El título del trabajo es “Análisis comparativo técnico y económico de la resistencia al ataque a los sulfatos del concreto f’c=280kg/cm2 adicionado con ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar con respecto a puzolanas comerciales”, está investigación tiene como objetivo determinar si es conveniente reemplazar a las puzolanas comerciales (diatomita y ceniza volante), por la ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar, sustituyendo parte del cemento portland tipo I y adicionarlas en diferentes porcentajes de 5%, 7% y 10%, para evaluar su comportamiento en la resistencia a los sulfatos y resistencia a la compresión. Los resultados obtenidos de compresión nos dicen que, si es posible reemplazar la ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar hasta 10% por las puzolanas comerciales, ya que llega a cumplir con la resistencia requerida a los 28 días de 280 kg/cm2 por un precio menor de S/22.81 referente al diseño patrón. Los resultados de resistencia a los sulfatos nos indican que la ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar al 5% es la que responde mejor ante las sales Na2SO4 con una variación máxima de longitud de la barra de 0.177% en 12 semanas de curación con una concentración de 50g/900 ml. El resultado del análisis comparativo de la resistencia a los sulfatos con el valor económico nos da que, el reemplazo de 5% de ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar tiene la mejor relación en cuanto a variación de 0.177% a un costo de S/661.39, está es la adición más conveniente en referencia al costo-beneficio. / The title of the work is "Comparative technical and economic analysis of the resistance to attack on sulfates of concrete f'c=280kg/cm2 added with sugarcane bagasse ash with respect to commercial pozzolans", this research aims to determine if it is convenient to replace commercial pozzolans (diatomite and fly ash), with sugarcane bagasse ash, substituting part of the Portland cement type I and adding them in different percentages of 5%, 7% and 10%, to evaluate their behavior in resistance to sulfates and resistance to compression. The results obtained from compression tell us that, if it is possible to replace sugarcane bagasse ash up to 10% with commercial pozzolans, since it meets the required resistance at 28 days of 280 kg/cm2 for a lower price of S/22.81 referring to the standard design. The sulfate resistance results indicate that 5% sugarcane bagasse ash responds best to Na2SO4 salts with a maximum bar length variation of 0.177% in 12 weeks of curing at a concentration of 50g/900 ml. The result of the comparative analysis of sulfate resistance with the economic value gives us that the replacement of 5% of sugarcane bagasse ash has the best ratio in terms of variation of 0.177% at a cost of S/661.39, this is the most convenient addition in reference to cost-benefit.

La investigación se desarrolló en la empresa Servicios Generales ADJ EIRL, en la cual se planteó como objetivo mejorar la gestión de inventarios para aumentar los ingresos. En primer lugar, se diagnosticó la gestión de inventario actual de dicha empresa para lo que se empleó la metodología de matriz ABC, se calcularon indicadores de rotura de stock, el nivel del servicio, el costo de mantenimiento y el costo de oportunidad. En segundo lugar, se determinaron las herramientas de ingeniería y metodología para la mejora en la gestión de inventarios, los cuales fueron la aplicación del modelo P, la implementación de un software EGA futura, la capacitación para los colaboradores y la implementación de la 5’S. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis económico de la propuesta donde se determinó que el beneficio de la empresa con la propuesta sería de S/.1,7. Así es como se llegó a la conclusión que, con la propuesta, los ingresos de la empresa aumentarán a S/. 164 289,65; su nivel de servicio se incrementará en un 95% y sus costos disminuirán considerablemente, dando como resultado final que la implementación de la propuesta es viable. / The research was developed at the company Servicios Generales ADJ EIRL, in which the objectives of improving the inventory management of the company to increase revenue were set, as the first objective was to diagnose the current inventory management of the company General services ADJ EIRL where the ABC matrix was made, indicators of stock breakage, service level, maintenance cost and opportunity cost were calculated; The second objective was to determine the engineering tools for the improvement of inventory management in the company Servicios Generales ADJ EIRL, which were the application of the P model, implementation of a future EGA software, training for employees and the implementation of the 5'S; Finally, the last objective was to carry out an economic analysis of the proposal where it was determined that the profit of the company with the proposal would be S / .1.7; thus it was concluded that with the proposal the company will increase its income to S /. 164 289.65; its service level will increase by 95% and its costs

