemin har många stadskärnor drabbats av stora omsättningsförluster inäringslivet. Kommunen och verksamheterna som utgör stadskärnan står idag inför stora utmaningar,men också inför eventuella möjligheter. Denna uppsats syftar till att belysa hur samverkansrelationer inomstadsutvecklingsarbetet kan agera som beredskap i kriser samt vilka utvecklingsmöjligheter som krisen gerupphov till. Studien görs på tre stadskärnor med varierande grad av samverkan: Kalmar, Ronneby och Visby.Resultaten visade överväldigande tydligt att samarbete mellan kommun, näringsliv samt fastighetsägare istaden upplevs som en form av beredskap. Det är därmed ytterst viktigt att satsa på att skapa godasamverkansrelationer inom staden i goda tider för att skapa förutsättningar för effektiv krishantering. Studien har funnit att det finns vissa framgångsfaktorer som är angelägna för en stadskärna att beakta i sinutveckling. Dessa är vikten av förtroende mellan aktörer och personer, etablerade kommunikationsvägarsamt långsiktig och strategisk planering för stärkt efterfrågan. Dessa element understödjer en florerandestadskärneutveckling men också god krishantering. / As a result of the covid-19 pandemic, many cities have been hit by large turnover losses in business. Themunicipality and the businesses that make up the city center today face major challenges, but alsopotential opportunities. This thesis aims to shed light on how collaborative relationships within urbandevelopment work can act as emergency preparedness in crises as well as what development opportunitiesthe crisis creates. The study is conducted at three city centers with varying degrees of collaboration: Kalmar, Ronneby andVisby. The results pointed overwhelmingly towards that collaboration between the municipality, businessand property owners in the city is perceived as a form of preparedness. It is therefore of utmostimportance to invest in creating good collaboration relationships within the city in good times to createthe conditions for effective crisis management. The study has found that there are certain success factors that are important for a city center to considerin its development. These are the importance of trust between functions and people, establishedcommunication paths and long-term strategic planning for increased demand. These elements support athriving urban development, but also good crisis management.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 var ett pandemiskt utbrott av infektionssjukdom orsakad av SARS-CoV-2 virus. Sjuksköterskor är en yrkesgrupp som arbetar nära människor och därmed blev de direkt utsatta för hälsorisker. Befintlig forskning vid tidigare epidemier visar att sjuksköterskor beskrivit en allvarligare grad av hälsorelaterade påfrestningar vid utövandet av sitt arbete än andra yrkesgrupper. Syfte: Var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser kring omvårdnaden av patienter infekterade med covid-19 inom slutenvården.  Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats enligt Friberg användes för analys av 14 artiklar publicerade i databaserna CINAHL och MEDLINE mellan januari 2020 och mars 2023. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier och åtta subkategorier. Dessa är: Organisatoriska förändringar, inkluderar tre subkategorier: Ökad arbetsbelastning, Behov av riktlinjer kring smittförebyggande åtgärder och Ökad professionellt och moraliskt ansvar. Vård av patienter under snabbt förändrande omständigheter, inkluderar två subkategorier: Brist på kunskap och Utmaningar vid vård av patienter. Existentiella och Sociala utmaningar, inkluderar tre subkategorier: Upplevelser av isolering från familj, vänner och samhället, Känsla av smittrelaterade stigma och Hanteringsstrategier för hälsorelaterade problem. Slutsats: Resultaten visar att sjuksköterskor inom slutenvården under Covid-19 pandemin har mötts med en del utmaningar och förändringar i det dagliga utförandet av sitt arbete. Detta medfört att sjuksköterskor upplever fysisk och psykisk lidande som i sin tur påverkat kvaliteten av vården och patienters säkerhet. / Background: Covid-19 was a pandemic outbreak of an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Nursing is a profession that includes close contact with people, thus nurses are directly exposed to health risks. Existing research of previous epidemics shows that nurses described a more severe degree of health-related issues during their work than other healthcare professions. Aim: Was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients infected with Covid-19 in hospitals. Method: A qualitative literature review with an inductive approach according to Friberg was used for the analysis of 14 articles published in the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE between January 2020 and March 2023. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories and eight subcategories. These are: Organizational changes, includes three subcategories: Increased workload, The need for guidelines around infection prevention measures, and Increased professional and moral responsibility. Caring for patients in rapidly changing circumstances, includes two subcategories: Lack of knowledge and Challenges in caring for patients. Existential and Social Challenges includes three subcategories: Experiences of isolation from family, friends and society, Feelings of infection-related stigma, and Coping strategies for health-related problems. Conclusion: The results show that nurses working in hospitals during the Covid-19 pandemic have faced some challenges and changes in their daily work. This has resulted in nurses’ experience of physical and mental suffering, which in turn has affected the quality of care and patient safety.

