Les travaux entrepris au cours de cette thèse ont permis de concevoir des stratégies de commande de systèmes multivariables (outils d’analyse et méthodes de synthèse) en vue de leur application au développement de lois de commande d’un turbopropulseur.D’un point de vue fonctionnel, un turbopropulseur est un système multivariable comprenant deux grandeurs de commande : le débit carburant à injecter dans la chambre de combustion et le pas de l’hélice, ainsi que deux grandeurs de sortie : la puissance délivrée par l’hélice et sa vitesse de rotation. Ces variables sont fortement couplées, ce qui signifie que des variations de l’une entraînent des écarts sur l’autre. L’objectif de ces travaux est de synthétiser des lois de commande facilement ajustables, permettant de respecter des spécifications classiques en Automatique (temps de réponse, dépassement, erreur statique) et de réduire les couplages entre les différentes grandeurs régulées. Dans ce contexte industriel, les approches décentralisées sans et avec découplage sont envisagées. La stratégie décentralisée pure met en œuvre un correcteur diagonal, ce qui revient à asservir un système par plusieurs boucles monovariables indépendantes. Bien que relativement facile à synthétiser et à implanter, la stratégie décentralisée ne permet pas d’atteindre les performances souhaitées en présence d’interactions importantes. Dans ce cas, il est possible de l’associer à des compensateurs permettant de diminuer les interactions.Une part importante de ces travaux de recherche concerne le développement méthodologique de ces stratégies. La définition d’une stratégie de commande est la première étape. Pour cela, la quantification du niveau d’interaction dans un système se révèle importante. Celle-ci peut être réalisée à l’aide de différentes méthodes et indicateurs qui s’appuient sur les réponses fréquentielles ou temporelles du système, ou encore sur les grammiens de commandabilité et d’observabilité. Une procédure systématique d’analyse des interactions a été proposée afin de déterminer la stratégie de commande la plus adaptée en fonction des interactions. Dans le cas où l’analyse des interactions conduit à adopter une stratégie décentralisée, les régulateurs peuvent être synthétisés à l’aide de méthodes monoboucles ou multiboucles. Les premières ne prennent pas en compte les interactions tandis que les secondes, plus élaborées mais également plus complexes à mettre en œuvre, permettent de les prendre spécifiquement en compte. A la suite de l’analyse de ces méthodes, une étude récapitulative présentant les méthodes préconisées en fonction du procédé et des objectifs, est finalement proposée. Dans le cas où l’analyse des interactions montre un niveau de couplage trop important, il est possible d’associer des compensateurs à la régulation décentralisée. Les compensateurs ont pour but de découpler les commandes vis-à-vis des sorties du procédé. Différentes méthodes et structures de découplage ont été étudiées et comparées. Une procédure de découplage, composée des méthodes considérées comme les plus efficaces a finalement été mise en place. / In this Ph.D. thesis, we explore the different steps of designing a decentralized control applied on a turboprop engine.From the control point of view, the turboprop engine is a TITO (Two-Input Two-Output) process. The fuel flow is used to control the shaft power while the blade pitch angle is used to control the propeller speed. The turboprop presents important couplings between manipulated variables and controlled variables. When the fuel flow changes, the propeller speed is impacted. Similarly, when controlling the blade pitch angle to change the propeller speed to another level, the shaft power is affected, particularly during the transient states. The main objective of this research thesis is to design control laws for the turboprop. Beside technical specifications like response time and overshoot, couplings between loops have to be reduced as much as possible and control laws have to be robust to model uncertainties. For this industrial environment a decentralized strategy (with or without compensators) has been chosen. The decentralized strategy consists in designing monoloop controllers in order to drive the multivariable system. The decentralized strategy presents important benefits, such as flexibility as well as design simplicity, but is not efficient in presence of heavy couplings. In that case, it is possible to use compensators that reduce existing process interactions before designing the monoloop controllers.An important part of this work focuses on the development of these different strategies.The first step is the choice of the control structure, which strongly depends on the level of interaction. Despite the availability of different metrics - based on frequential responses, temporal responses, or Gramian – it is not easy to know which one is the most appropriate. Based on the analysis of couplings with different metrics, a procedure is proposed in order to choose the structure and the controllers design method.If the coupling analysis leads to adopt a decentralized strategy, the controllers can be designed using monoloop or multiloop methods. The first ones are simple but do not take couplings into account, whereas multiloop methods take specifically couplings into account but are more complicated. These tuning methods have been studied and recommendations have finally been made to choose the most appropriated method depending on the process and the requirements.In cases where the couplings analysis reveals a high couplings level, compensators can be associated with the decentralized strategy. The objectives of the compensators are to reduce couplings in the system and to facilitate the design of monoloop controllers. Several decoupling structures have been studied and compared. A decoupling procedure has then been proposed.These methodological studies have been applied to the turboprop engine. Following the coupling analysis, a decentralized strategy with decoupling has been chosen. After following the decoupling procedure and trying different solutions, the inverted decoupler has been adopted. Considering the dynamics of the system and the total decoupling provided by the inverted decoupler, PI controllers have been used and a monoloop tuning method has been chosen. In order to guarantee the desired performances over the whole flight envelope, control laws have been interpolated, using a gain scheduling technique. The structured singular value approach has then been used to demonstrate the robustness of the control laws with model uncertainties. Control laws have finally been implemented in the control software and simulation results have illustrated their good performances.

