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Chaînes de Markov cachées et séparation non supervisée de sourcesRAFI, Selwa 11 June 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Le problème de la restauration est rencontré dans domaines très variés notamment en traitement de signal et de l'image. Il correspond à la récupération des données originales à partir de données observées. Dans le cas de données multidimensionnelles, la résolution de ce problème peut se faire par différentes approches selon la nature des données, l'opérateur de transformation et la présence ou non de bruit. Dans ce travail, nous avons traité ce problème, d'une part, dans le cas des données discrètes en présence de bruit. Dans ce cas, le problème de restauration est analogue à celui de la segmentation. Nous avons alors exploité les modélisations dites chaînes de Markov couples et triplets qui généralisent les chaînes de Markov cachées. L'intérêt de ces modèles réside en la possibilité de généraliser la méthode de calcul de la probabilité à posteriori, ce qui permet une segmentation bayésienne. Nous avons considéré ces méthodes pour des observations bi-dimensionnelles et nous avons appliqué les algorithmes pour une séparation sur des documents issus de manuscrits scannés dans lesquels les textes des deux faces d'une feuille se mélangeaient. D'autre part, nous avons attaqué le problème de la restauration dans un contexte de séparation aveugle de sources. Une méthode classique en séparation aveugle de sources, connue sous l'appellation "Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes" (ACI), nécessite l'hypothèse d'indépendance statistique des sources. Dans des situations réelles, cette hypothèse n'est pas toujours vérifiée. Par conséquent, nous avons étudié une extension du modèle ACI dans le cas où les sources peuvent être statistiquement dépendantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons introduit un processus latent qui gouverne la dépendance et/ou l'indépendance des sources. Le modèle que nous proposons combine un modèle de mélange linéaire instantané tel que celui donné par ACI et un modèle probabiliste sur les sources avec variables cachées. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons comment la technique d'Estimation Conditionnelle Itérative permet d'affaiblir l'hypothèse usuelle d'indépendance en une hypothèse d'indépendance conditionnelle
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Exploring constructions of intimate relationshipsHyson, Lindsey Jane 30 June 2007 (has links)
The purpose of this study is to explore how people construct their intimate
relationships, and to describe the patterns of connection and disconnection and
their meanings within the social and cultural contexts of these relationships. It
attempts to describe how the participating couples' relationships may or may not
have changed due to the research process consisting of reflections and joint
story telling, and the interventions of the researcher.
Social constructionism is the epistemological framework of this study and indepth
unstructured interviews with a cohabiting and a married couple were
conducted. Hermeneutics was the method used to analyse the data.
The participants' stories were recounted through the researcher's lens in the form
of themes characterising their relationships. A comparative analysis was
undertaken between the common themes identified in the two participating
couples and literature.
The information gained could assist couples and professionals in respecting
heterosexual intimate relationships in their specific contexts. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)
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Glasser se realiteitsterapie en die toepassing daarvan in terapie met pareMills, Magdalena 30 November 2005 (has links)
The increasing demand for couples therapy and its present low success rate led to the question
whether Glasser's reality therapy, with its innovative approach, could possibly be of value to couples therapy in South Africa. Glasser emphasizes the importance of healthy personal
relationships, freedom of choice and responsibility. In therapy he focuses on the fact that each person has control of what he/she does and thinks and that he/she should take responsibility for it. On the basis of a limited qualitative study, it was found that, with certain reservations, this therapy could make a valuable contribution to the success of couples therapy. Professional persons should be encouraged to apply reality theory in couples therapy, training institutions should train their students in this regard and more comprehensive and in-depth research should be undertaken to determine its value in larger and more representative groups. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.
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Resilience in intimate relationshipsVenter, Nerine 02 1900 (has links)
This is a qualitative study that researches the definition and meaning of resilience in intimate
relationships. A constructivist perspective guides the theoretical framework of this study and a
systemic approach to intimate relationships provides a theoretical foundation. Apart from an
extensive literature survey, three different sources of information were included in this study on
relational resilience. Three family therapists were interviewed to gain some understanding of
their experiences with couples in distress. Three participant couples examined visual stimuli
(excerpts of couple interactions from five films) and discussed their responses and personal
experiences in semi-structured interviews. The participants’ themes were analysed through
thematic network analysis in order to explore their definitions of resilience in light of their own
experiences. It was found that resilience in intimate relationships can be defined as the ability of
the couple to endure adversity. It involves the relational capacity to adapt, grow, and recover
from adversities and it includes relational processes that allow the couple as a system to
rebound from shared difficulties and become more resourceful. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology))
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An investigation of marital pathology and therapy of Zulu couples : a psycho-educational perspectiveNgesi, M. J. (Mzimkhulu Justice), 1949- 04 1900 (has links)
This study investigated some of the causes of marital pathology of Zulu couples.