[pt] Durante a pandemia, em que grande parte das pessoas ficou isolada em suas casas, a troca de mensagens por WhatsApp e o uso das mídias sociais foi fundamental para que muitos se mantivessem informados sobre o tema. Nesse cenário, o influenciador digital foi uma figura que contribuiu significativamente para que as mensagens fossem tivessem maior alcance. Assim, eles passaram a contribuir para o debate público e ter um papel político. Nesse sentido, este trabalho busca, por meio de uma análise de redes e também comparando os enquadramentos dos tuítes publicados por influenciadores, políticos e jornais de referência, contribuir para o entendimento de como essas figuras têm ganhado cada vez mais relevância no debate político. / [en] During the pandemic, when most people were isolated in their homes, exchanging messages via WhatsApp and using social media was essential to stay informed. In this scenario, the digital influencer had a significant contribution to ensure that messages had better reach. Thus, they had great participation in the public debate and in the political role. In this sense, this work seeks, through network analysis and comparing the framing of tweets published by influencers, politicians, and newspapers, to contribute to the understanding of how these influencers have gained increasingly more relevance in the political debate.

<p>Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) are found within the family Coronaviridae (genus, Coronavirus) and are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. Infections of humans by&nbsp / coronaviruses are not normally associated with severe diseases. However, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV)&nbsp / showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. The SARS-CoV epidemic resulted in 8 422 cases with 916 deaths globally (case fatality rate: 10.9%). In 2004 a&nbsp / group 1 Coronavirus, designated Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), was isolated from a 7 month old Dutch child suffering from bronchiolitis. In addition, HCoV-NL63 causes disease in&nbsp / children (detected in approximately 10% of respiratory tract infections), the elderly and the immunocompromised. This study was designed to express the full length nucleocapsid (N) proteins of&nbsp / HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV for antibody production in an animal model. The NL63-N/pFN2A and SARSN/ pFN2A plasmid constructs were used for this study. The presence of the insert on the Flexi &reg / vector was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digest and sequence verification. The sequenced chromatographs obtained from Inqaba Biotec were consistent with sequences from&nbsp / the NCBI Gen_Bank. Proteins were expressed in a KRX Escherichia coli bacterial system and analysed using 15% SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. Thereafter, GST-tagged proteins were purified&nbsp / ith an affinity column purification system. Purified fusion proteins were subsequently cleaved with Pro-TEV Plus protease, separated on 15% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie&nbsp / Brilliant Blue R250. The viral fusion proteins were subsequently used to immunize Balbc mice in order to produce polyclonal antibodies. A direct ELISA was used to analyze and validate the&nbsp / production of polyclonal antibodies by the individual mice. This is a preliminary study for development of diagnostic tools for the detection of HCoV-NL63 from patient samples collected in the&nbsp / Western Cape.</p>

<p>Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) are found within the family Coronaviridae (genus, Coronavirus) and are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. Infections of humans by&nbsp / coronaviruses are not normally associated with severe diseases. However, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV)&nbsp / showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. The SARS-CoV epidemic resulted in 8 422 cases with 916 deaths globally (case fatality rate: 10.9%). In 2004 a&nbsp / group 1 Coronavirus, designated Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), was isolated from a 7 month old Dutch child suffering from bronchiolitis. In addition, HCoV-NL63 causes disease in&nbsp / children (detected in approximately 10% of respiratory tract infections), the elderly and the immunocompromised. This study was designed to express the full length nucleocapsid (N) proteins of&nbsp / HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV for antibody production in an animal