The behaviour of a large nuclear reactor can be described with sufficient accuracy using a nodal model, like the spatial model of a 540 MWe large Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). This model divides the reactor into divisions or nodes to create a spatial model in order to control the xenon induced oscillations that occur in PHWRs. However, being such a large scale system, a 72nd-order model, it makes controller design challenging. Therefore, a reduced order model is much more manageable. A convenient method of model reduction while maintaining the important dynamics characteristics of the process can be done by decoupling. Also, due to the nature of the system, decentralized controllers could serve as a better option because it allows each controller to be localized. This way, any control input to a zone only affects the desired zone and the zones most coupled with, thus not causing a respective change in neutron flux in the other zones. In this thesis, three decentralized controllers were designed using the spatial model of a 540 MWe large PHWR. A decoupling algorithm was designed to divide the system into three partitions containing 20, 27, and 25 states each. Reduced order sub-systems were thus created to produce optimal decentralized controllers. An optimal centralized controller was created to compare both approaches. The decentralized versus centralized controllers’ system responses were analyzed after a reactivity disturbance. A fail-safe study was done to highlight one of the advantages of decentralized controllers. / UOIT

The redox-sensitive geochemical behavior of uranium permits the use of Th/U ratios as a geochemical proxy for the oxidation state of the atmosphere and oceans during sedimentary processes. Due to the effects of post-depositional uranium mobility on Th/U ratios during events involving oxygenated fluids, direct measurements of Th/U ratios are often misleading, but the whole rock Pb isotope composition may be used to determine a sample¡¦s apparent time-integrated Th/U ratio (ƒÛa) and the timing associated with the onset of the U-Th-Pb geochemistry. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry to evaluate the influence of multiple provenance components and potential mobility of Th, U, and Pb during post-depositional processes on the Th/U ratio. The Pb isotope compositions and REE concentrations were determined for six Paleoproterozoic sedimentary sequences, which were the focus of previous studies involving the timing of the rise of atmospheric oxygen. The Mount McRae Shale, Huronian Supergroup, and Zaonezhskaya Formation have been interpreted as experiencing post-depositional alteration (perhaps associated with orogenic events) due to Pb-Pb ages that are younger than the likely depositional age and observed fractionation of REE in chondrite normalized REE patterns and interelement REE ratios (e.g. La/Nd, La/Yb, Eu/Eu*). Similar geochemical proxies have been interpreted as sedimentary geochemical features of the Timeball Hill Formation, Hotazel Formation, and Sengoma Argillite Formation. This study of Paleoproterozoic sedimentary units constrains the onset of U-Th decoupling, most likely due to the onset of oxidative weathering conditions, began by 2.32 Ga, the latest.

Under de senaste åren har det gjorts flertalet ansatser till att skapa etiska koder som ska bidra till att öka det etiska handlandet i organisationer. Etik kan kommuniceras och tolkas på olika sätt, och forskningslitteraturen har beskrivit olika perspektiv och förklaringar till varför medarbetarnas förhållningssätt till ett företags etiska riktlinjer är som det är. Tidigare forskning inom frikopplingsteorin har i stor utsträckning åskådliggjort både orsaker och konsekvenser av frikoppling på organisationsnivå. Men det finns en brist på forskning som undersöker hur enskilda organisationsmedlemmars förhållningsätt påverkar frikopplingen. Det deskriptiva syftet är att undersöka skillnader mellan bankers etiska riktlinjer och medarbetarnas förhållningssätt. Det teoretiska syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera möjliga förklaringar till varför förhållningssättet är som det är. Undersökningen har en kvalitativ kundskapsansats där insamlad data består av primär data ifrån intervjuer och sekundär data ifrån bankernas etiska riktlinjer. Empirin visar på att det finns skillnader i de anställdas förhållningssätt till de etiska riktlinjerna, och resultaten visar att det förekommer frikoppling i alla tre banker. De skillnader som studien påvisar är att medarbetarnas förhållningssätt till de etiska riktlinjerna skiljer sig beroende på de etiska riktlinjernas struktur. Olika perspektiv på strukturen ger olika faktorer som påverkar de anställdas förhållningssätt och ger en frikoppling mellan handling och de etiska riktlinjerna. Studien har begränsningar då resultatet inte kan generaliseras, detta på grund av att forskningsmetoden är en kvalitativ fallstudie samt att urvalet av respondenter är relativt lågt. Tidigare forskning inom frikopplingsteori har fokuserat på hur organisationen väljer att frikoppla struktur och handling, medan vår studie beskriver hur frikoppling uppstår på mikronivå, individnivå där de anställda frikopplar de etiska riktlinjerna olika beroende på riktlinjens struktur. Detta