Through a questionnaire, the study investigated factors which affect Zulu marriages. It
was found, according to thi~ research, that communication and infidelity by Zulu
husbands are serious causes of marital pathology. The research also revealed that the
historical and cultural nature of the Zulu marriage contributes to marital pathology.
The second aim of the research was to investigate the marital therapy of Zulu couples.
The question was whether marital therapy works among the Zulus, given the
unwillingness of Zulu husbands to be counselled. The researcher found that Zulu
husbands are resistant to being counselled.
A therapeutic model was designed and used with two case examples. In both cases
divorces were averted. This seems to indicate that marriage counselling can restore
most of the Zulu marriages if husbands could cooperate in being counselled with their
wives. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed.
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Horizontal equity in the taxation of the income of individuals in the Republic of South Africa subsequent to the submission of the Margo reportCoetzee, K. (Karina) 11 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this research was to determine whether horizontal
equity in the taxation of individuals in South Africa improved
after the legislative changes from 1984 to 1995 and the Katz
Commission recommendations.
After an extensive literature study, horizontal equity in the
taxation of individuals in South Africa was defined as the
equivalent tax treatment in equivalent economic circumstances for
the same economic units. The household as the economic unit, is
the unit to be considered when evaluating horizontal equity.
The study also reviewed the solutions found in other countries for
the dilemma of the one-breadwinner versus the two-breadwinner
married couple. It was found that the tax systems of most
countries provide relief to the one-breadwinner couple while the
working wife was taxed separately from her husband or had the
option to be taxed separately.
An important part of this study compared the tax of the unmarried
taxpayer and the married couple as the units for horizontal equity.
It was found that, although two-breadwinner married couples were
discriminated against until the separate taxation of married
couples was introduced, the one-breadwinner couple and single
taxpayers with dependants now suffer more horizontal inequity than
was previously the case.
The research indicated that to attain greater horizontal equity
provision should also be made for families and households with only
one breadwinner (breadwinner being defined as the provider in a
one-breadwinner couple or a ·taxpayer with dependents).
Recommendations made to alleviate this inequity are transferable
allowances for spouses, or, without ~ontravening the Constitution's
demands for equality, a separate rate schedule for breadwinners, a
fixed allowance or rebate for breadwinners, or a proportional
allo~ance depending on the breadwinner's income.
The study also addressed the financial and administrative
implications and political acceptability of these recommendations
and concluded that the proportional allowance, although expensive,
would come the closest to providing the greatest horizontal equity.
The research into the international tax measures to promote equity
revealed that horizontal equity could be further promoted by
providing tax relief for child-care and day-care facilities. This
would benefit both the two-breadwinner married couple and the
single parent with dependent children. / Financail accounting / D.Com. (Applied Accountancy)
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De Facto huwelike :Dercksen, Elsje Jacoba Johanna 01 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die regsposisie van die deelgenote tot 'n de facto huwelik word krities ondersoek met
inagneming van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie, oorsigtelike regsvergelyking,
die morele argument, en die invloed van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika. Die
verskillende vorme van de facto huwelike in sy bree interpretasie word in oenskou
geneem en die volgende verbindings word bespreek: saamwoonverhoudings;
inheemsregtelike huwelike; huwelike voortspruitend uit godsdienstige tradisies; en
homoseksuele huwelike.
Dit word gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie tans baie onbevredigend is.
Sekere voorstelle vir wysigings word aan die hand gedoen, en daar word gewys op
die unieke kenmerke van die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie wat in ag geneem moet word
in die vorming van 'n nuwe benadering. Dit word bepleit dat die regslui die uitdaging
moet aangryp en met innoverende denke 'n nuwe bestel vir die Suid-Afrikaanse reg moet skep wat buigbaar en soepel is, maar terselfdertyd regsekerheid bevorder. / The legal status of the parties to a de facto marriage is investigated, taking into
consideration the present South African position, legal comparison, the moral
argument, and the influence of the Constitution of South Africa. The different forms
of the de facto marriage in its wide interpretation are reviewed and the following
relationships are discussed: cohabitation relationships; customary marriages;
marriages resulting from religious traditions; and homosexual relationships.
It is found that the present South African legal position is very unsatisfactory. Several
suggestions for amendments are made, and the unique characteristics of the South
African situation to be taken into consideration in forming a new approach, are
highlighted. It is pleaded that the legal profession accept the challenge to create, with
innovation, a new system for South African law which will be flexible, but, will at the same time ensure certainty in law. / Private Law / LL. M.