yes / This paper offers a brief overview of innovative methods for road and rail traffic noise reduction between source and receiver. These include using new barrier designs, planting of trees, treatments of ground and road surfaces and greening of building façades and roofs using natural materials, like vegetation, soil and other substrates in combination with recycled materials and artificial elements. The abatements are assessed in terms of numerically predicted sound level reductions, perceptual effects and cost–benefit analysis. Useful reductions of noise from urban roads and tramways are predicted for 1-m-high urban noise barriers and these are increased by adding inter-lane barriers. A 3 m wide 0.3 m high lattice ground treatment, a carefully planted 15-m-wide tree belt and replacing 50 m of paved areas by grassland are predicted to give similar reductions. Tree belts are shown to be very cost-effective and combining tall barriers with a row of trees reduces the negative impact of wind. Green roofs may significantly reduce the noise at the quiet side of buildings.

Chan Wai Hung Fredric. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-72). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Table of contents --- p.vi / Publications --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.x / List of tables --- p.xi / Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Anticoagulation effect of warfarin --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Indications of warfarin therapy --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Monitoring systems for anticoagulation therapy --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Optimum target intensities for anticoagulation therapy --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Factors affecting anticoagulation effect of warfarin --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Drugs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Diet --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Health supplements --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Comorbidities --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Genetic factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Management of anticoagulation therapy in Chinese patients --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7 --- Barriers to optimal INR control --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8 --- Two models of care for anticoagulation therapy - routine medical care and co-ordinated anticoagulation service --- p.14 / Chapter 1.9 --- Outcomes of two models of anticoagulation management --- p.14 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Clinical outcomes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Economic outcomes --- p.16 / Chapter 1.10 --- Clinical pharmacist involvement in the management of anticoagulation therapy --- p.17 / Chapter 1.11 --- Anticoagulation management in Hong Kong --- p.18 / Chapter 1.12 --- Hypothesis and objectives --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Setting and subjects --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Interventions --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Newly proposed model --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Training of clinical pharmacist --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Development of management protocol --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Treatment algorithm of pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Validation of the Coagucheck Pro DM --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Usual practice model --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Outcome measures --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Primary clinical outcomes --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Therapeutic and expanded therapeutic INR ranges --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- A method to determine the amount of patient-time spent in each INR category --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Secondary clinical outcomes --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Economic outcomes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Humanistic outcomes --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sample size estimation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results / Chapter 3.1. --- Patient demographics and indications --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2. --- Control of INR --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3. --- Incidence of major bleeding and thromboembolism --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4. --- Direct medical cost analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5. --- Patient satisfaction --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion and Conclusion / Chapter 4.1 --- Discussion --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Clinical outcomes of anticoagulation clinic --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Direct medical cost analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Patient satisfaction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Limitations --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Future studies --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.66 / References --- p.67 / Appendices / Appendix A. Management protocol --- p.73 / Appendix B. Data collection form --- p.96 / Appendix C. PSQ-18 --- p.104

Ho Toi Sze Joyce. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-74). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.viii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xvii / List of Tables --- p.xix / List of Figures --- p.xx / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The role of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- NSAID-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Pathogenesis of NSAID-induced GI toxicity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- GI symptoms --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- GI ulcers --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- GI complications --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Risk factor for GI complications --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Ulcerogenicity of different NSAIDs in upper GI events --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Prevention of NSAID-induced GI toxicity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- H2-receptor antagonists --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Misoprostol --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Selective COX-2 Inhibitors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- GI safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.1 --- Gastrointestinal outcomes research of rofecoxib --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.2 --- Celecoxib Long term Arthritis Safety Study --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Cardiovascular toxicity of NSAIDs --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4.2.1 --- Cardiovascular toxicity of non-selective NSAIDs --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4.2.2 --- Cardiovascular toxicity of selective COX-2 inhibitors --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Guidelines on the management of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Subcommittee --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Cost of illness of upper GI events in the setting of an emergency room of a regional hospital in Hong Kong and cost analysis of selective COX-2 inhibitor with non-selective NSAID plus gastroprotective agent --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Cost of illness of upper GI events in the setting of an emergency room of a regional hospital in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Study site --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cohort participants --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Resource data collection --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cost data --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Statistical Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Study perspective --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Demographic data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Total direct medical cost of upper GI complaints in UCH --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- Discussion --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Total direct medical cost of upper GI events --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cost of upper GI events associated with NSAID usage --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Low dose aspirin on NSAID-induced GI toxicity --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Limitation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Future study --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Cost analysis of selective COX-2 inhibitor versus non-selective NSAID with gastroprotective agent --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Methods --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Local randomized clinical trial --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Study population --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Cost data --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Statistical Methods --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Sensitivity analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Large randomized clinical trial --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Study population --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Cost data --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Local randomized clinical trial --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Demographic data --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Cost analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Sensitivity analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Large randomized clinical trial --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Demographic data --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Cost analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cost analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sensitivity analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Low dose aspirin on NSAID-induced GI toxicity --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Limitation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Future study --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Reference --- p.65 / Appendix Data collection form --- p.75

