CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho apresentamos uma classificaÃÃo das hipersuperficies rotacionais com curvatura escalar constante nas formas espaciais devida a M. Leite / In this work we present a classification theorem for the rotational hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature in the space forms due to M.Leite

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:16:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Acacia Pereira Valente.pdf: 221896 bytes, checksum: f7a5ffc2646f76d06002549f557bd363 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-19 / The work of this essay is to make a clear on detailed exposition of the two theorems of the article of Lúcio Rodriguez and Renato Tribuzy on the Reduction of Codimension of Regular Immersions in the space of constant curvature c. We show that if M is a compact and connected manifold, of dimension n, and is an immersion (formula) regular, that is, when the first normal space N generated by image of the second fundamental form has constant dimension 1, then we can reduce the codimension of the immersion to 1. Other result important in the work show that if M is complete, connected with non-negative Ricci curvature, then f is a cylinder over a curve our we can reduce the codimension to 1 and f(M) is the boundary of a convex set in an a±ne subspace of (formula). / Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar uma exposição clara e detalhada de dois dos teoremas apresentados no artigo de Lúcio Rodriguez e Renato Tribuzy sobre Redução de Codimensão de Imersões Regulares em Espaços de Curvatura Constante c. Mostra-se que se tivermos uma variedade compacta e conexa M, de dimensão n, e uma imersão (formula) regular, isto é, quando a dimensão do primeiro espaço normal N gerado pelas imagens da segunda forma fundamental tem dimensão constante igual a 1, então podemos reduzir a codimensão da imersão para 1. Outro resultado importante neste trabalho é o fato de que se a variedade é apenas completa, conexa e com curvatura de Ricci não-negativa, então a imersão será um cilindro sobre uma curva, do contrário, podemos reduzir a codimensão para 1 e nossa imersão será o bordo de um corpo convexo em um subespaço (formula).

Em determinadas rotas de manufatura de componentes automotivos, principalmente de produtos do segmento rodoviário pesado, são muito comuns processos de desempeno a quente, assim como outros procedimentos como arqueamento e alinhamento de longarinas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo traçar os principais impactos destes processos sobre os materiais ASTM A570 GR36-C e o aço de alta resistência e baixa liga norma DIN EN 10149 S700MC em uma rota de fabricação de produtos automotivos com interferência de um procedimento a quente. Esses materiais, quando submetidos a determinados ciclos térmicos para alinhamento a quente, através do aquecimento de algumas regiões pontuais e do posterior resfriamento ao ar calmo têm suas propriedades mecânicas alteradas. Para investigar estas modificações, foram reproduzidas as condições do processo atual para mapeamento de dados de temperatura para os subsequentes ensaios de laboratório. Comparando as amostras submetidas ao ciclo térmico, com as produzidas com a mesma matéria prima sem aquecimento, pode-se verificar o impacto causado pelo processo de alinhamento a quente utilizado sobre as propriedades mecânicas do material. Os resultados mostram que o aço ASTM A570 GR36-C não tem suas propriedades alteradas a ponto de inviabilizar o uso do material. Para o aço DIN EN 10149 S700MC as alterações são expressivas em todos os ciclos térmicos realizados. Com isso, ocorrem modificações na microestrutura pelo tratamento térmico ocasionando a diminuição de algumas propriedades mecânicas importantes, como tensão de escoamento, microdureza e limite de resistência à fadiga. Essas últimas variáveis foram correlacionadas e mostraram o mesmo comportamento. / In certain manufacturing routes of automotive components, especially of heavy road segment products are very common straightening processes hot, as well as other procedures such as bending and alignment of rails. This paper aims to draw the main impacts of these processes on ASTM A570 GR36-C materials and high strength low alloy steel DIN EN 10149 S700MC on a route manufacturing of automotive products with interference from a hot procedure. These materials, when subjected to certain thermal cycles to hot alignment by heating of certain individual regions and the subsequent cooling the still air have changed their mechanical properties. In order to investigate this, they were reproduced the conditions of the current process for temperature mapping data for subsequent laboratory tests. Comparing the samples subjected to thermal cycling with produced with the same raw material unheated, one can ascertain the impact caused by hot alignment process used on the mechanical properties of the material. The results show that the steel ASTM A570 GR36-C does not have its properties changed as to make the use of the material. To DIN EN 10149 S700MC Steel changes are significant in all thermal cycles performed. Thus, changes occur in the microstructure by heat treatment causing a reduction of some important mechanical properties such as yield strength, hardness and fatigue strength limit. The latter variables were correlated and showed the same behavior.