model. The NL63-N/pFN2A and SARSN/ pFN2A plasmid constructs were used for this study. The presence of the insert on the Flexi &reg / vector was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digest and sequence verification. The sequenced chromatographs obtained from Inqaba Biotec were consistent with sequences from&nbsp / the NCBI Gen_Bank. Proteins were expressed in a KRX Escherichia coli bacterial system and analysed using 15% SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. Thereafter, GST-tagged proteins were purified&nbsp / ith an affinity column purification system. Purified fusion proteins were subsequently cleaved with Pro-TEV Plus protease, separated on 15% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie&nbsp / Brilliant Blue R250. The viral fusion proteins were subsequently used to immunize Balbc mice in order to produce polyclonal antibodies. A direct ELISA was used to analyze and validate the&nbsp / production of polyclonal antibodies by the individual mice. This is a preliminary study for development of diagnostic tools for the detection of HCoV-NL63 from patient samples collected in the&nbsp / Western Cape.</p>

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) are found within the family Coronaviridae (genus, Coronavirus) and are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. Infections of humans by coronaviruses are not normally associated with severe diseases. However, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. The SARS-CoV epidemic resulted in 8 422 cases with 916 deaths globally (case fatality rate: 10.9%). In 2004 a group 1 Coronavirus, designated Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), was isolated from a 7 month old Dutch child suffering from bronchiolitis. In addition, HCoV-NL63 causes disease in children (detected in approximately 10% of respiratory tract infections), the elderly and the immunocompromised. This study was designed to express the full length nucleocapsid (N) proteins of HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV for antibody production in an animal model. The NL63-N/pFN2A and SARSN/ pFN2A plasmid constructs were used for this study. The presence of the insert on the Flexi ® vector was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digest and sequence verification. The sequenced chromatographs obtained from Inqaba Biotec were consistent with sequences from the NCBI Gen_Bank. Proteins were expressed in a KRX Escherichia coli bacterial system and analysed using 15% SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. Thereafter, GST-tagged proteins were purified ith an affinity column purification system. Purified fusion proteins were subsequently cleaved with Pro-TEV Plus protease, separated on 15% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. The viral fusion proteins were subsequently used to immunize Balbc mice in order to produce polyclonal antibodies. A direct ELISA was used to analyze and validate the production of polyclonal antibodies by the individual mice. This is a preliminary study for development of diagnostic tools for the detection of HCoV-NL63 from patient samples collected in the Western Cape. / South Africa

Introduction: Only 3 types of coronavirus cause aggressive respiratory disease in humans (MERS-Cov, SARS-Cov-1, and SARS-Cov-2). It has been reported higher infection rates and severe manifestations (ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and death) in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM). For this reason, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes comorbidity and its associated unfavorable health outcomes in patients with acute respiratory syndromes for coronavirus disease according to virus types. Methods: Systematic review of literature in Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scielo until April of 2020. We included cohort and cross-sectional studies with no restriction by language or geographical zone. The selection and extraction were undertaken by 2 reviewers, independently. The study quality was evaluated with Loney’s instrument and data were synthesized by random effects model meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was quantified using an I2 statistic. Funnel plot, Egger, and Begg tests were used to evaluate publication biases, and subgroups and sensitivity analyses were performed. Finally, we used the GRADE approach to assess the evidence certainty (PROSPERO: CRD42020178049). Results: We conducted the pooled analysis of 28 studies (n = 5960). The prevalence analysis according