No description available.

This diploma thesis focuses on financing of ecological investments, let us say financing of alternative sources of energy, especially fotovoltaic eletric power stations. In one part the thesis focuses on the list of structural funds and ways of financing. The thesis offers the abstract of legislation and limitations which goes with the applicants in all periods of projects. The analysis of the background concerning the financing ecological investments in the Czech Republic is the integral part of thesis. The practical part of the thesis shows if the ecological project could be interesting and beneficial for investors. The Cost Benefit Analysis could be instrumental for finding out the relevant information.

Luftverkehrsprognosen stellen ein wichtiges Instrument dar, die Luftverkehrsinfrastruktur zu beeinflussen. Hinter vielen der Projekte, die von Luftverkehrsprognosen begleitet werden, stehen Interessen. Dies gilt insbesondere für Ausbauvorhaben von Flughäfen, die von eindeutigen Zielen und Wünschen getragen werden. Die Gutachter, die im Rahmen solcher Ausbauvorhaben tätig werden, sind der Gefahr ausgesetzt, beeinflusste Prognosen zu erstellen. Die Art und Intensität dieser Beeinflussung sowie die Methodik dieser Analysen sind Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes. Zunächst wurden neuere Ergebnisse der OECD und EU erarbeitet und denen der Flughafenstudien gegenübergestellt. Nachfolgend wurde die Intensität der Beeinflussung auf Grundlage einer eigenen Untersuchung analysiert. Dabei wurden politische Entscheidungsträger im Rhein-Main-Gebiet nach Ihrer Verwendung von Studien und deren Ergebnisse befragt. Die Impact Study, als häufigste Forschungsmethodik, wurde in ihre Bestandteile zerlegt und mit der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse, welche die durch die FAA empfohlene Methode ist, verglichen. Grundsätzlich sind solche Gutachten meist externe Analysen aus privatwirtschaftlicher Hand, die einerseits im Auftrag von regionalen Entscheidungsträgern, aber andererseits auch im Auftrag von Flughafen- und Fluggesellschaften angefertigt wurden. Die Unabhängigkeit der Prognosen ist damit gefährdet. Auf Grundlage der (neutralen) OECD- und EU-Ergebnisse zeigte sich, dass etwaige regionale Wirtschaftsimpulse und damit einhergehendes Beschäftigungswachstum durch erhöhten Flugverkehr nicht zu finden sind. Die kritische Analyse von „bezahlten Studien“ ist demnach von Bedeutung. Die Mehrzahl der politischen Amts- und Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland trifft allerdings Entscheidungen auf Basis keiner oder ausschließlich nicht-neutraler, bezahlter Auftragsstudien. Historisch betrachtet ist dies kein Novum. Bereits in den 60er Jahren kann man solche Studien und Entscheidungen nachweisen. Bezüglich des Forschungsdesign zeigte sich, dass Impact-Studien kaum für zur Beurteilung des Luftverkehrs geeignet sind. Sie beziehen die relevanten Effekte nur teilweise in ihre Berechnungen ein. Es wurde eine Reihe von systematischen Fehlern identifiziert. Die FAA-Richtlinien in den USA für methodisch korrekte Studien greifen nur wenig. Für weitere Forschung sehen wir die wichtige Aufgabe, die Methodik der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse für die Prognose möglicher Effekte zur Anwendung zu bringen. / Aviation traffic forecasts and airport analyses are important instruments which influence decisions on aviation related infrastructure. Behind many of such infrastructure projects, which are supported by forecast analyses, one finds political interests. This is especially the case for aviation projects, such as infrastructure enlargement projects of airports, which are motivated by distinct goals and desires. Referees who act within this framework are exposed to the risk of producing biased results. The form and degree of intensity of such influence and manipulation, as well as the methodology of such forecast analyses, are the subject of this working paper. To begin with, newer research results by the OECD and the EU have been formulated and further compared to results of studies commissioned by airport operators. Subsequently, the degree of intensity of such influence has been analysed on the basis of our own research. A survey was thereby produced, investigating the application of neutral and non-neutral studies in the decision-making processes of the public administration in the Rhein-Main-area. Impact studies, which are currently the most used method, have been segmented and compared with studies using full cost-benefit-analysis, the recommended method by the FAA. With regard to these results, it can be argued that most forecast analyses are produced by private consultancies, by order of public entities but also by order of airport operators. The independence of such research and its results is therefore endangered. Recent OECD and EU research results have shown that eventual effects, such as regional economic stimulus and employment growth, are absent. Thus, care in the application of study results in this field is necessary. However, the majority of policy makers (in Germany) unfortunately base their decisions mostly on non-neutral studies. Historically seen, this is not a novelty. Regarding the research design, impact studies are hardly suitable for airport studies. Further, it can be shown that impact studies incorporate mostly only non-negative items in their cash flow calculations, compared to full cost-benefit-analyses which incorporate all relevant items. A number of systematic flaws are further identified. The regulation-guidelines by the FAA, which demand to incorporate all items, have had little impact on the research design of airport studies in the US so far. The promotion and fostering of full cost-benefit-analyses is necessary to lift the quality of airport studies.