Cell and organelle membranes consist of a complex mixture of phospholipids that determine their size, shape, and function. Among the distinct types of phospholipids found in membranes of living organisms, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant. The rate-limiting step of the predominant pathway for PC synthesis in eukaryotic cells is catalysed by the enzyme, CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CCTα or PCYT1A). CCTα has a critical role in lipid metabolism and also has direct clinical relevance as mutations in CCTα result in an interesting spectrum of human diseases, such as lipodystrophy with fatty liver, growth plate dysplasia and cone-rod related dystrophy. Numerous biochemical and structural studies on purified CCTα have revealed its membrane-bound activation and suggested that it acts as a lipid compositional sensor, yet the in vivo mechanism of how CCTα senses and regulates PC levels in membranes remains unclear. Here I show that in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pct1, the yeast homolog of CCTα, is intranuclear and translocates to the nuclear membrane in response to changes in membrane properties and the need for membrane PC synthesis. By aligning imaging with lipidomic analysis and data-driven modelling, Pct1 membrane association is demonstrated to correlate with membrane stored curvature elastic stress estimates. Furthermore, this process occurs inside the nucleus, although nuclear localization signal mutants can compensate for the loss of endogenous Pct1. These data suggest an ancient mechanism by which CCTα senses lipid packing defects and regulates phospholipid homeostasis from the nucleus. Additionally, I identified the importance of mammalian CCTα in early adipogenesis and investigated the enzymatic function of PCYT1A mutants in fibroblasts from lipodystrophic patients. The allele Val142Met is evaluated to be the main cause of loss-of-function in the compound heterozygous mutations by using yeast survival assay. These results collectively provide preliminary evidence for the pathogenicity of PCYT1A mutations in adipose tissue. From yeast to humans, this study uncovers the critical role of Pct1/CCTα in maintaining the internal membrane environment.

Inquestionavelmente, inovações ocorridas nos últimos anos no preparo do canal radicular revolucionaram o tratamento endodôntico. Dentre elas, destaca-se o tratamento térmico recristalizador da liga de níquel-titânio na confecção de limas endodônticas, o qual aumentou de sobremaneira sua flexibilidade e as capacidades de flexibilidade, torção e resistência à fadiga cíclica flexural quando comparadas às limas de níquel-titânio convencionais fabricadas até então. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência à fadiga cíclica flexural dos instrumentos de níquel-titânio tratados termicamente Reciproc Blue R25 (VDW) e WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply-Maillefer) em um dispositivo desenvolvido especificamente para realizar ensaios flexurais dinâmicos. As limas selecionadas possuíam conicidade 0,08 mm e 0,07 mm respectivamente, com diâmetros de ponta 0,25 mm e foram utilizadas no motor elétrico VDW Silver Reciproc (VDW) em movimento reciprocante específico de cada sistema. Os instrumentos foram divididos em 2 grupos de 15 limas e testados em canais de aço simulados com o ângulo de 60º e raio de curvatura de 5mm. O número de ciclos e o tempo em segundos até a ocorrência de fratura dos instrumentos foram registrados e estatisticamente avaliados. As limas Reciproc Blue R25 apresentaram desempenho significativamente melhor (P<0,05), por meio do maior número de ciclos e de tempo até a fratura quando comparadas com as limas WaveOne Gold. Assim, conclui-se que o sistema Reciproc Blue R25 foi mais seguro quanto à resistência à fadiga flexural no ensaio realizado quando comparado ao sistema WaveOne Gold Primary em movimento reciprocante. / Innovations that have occurred in recent years in the preparation of the root canal have revolutionized endodontic treatment. Among them, the heat treatment of the nickel-titanium alloy in the manufacture of endodontic files, which greatly increased the flexibility, torsional and flexural fatigue resistance capacities when compared to the conventional nickel-titanium files manufactured until then. The present study aimed to evaluate the resistance to flexural cyclic fatigue of thermally treated Reciproc Blue R25 (VDW) and WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply-Maillefer) instruments in a device specifically developed to perform dynamic flexural tests. The selected files had taper 0.08 mm and 0.07 mm respectively, with tip diameters of 0.25 mm and were used in the reciprocating movement of each system in the VDW Silver Reciproc (VDW) electric motor. The instruments were divided into 2 groups of 15 files and tested in simulated steel channels with angle of 60º and radius of curvature of 5mm. The number of cycles and the time in seconds until the occurrence of fracture of the instruments were recorded and statistically evaluated. The Reciproc Blue R25 files presented significantly better performance (p <0.05), by the higher number of cycles and time to fracture when compared to WaveOne Gold files. Thus, it was concluded that the Reciproc Blue R25 system was safer than the WaveOne Gold Primary reciprocating system in terms of resistence of flexural fatigue