to virus type were 451.9 diabetes cases per 1000 infected patients (95% CI: 356.74-548.78; I2 = 89.71%) in MERS-Cov; 90.38 per 1000 (95% CI: 67.17-118.38) in SARS-Cov-1; and 100.42 per 1000 (95% CI: 77.85, 125.26 I2 = 67.94%) in SARS-Cov-2. The mortality rate were 36%, 6%, 10% and for MERS-Cov, SARS-Cov-1, and SARS-Cov-2, respectively. Due to the high risk of bias (75% of studies had very low quality), high heterogeneity (I2 higher than 60%), and publication bias (for MERS-Cov studies), we down rate the certainty to very low. Conclusion: The prevalence of DM in patients with acute respiratory syndrome due to coronaviruses is high, predominantly with MERS-Cov infection. The unfavorable health outcomes are frequent in this subset of patients. Well-powered and population-based studies are needed, including detailed DM clinical profile (such as glycemic control, DM complications, and treatment regimens), comorbidities, and SARS-Cov-2 evolution to reevaluate the worldwide prevalence of this comorbidity and to typify clinical phenotypes with differential risk within the subpopulation of DM patients. / Revisión por pares

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

Coronaviruses have caused high pathogenic epidemics within the human population on two occasions; in 2003 a coronavirus (HCoV-SARS) caused severe acute respiratory syndrome and in 2012 a novel coronavirus emerged named Middle East respiratory syndrome (HCoV-MERS). Four other species of coronavirus circulate endemically in the human population (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1), which cause more benign respiratory disease than either HCoV-SARS or HCoV-MERS. The emergence of HCoV-MERS provides an additional opportunity to study the characteristics of coronaviruses. Reverse genetics can be used to study an organism’s phenotype by logical mutation of its genotype. Construction of an infectious clone construct provides a means to investigate the nature of HCoV-MERS by reverse genetics. An HCoV-MERS infectious cDNA clone system was constructed to use for reverse genetics by homologous recombination of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). This system should aid in answering remaining questions of coronavirus genetics and evolution as well as expedite the development of vaccines and prophylactic treatments for HCoV-MERS. / October 2015

Gastrenterites virais em cães são doenças transmissíveis infecciosas com importância para a saúde animal, como as causadas por Parvovírus canino e Coronavírus canino (CCoV) e saúde pública, como no caso dos rotavírus. Rotavírus em cães são encontrados com baixa freqüência, tanto em cães com diarréia quanto sadios, mas sua importância como reservatório para a rotavirose humana já é conhecido. O CCoV, pertencente ao grupo 1 do gênero Coronavirus, ocorre sob a forma dos genótipos I e II, amplamente distribuídos mundialmente e implicados em diarréia moderada, mas podendo levar a elevada letalidade no caso de patótipos altamente patogênicos. No Brasil, a ocorrência de rotavírus do sorogrupo A em cães é um fato conhecido, mas, no caso do CCoV, existe, até o momento, apenas uma investigação relatando sua ocorrência, sem dados de diversidade molecular. A presente investigação teve por objetivos avaliar o papel de cães jovens com enterite sintomática, bem como sadios, como reservatórios de rotavírus, estudar a freqüência de ocorrência de Coronavírus canino (CCoV) em amostras fecais destes animais e estudar a diversidade molecular das amostras de CCoV encontradas. Para tato foram colhidas 100 amostras fecais de cães não vacinados, entre 1 e 180 dias de idade entre 2007 e 2008, sendo 50 com diarréia e 50 sem diarréia no momento da colheita, nos Municípios de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul, Taboão da Serra, Itapecerica da Serra e uma aldeia indígena em Parelheiros. Às amostras foi aplicada a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) para a detecção de rotavírus e uma RT-PCR dirigida ao gene da proteína de membrana M do CCoV (nucleotídeos 337 a 746) para a detecção deste vírus, sendo os fragmentos detectados submetidos a seqüenciamento de DNA. As seqüencias obtidas, traduzidas em aminoácidos, foram utilizadas para a construção de uma árvore genealógica enraizada de distância com o algoritmo Neighbor-Joning e modelo de Poisson com 100 repetições de bootstrap. Nenhuma das amostras resultou positiva para rotavirus, enquanto que 47 foram positivas para CCoV, com freqüência significativamente superior nos animais com diarréia. Vinte e dois dos 47 fragmentos