本論文名為「行政效率測量標準與方法之研究」，除緒言外，共分七章。全文約十二萬字。 在「緒言」中，略述個人研究本文的動機與意旨，以及研究的重點與範圍。第一章「行政效率的概念」，首先闡述行政效率的性質、意義、辨正等。次論行政效率測量的意義，目的及其所遭遇的困難期澄清行政效率的基本概念，以利行政效率測量標準與方法的探討。第二章「行政效率測量標準」，就行政效率的性質，分成三個層次予以討論; 其一為機械性效率，凡行政機關工作屬於機械性者，適用機械性效率測量標準。筆者從各種角度提出七項測量標準，以供參考。其二為組織性效率，凡行政機關組織、人員、管理及運作情況的效率均屬之，適用組織性效率測量標準。筆者亦提出七項測量標準討論。其三為社會性效率，著重行政活動對社會所具的功能與價值等，適用社會性效率的測量標準。筆者提出討論的測量標準有三項。第三章為「行政效率測量方法」，採用統計分析方法與數理公式，論述行政效率測量的方法與技術。其中有的屬於理論性探討，有的則為現行測量辦法，筆者就此些辦法加以論列分析，並舉述實例，俾明其應用。第四章「我國行政效率測量的實施」，略論人事行政局與台北市政府的實施情形，並檢討其利弊，提出建議事項，以供參考改進。第五章「行政效率的測量人員」，鑒於「徒法不足以自行」，「為政在人」，故本章敘述如何遴任及訓練行政效率測量人員。期以人員的優點彌補制度的闕漏。第六章為「我國行政效率測量的展望」，闡明我國目前行政效率測量制度未臻完善，應從速謀求研究改進，加強實施工作簡化，計劃評核術與目標管理等新近管理技術，擬訂妥善的測量標準與方法。最後一章「結論」，綜合全文的研究心得提出報告，強調檢討現行制度缺點，力求改進，健全存政效率測量制度，增進行政效率，實現行政革新。本文研究方式，主要為理論性探討，並佐以若干實例，以求理論與實際相配合，研究範圍包括行政機關的組織、制度、人員及運作等，以求普遍討論效率測量標準與方法。筆者會去信美國當代名行政學者西蒙(Herbert A. Simon)教授，請教有關行政效率測量問題。西蒙教授謙虛表示，最近十幾年來，他的研究工作很少觸及行政效率、測量標準與方法。其主要觀點幾乎已盡括於「行政學士」(Public Adiministration 1956)一書中。但他指出美國這方面的研究趨向於「成本利益分析」(Cost-Benefit Analysis) 。西蒙教授並贈送筆者一書，名為「經由系統分析增進政府效率」(Efficiency in Government through Systems Analysis. by Roland N. Mckean, 1958) 其內容主要敘述利用成本利益分析以抉擇行政活動計劃，但與效率測量亦具有相當密切的關係，故本文會約略論及。