Os equipamentos de imagens por ultrassom com varredura eletrônica usam transdutores que não se moldam à superfície a ser examinada, pois são rígidos. Há transdutores com curvaturas fixas para aplicações específicas. Em aplicações médicas, esse não é um problema na maioria dos casos, pois os tecidos do corpo humano tomam a forma da face do transdutor. Isso não ocorre quando há estruturas ósseas próximas às camadas externas de tecidos moles. Nas aplicações industriais as superfícies são sólidas e, portanto, não se ajustam à superfície do transdutor, sendo necessário uma camada variável de acoplamento acústico. A possibilidade de uso de um transdutor flexível exige que sua curvatura seja conhecida para o direcionamento correto do feixe acústico usado na formação de imagens. Assim sendo, um transdutor multielemento flexível apresentaria a vantagem de poder ser acoplado na superfície curva diretamente, tanto em aplicações médicas quanto industriais. Os transdutores flexíveis relatados na literatura científica não são compactos e dispõe de complicados sistemas de sensoriamento usados na determinação de curvaturas, além de demandar por sofisticados sistemas de aquisição e processamento dos sinais. Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de transdutores multielementos flexíveis compactos para serem acoplados diretamente em superfícies curvas de peças mecânicas ou do corpo humano. Neste trabalho os sensores de curvatura responsáveis pela medição da curvatura foram desenvolvidos segundo os princípios básicos de extensômetria e resistência dos materiais para serem embebidos nas camadas do transdutor flexível de ultrassom. No desenvolvimento, foram fabricadas quatro versões de transdutores, com frequências de 1 e 2,25MHz. Todos os materiais usados na fabricação dos protótipos foram especificados segundo suas propriedades mecânicas e acústicas. Os protótipos fabricados foram caracterizados tendo sido medidas a largura de banda de cada elemento do transdutor, o comprimento e a duração dos pulsos, e uma medida da resolução axial. Para o protótipo de 2,25MHz, uma medida estimada da resolução lateral foi feita pela simulação do campo acústico, considerando o transdutor curvado em uma superfície cilíndrica. Para se testar o desempenho dos protótipos, foram realizados diferentes testes de formação de imagem. A versão de transdutor flexível de 1MHz e sem sensor de curvatura foi curvado sobre um cilindro e imerso em um tanque com água para a realização de testes de formação de imagem usado na detecção de objetos e obstáculos. Para as versões de transdutores médicos com sensor de curvatura, construiu-se duas versões de phantom simulando uma interface óssea cortical densa dentro de um tecido mole humano. O phantom usado para testar o protótipo de 2,25MHz foi concebido por uma amostra de tíbia bovina fraturada embebida dentro de um material com propriedades acústicas muito próximas a da água. Os testes de imagem foram realizados com o transdutor de 2,25MHz curvado sobre a superfície cilíndrica do phantom. As imagens de ultrassom das regiões fraturadas do osso foram detectadas, e uma comparação entre as técnicas de varredura setorial e STA usadas na obtenção das imagens foram feitas. Mostrou-se que é possível fabricar, de uma forma simples, transdutores multielementos flexíveis mais compactos e dotados de sensor de curvatura, e sem a necessidade de se usar tecnologias sofisticadas e caras ou de se valer de sistemas complexos de formação e processamento de sinais. As imagens obtidas pelos protótipos mostraram que os protótipos podem ser usados em diferentes aplicações NDT na indústria. Em especial, o protótipo de 2,25MHz mostrou ainda que tem potencial no uso médico para a obtenção de imagens de fraturas em contornos ósseos mais densos. / Ultrasound image equipment with electronic scanning considers that transducers cannot take the shape of the surface to be examined because they are rigid. There are transducers with fixed curvatures for specific applications. In medical applications, this is not a serious problem in most cases, since the face of the transducer can be coupled to the soft tissues of the body. This does not occur when there are bone structures close to the external layers of soft tissue. In industrial applications, the surfaces are solid and therefore do not fit to the transducer surface, where a variable layer of acoustic coupling is necessary. The possibility of using a flexible transducer requires its curvature to be known in order to the correct the direction of the acoustic beam which will be used in imaging applications. Thus, a flexible array transducer would have the advantage of being directly coupled to the curved surface in medical and in industrial applications. Flexible ultrasound transducers reported in the scientific literature are not compact, having complex sensing systems used to determine curvature; furthermore, they require sophisticated signal acquisition and processing systems. The development of flexible compact ultrasound linear array transducers to be coupled directly onto curved surfaces of mechanical parts as well of the human body is proposed here. The bend sensors responsible for measuring the curvature were developed according to the basic principles of strain gauge in extensometry and strength of materials to be embedded in the layers of the flexible ultrasound transducer. During this development, four versions of transducers were manufactured, with frequencies of 1 and 2.25MHz. All the materials used in the prototypes manufacturing were selected based on their mechanical and acoustic properties. The manufactured prototypes were characterized in terms of measured parameters, such as the bandwidth of each transducer element, the length and duration of the pulses, and a measure of axial resolution. For the 2.25MHz prototype, the value of the lateral resolution was estimated by simulating the acoustic field considering the transducer curved over a cylindrical surface. In order to test the transducer prototypes, different ultrasound imaging tests were conducted. The 1MHz flexible transducer version without curvature sensor was bent over a cylinder and immersed in a water tank for performing image formation tests used to detect objects and obstacles. For the medical transducers version with curvature sensor, two versions of phantoms were constructed simulating a dense cortical bone interface located inside the soft human tissue. The phantom applied to test the 2.25 MHz prototype consists of a fractured sample of bovine tibia which was embedded within a material having acoustic properties very close to that of the water. Ultrasound imaging tests were performed with the 2.25MHz transducer curved over the cylindrical surface of the phantom. The regions of the fractured bone were detected in the ultrasound images, and a comparison between the STA and sector scanning techniques used for obtaining the images was made. The study showed that it is possible to manufacture flexible and more compact array transducers provided with curvature sensor, without the need of using sophisticated and expensive technologies or taking advantage of complex formation and signal processing systems. The images obtained by the prototypes showed that they can be employed in different NDT applications in the industry. Particularly, the 2.25MHz prototype also showed its potential for medical imaging fractures in dense bone contours.