de DNA obtidos resultaram em seqüências viáveis de DNA, sendo 12 classificadas como CCoV Tipo I e 10 como Tipo II, tendo sido encontrada uma sublinhagem exclusivamente brasileira para o Tipo II. Em relação à amostra vacinal de CCoV submetida ao seqüenciamento de DNA, a maior identidade ocorreu com o grupo Tipo II sublinhagem 01, com um valor de 100%, seguido de 97,2% para o Tipo II sublinhagem 02 (a linhagem brasileira) e 93,2% para o Tipo I. Sugere-se que a diversidade de CCoV encontrada seja derivada da elevada freqüência de ocorrência deste vírus, o que pode aumentar a probabilidade de divergências e de possíveis falhas vacinais por diferenças entre a amostra vacinal (Tipo II) e as amostras de campo (Tipos I e II), e, dessa forma, a vacina não diminuiria a transmissão e novas linhagens de CCoV emergiriam. Conclui-se que cães jovens com enterite sintomática, bem como sadios, não tiveram papel como reservatório para rotavírus, considerando-se a região geográfica e o período de colheita de amostras. O CCoV ocorreu com uma freqüência de 47% na população canina estudada, com freqüência estatisticamente significativamente superior naqueles com diarréia do que naqueles sem diarréia. Finalmente, amostras brasileiras de CCoV, com base em seqüenciamento parcial do gene codificador da proteína de membrana M, ocorrem tanto como tipo I quanto II, sendo que, para o tipo II, há uma lihangem tipicamente brasileira. / Viral canine gastroenteritis is infectious transmissible diseases with importance for animal health, as those caused by Canine parvovirus and Canine coronavirus (CCoV) and public health, as in the case of rotavirus. Canine rotavirus occurs at low frequencies, both in diarrheic and health dogs, but the importance of dog as reservoirs for human rotaviruses is known. CCoV belongs to group 1 of the genus Coronavirus and occurs as genotypes I and II, worldwide distributed and implicated in mild diarrhea, but high pathogenic types might lead to high lethality. In Brazil, the occurrence of serogroup A rotavirus in dogs is already known but, in the case of CCoV, theres a single report on the occurrence of this virus, with no data on its molecular diversity. The aims of the present investigation were to evaluate the roles of diarrheic and health young dogs as reservoirs of rotavirus, to study the occurrence of CCoV in these animals and to assess the molecular diversity of the strains found. One hundred fecal samples were collected from unvaccinated dogs between 2007 and 2008 (50 with diarrhea and 50 health dogs) in the Municipalities of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul, Taboão da Serra, Itapecerica da Serra and in an indian community in Parelheiros. The samples were submitted to polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for rotavirus detection and to an RT-PCR targeted to the membrane M protein gene (nucleotides 337 to 746) of CCoV for the detection of this virus; amplicons were then submitted to DNA sequencing and the putative amino acids sequences were used to build a rooted distance genealogic tree with the Neighbor-Joinng algorithm and he Poisson correction with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. No sample was positive to rotavirus, while 47 out of the 100 samples were positive for CCoV, with a statistically significative higher frequency for the dogs with diarrhea. Twenty-two out of the 47 ampicons resulted in viable sequences, being 12 classified as CCoV Type II and 10 as Type I; besides, and exclusively Brazilian sub lineage was found for Type II. Regarding the vaccine strain, the highest identity was found to Type II sub linage 02 (10%), followed by 97.2% for Type II sub linage II (the Brazilian sub linage) and 93.2% for Type I. Its suggested that the high diversity for CCoV detected is a consequence of the high frequency of occurrence of this virus, what might increase the probability of the emergence of divergence and possible vaccine failures due to differences amongst the vaccine strain (Type II) and field strains (Types I and II) and thus vaccination would not decrease the transmission and new lineages would emerge. It can be concluded that both health and diarrheic young dogs have played no role as reservoirs for rotavirus taking into account the geographic area and the time of samples collection. CCoV ocurred at a frequecy of 47%, with a higher frequency in the diarreic animals. Finally, Brazilian strains of CCoV, based on partial M gene sequences, occur as both type I and II, while, for Type II, a typical Brazilian lineage was described.