The objective of this thesis is to quantitatively understand the economic performance of protected area management strategies for forest and biodiversity conservation. Examples such as integrated conservation and development and eco tourism are assessed in terms of their ability to deliver on welfare benefits to local communities, and an assessment of the opportunity costs of forest conservation as a land use strategy. In addition the contribution of forest conservation in protected areas can make to poverty alleviation and economic development is also examined. The geographical focus of this study is the Albertine Rift region of East and Central Africa, stretching north from the southern end of Lake Tanganyika through the spine of Africa to the northern end of Lake Albert. The Albertine Rift is one of Africa’s most important landscapes for the conservation of forests and biodiversity. The overarching objective is addressed using a series of case studies empirically valuing the opportunity costs of conserving forests in a selection of sites in the central part of the Albertine Rift. The success of conservation is most often measured against progress in reducing habitat or species loss and not often in terms of the contribution of the protected area to poverty alleviation and local economic development. Achieving improvements of conservation strategies in the social dimension requires objective evidence on their effects. Economic valuation of protected area resources provides a quantitative means of assessing the promise and performance of conservation policies in achieving welfare benefits to local communities. This thesis provides three case studies each addressing current valuation and social issues in conservation and sets them in a context of managing protected areas in the broad dynamic setting of poverty alleviation and economic growth from a developing economy perspective. In addition two of the empirical studies are as concerned with methodological enquiry and the performance of novel environmental economic valuation techniques, such as the contingent valuation and choice modelling approaches, as the application of results to conservation questions. The empirical studies show that the benefits to local households and communities from their local forests may be greater than at first perceived. Across all protected area categories, biomes and income groups, households derived significant amounts of their overall income from their local protected area with large proportions of the value of goods harvested from forests being consumed in the home. Amongst income groups high income households often appropriated a greater share of the value of forest goods. There was no significant difference found between the household consumption and the sale of protected area products between income groups. The findings indicate that imposing reductions in forest use may increase poverty amongst local people whilst increasing household income will not necessarily reduce forest exploitation. This indicates that community conservation and integrated conservation and development programmes must target the poor forest adjacent households more actively to ensure poverty alleviation, whilst providing improved protection and law enforcement for effective conservation. It is also shown that biodiversity conservation can have an economic return through mountain gorilla eco-tourism. Findings show a disparity between what constitutes eco-tourism and the real values of tourists towards biodiversity conservation and local social benefits from protected areas. Despite showing a high marginal utility for biodiversity conservation, consumers are unwilling to pay for local community benefits from tourism as part of the permit price to view gorillas. Clearly the link between successful conservation and the welfare status of local communities is not sufficiently established in the minds of consumers to influence their spending decisions. The challenges of effectively mobilising communities to protect biodiversity are discussed in the context of the variable impacts of integrated conservation and development programs over the last three decades. Direct payment payments for conservation services schemes are discussed as an innovative tool to add to the gamut of community approaches currently on offer. Payments for conservation schemes are viewed with cautious optimism in terms of their possibility for success. Despite their allure of being more economically and socially efficient at achieving welfare and conservation objectives, given the complex nature of any society, no less research in to social and economic dynamics of protected area use by local communities would be needed to ensure success of such schemes. However, the overwhelming majority of benefits form protected areas are tied up in ecosystem services values. Mechanisms to generate funding and distribute payments for these benefits in terms of offsetting the local opportunity costs are essential to change local behavior and reduce forest degradation and destruction.