To further the research done in machining complex surfaces, Jensen [1993] developed an algorithm that matches the normal curvature at a point along the surface with the resultant radius formed by tilting a standard flat end mill. The algorithm called Curvature Matched Machining (CM2) is faster and more efficient than conventional three-axis machining [Jensen 1993, Simpson 1995 & Kitchen 1996]. Despite the successes of CM2 there are still many areas available for research. Consider the machining of a mold or die. The complex nature of a mold requires at least 20-30 weeks of lead time. Of those 20-30 weeks 50% is spent in machining. Of that time 50-65% is spent in rough machining. For a mold or die that amounts to 7 to 8 weeks of rough machining. If one could achieve as much as a 10-15% reduction in machining time that would amount to almost one week worth of time savings. As can be seen, small improvements in time and efficiency for rough machining can yield significant results [Fallbohmer 1996]. This research developed an algorithm that focused on reducing the overall machining time for parts and surfaces. Particularly, the focus of this research was within rough machining. The algorithm incorporated principles of three-axis rough cutting with five-axis CM2, hence Rough Curvature Matched Machining (RCM2). In doing so, the algorithm ‘morphed‘ planar machining slices to the semi-roughed surface allowing the finish pass to be complete in one pass. This roughing algorithm has significant time-savings over current roughing techniques.