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On linearly coupled systems of Schrödinger equations with critical growthMelo Júnior, José Carlos de Albuquerque 24 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In thisworkwestudytheexistenceofgroundstatesforthefollowingclassofcoupled
systems involvingnonlinearSchrödingerequations
8<:
u + V1(x)u = f1(x; u) + (x)v;x 2 RN;
v + V2(x)v = f2(x; v) + (x)u; x 2 RN;
where thepotentials V1 : RN ! R, V2 : RN ! R are nonnegativeandrelatedwith
the couplingterm : RN ! R by j (x)j < pV1(x)V2(x), forsome 0 < < 1. In
the case N = 2, thenonlinearities f1 e f2 havecriticalexponentialgrowthinthesense
of Trudinger-Moserinequality.Inthecase N 3, thenonlinearitiesarepolynomials
with subcriticalandcriticalexponentintheSobolevsense.Westudyalsothefollowing
class ofnonlocalcoupledsystems
8<:
( )1=2u + V1(x)u = f1(u) + (x)v;x 2 R;
( )1=2v + V2(x)v = f2(v) + (x)u; x 2 R;
where ( )1=2 denotes thesquarerootoftheLaplacianoperatorandthenonlinearities
havecriticalexponentialgrowth.Ourapproachisvariationalandbasedon
minimization techniqueovertheNeharimanifold / Neste trabalhoestudamosaexistênciadegroundstatesparaaseguinteclassede
sistemas acopladosenvolvendoequaçõesdeSchrödingernão-lineares
8<:
u + V1(x)u = f1(x; u) + (x)v;x 2 RN;
v + V2(x)v = f2(x; v) + (x)u; x 2 RN;
onde ospotenciais V1 : RN ! R, V2 : RN ! R são não-negativoseestãorelacionados
com otermodeacomplamento : RN ! R por j (x)j < pV1(x)V2(x), paraalgum
0 < < 1. Nocaso N = 2, asnão-linearidades f1 e f2 possuemcrescimentocrítico
exponencialnosentidodadesigualdadedeTrudinger-Moser.Nocaso N 3, asnão-
linearidades sãopolinômioscomexpoentesubcríticoecríticonosentidodeSobolev.
Estudamos aindaaseguinteclassedesistemasacopladosnão-locais
8<:
( )1=2u + V1(x)u = f1(u) + (x)v;x 2 R;
( )1=2v + V2(x)v = f2(v) + (x)u; x 2 R;
onde ( )1=2 denota ooperadorraízquadradadolaplacianoeasnão-linearidades
possuemcrescimentocríticoexponencial.Nossaabordagemévariacionalebaseadana
técnica deminimizaçãosobreavariedadedeNehari.
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Sociální prostředí a vazby klienta z pohledu systemických konstelací / Social environment and relationships of a client in terms of systemic constellationsBŘEZINOVÁ, Lenka January 2009 (has links)
The diploma paper addresses the topic of the relation between systemic constellations, social environment and social work. The objective of the paper was to ascertain for what reasons clients most often use this method of work. The questions we wished to be answered were for example how the respondents came across systemic constellations, how long their decision-making lasted, and what primary impulse was the most important one. It was also interesting to learn what experience they had with this method of work, what effect on their life they perceived and what benefit for themselves they saw in the method. The paper includes description of the course of their first experience with their own constellation which had been elaborated for them.
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A mãe que trabalha fora: a criança e a família em relação ao trabalho materno / The working mother: the child and family in relation to maternal employmentFabiana Mara Esteca 10 May 2012 (has links)
Este estudo pretendeu investigar como a variável trabalhar fora interfere na constituição do lugar da mãe para o filho. Utilizamos uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo, de natureza qualitativa a partir do estudo comparativo de seis famílias da classe média paulistana. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-dirigidas com os casais e com as crianças aplicamos o Procedimento de Desenhos de Família com Estórias, proposto por Walter Trinca (1997). Nosso estudo procurou articular o conhecimento advindo da história da trajetória da família burguesa, com os aportes oferecidos pela análise dos desenhos e entrevistas com as famílias inseridas nesse contexto, contando também com o auxilio do substrato teórico da psicanálise. Nossos dados apontaram que o fato da mãe trabalhar fora, enquanto fator isolado, não parece discriminar entre os dois grupos. Verificamos que os fatores mais importantes têm relação com a constituição da conjugalidade e da parentalização. Outro aspecto identificado esteve associado à possibilidade de um pai participativo, esse aspecto demonstrou ter forte relação com a satisfação conjugal, igualmente influente na percepção da criança sobre seu lugar na família / This study aimed to investigate how the variable \"out-of-home work\" affects the constitution of the place of the mother to the child. We used a methodology of field research, qualitative in nature, from the comparative study of six middle-class families in São Paulo. We executed semi-directed interviews with the couples and applied the Procedure of Family Drawings with Stories, proposed by Walter Trinca (1997), with the children. Our study sought to articulate the knowledge gained from the history of the trajectory of the bourgeois family, with contributions offered by the analysis of drawings and interviews with the families inserted within this context, also counting on the help of the theoretical basis of psychoanalysis. Our data showed that the mothers that work out of home, as an insulated factor, does not seem to discriminate between the two groups. We found that the most important factors are related to the establishment of conjugality and parenthood. Another aspect identified was associated with the possibility of the participation of the father. This aspect has demonstrated a strong relationship with marital satisfaction, equally influential in the child´s perception of his place in the family
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