Thin films are used for a variety of applications, which can include electronic devices, optical coatings and decorative parts. They are used for their physical, electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical properties, and many times these properties are required simultaneously. Obtaining these desired properties starts with the deposition process and they are verified by a number of analysis techniques after deposition. A DC magnetron sputter system was used here to deposit tungsten films, with film thickness and residual stress uniformity being of primary interest. The film thickness was measured to vary by up to 45 % from the center to outer edge of a 4" wafer. Ar pressure was found to influence the thin film residual stress with lower Ar pressures leading to compressive residual stress (-1.5 GPa) and higher Ar pressures leading to tensile residual stress (1 GPa). Residual stress measurements of the tungsten films were made using a wafer curvature technique and X-ray diffraction. The results of the two techniques were compared and found to be within 20 %. Nanoindentation was used to analyze the mechanical properties of several types of thin films that are commonly used in microelectronic devices. Thin film reduced modulus, hardness, interfacial toughness and fracture toughness were some of the mechanical properties measured. Difficulties with performing shallow indents (less than 100 nm) were addressed, with proper calibration procedures for the indentation equipment and tip area function detailed. Pile-up during the indentation of soft films will lead to errors in the indentation contact depth and area, leading to an overestimation of the films' reduced modulus and hardness. A method was developed to account for pile-up in determining the indentation contact depth and calculating a new contact area for improving the analysis of reduced modulus and hardness. Residual stresses in thin films are normally undesired because in extreme cases they may result in thru-film cracking or interfacial film delamination. With the use of lithography techniques to pattern wafers with areas of an adhesion reducing layer, thin film delamination was controlled. The patterned delamination microchannels may be used as an alternative method of creating microchannels for fluid transport in MEMS devices. Delamination morphology was influenced by the amount of residual stress in the film and the critical buckling stress, which was primarily controlled by the width of the adhesion reducing layers.

The objective of this work is to develop an innovative and quantitative method to study cell failure under fluidic pressure to understand cell membrane mechanical properties. Due to lack of experimental data related to cell failure property, the current research focuses on investigating the cell failure using a micro pipette aspiration experiment method to elaborate gradually increasing hydrostatic pressure to the cell causing the membrane to deform and eventually rupture. Based on our observation, the prostate cancer cells (PC-3) deformed into a deflated and flattened shape under higher hydrostatic pressure (249 Pa) while prostate epithelial cells (PrEC LH) cells generate a spherical and rounded shape. The stress along the cell membrane was estimated from the curvature data captured from the 2D microscopic images for each pressure magnitude to quantify the damage before rupture state. From the results, non-transformed prostate epithelial cells (PrEC LH) presented a stiffer and rupture resilient property compared to transformed prostate cancer cells (PC-3) which presented a softer and vulnerable property. Besides, the alteration of shape of the aspirated membrane directly affected the stress distribution over the membrane and as a result, provoked membrane failure. Multiple pieces of research have shown a higher stiffness of healthy cells compared to cancer cells including one of the previous studies done by our group which have also found that cancer cell tends to become stiffer after exposing to fluid shear stress. The discovery of this cellular behavior and novel numerical quantification method of cell failure could advance the study of cancer cell membrane failure, cellular matrix structure, response to mechanical loadings and potentially foundation in developing new treatment for cancer other than destructive chemical treatment.

Dans l'objectif d'améliorer et d'automatiser la chaîne de reproductiond'objet qui va de l'acquisition à l'impression 3D. Nous avons cherché à caractériserde la saillance sur les objets 3D modélisés par la structure d'un maillage 3D.Pour cela, nous avons fait un état de l'art des méthodes d'estimation des proprié-tés différentielles, à savoir la normale et la courbure, sur des surfaces discrètes sousla forme de maillage 3D. Pour comparer le comportement des différentes méthodes,nous avons repris un ensemble de critères de comparaison classique dans le domaine,qui sont : la précision, la convergence et la robustesse par rapport aux variations duvoisinage. Pour cela, nous avons établi un protocole de tests mettant en avant cesqualités. De cette première comparaison, il est ressorti que l'ensemble des méthodesexistantes présentent des défauts selon ces différents critères. Afin d'avoir une estimationdes propriétés différentielles plus fiable et précise nous avons élaboré deuxnouveaux estimateurs. / With the aim to improve and automate the object reproduction chainfrom acquisition to 3D printing .We sought to characterize the salience on 3D objectsmodeled by a 3D mesh structure. For this, we have a state of the art of estimatingdifferential properties methods, namely normal and curvature on discrete surfaces inthe form of 3D mesh. To compare the behavior of different methods, we took a set ofclassic benchmarks in the domain, which are : accuracy, convergence and robustnesswith respect to variations of the neighbourhood. For this, we have established atest protocol emphasizing these qualities. From this first comparision, it was foundthat all the existing methods have shortcomings as these criteria. In order to havean estimation of the differential properties more reliable and accurate we developedtwo new estimators.