förklarar den variation som finns i frikopplingen och som ger olika orsaker till att frikoppling sker. Vi har i denna studie visat på att tidigare forskning med motstridiga studier har haft rätt i sina argument, men att detta beror på i vilken struktur av de etiska riktlinjer som studierna applicerats på. / In recent years, several efforts have been made to create ethical codes that will help to increase ethical behavior in organizations. Ethics can be communicated and interpreted differently and previously research literature has described different perspectives and explanations as to why employees' approach to corporate ethical guidelines is as it is. Previous research in decoupling theory has largely given significant light on both causes and results of decoupling at the organization level, but there is a lack of research that investigates individual organizational members and how their approaches affect the decoupling. The descriptive purpose is to study differences between banks' ethical guidelines and employee approaches. The theoretical purpose of the paper is to identify possible explanations as to why the attitude is as it is. The research method of the study has a qualitative approach where data consists of primary data from interviews and secondary data from the banks' ethical guidelines. The empirical data shows that there are differences in employee approach to the ethical guidelines, and the results show that there are decoupling in all three banks. The differences that the study shows is that employees' approach to the ethical guidelines differs depending on the structure of ethical guidelines. Different perspectives on the structure provide different factors that affect employee approaches and provide a decoupling between action and the ethical guidelines. The study has limitations as the result cannot be generalized, due to the fact that the research method is a qualitative case study and that the sample of respondents is relatively low. Previous research in decoupling theory has focused on how the organization chooses to decouple structure and action while our study describes how decoupling occurs at the micro level, individual level, where employees decouple the ethical guidelines depending on the structure of the guideline. This explains the variation in the decoupling and the causes for decoupling. We have shown in this study that previous research with contradictory studies is all right in their arguments but which of the study that can be applied depends on the structure of the ethical guidelines that the studies apply to.

O campo vulcânico Patagônico é composto pelo vulcanismo datado do Quaternário ao Cretáceo e está amplamente distribuído no ambiente geotectônico de extra back-arc continental. Onze vulcões associados à ocorrência de xenólitos mantélicos estão situados dos 36°13’S aos 44°52’S. Estes vulcões são dominantemente compostos por basanitos e a basaltos alcalinos, que são divididos em dois grupos com base em aspectos petrográficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos. (Grupos I e II). Estes Grupos estão relacionados a fontes mantélicas similares, mas foram submetidos a diferentes processos metassomáticos. Os Grupos I e I foram gerados a partir de baixas taxas de fusão a partir de uma fonte mantélica do tipo OIB na zona de estabilidade da granada, mas o Grupo II tem características de manto enriquecido (EMII) possivelmente herdadas de um agente metassomático relacionado à zona de subducção, enquanto que o Grupo I demonstra assinatura geoquímica de magmas tipo OIB relacionados a fontes mantélicas ricas em flogopita. Os basaltos alcalinos do vulcão Agua Poca (37º01’S - 68º07’W) pertencem ao Grupo II e são traquibasaltos. O vulcão Agua Poca é definido é piroclástico monogenético, é composto por intercalações de camadas de spatter e cinder, hospeda xenólitos mantélicos e está localizado a oeste da Província de La Pampa, no extremo norte da Argentina. As amostras de xenólitos mostram textura protogranular, protogranular a porfiroclástica, porfiroclástica e porfiroclástica a equigranular e são compostos por olivina (fosterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), clinopiroxênio (diopsídio) e espinélio (sp). Os xenólitos estudados são peridotitos da fácies espinélio e piroxenitos anidros em basaltos alcalinos do Pleistoceno com #Mg em rocha total de 89 a 91. As assinaturas geoquímicas desses xenólitos mostram correlação negativa entre os principais óxidos quando dispostos contra o #Mg e estão empobrecidos em elementos incompatíveis em relação ao manto primitivo (MP). Os xenólitos do vulcão Agua Poca são caracterizados pelo empobrecimento de ETRP e ETRM normalizados para o MP e pelo fracionamento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP (CeN/YbN = 0,15-0,5), com exceção da amostra HAP10 (1,46). Esse comportamento indica que os xenólitos do terreno Cuyania são o resultado de 1 a 10% de fusão do DMM (Manto Depletado) ou de 8 a 17% do MP (Manto Primitivo). Em geral, os peridotitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr e Ti; e anomalias negativas de Rb, Th, Nb, La e Y, enquanto que os piroxenitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta e Pb; e anomalias negativas de Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti e Y. Curvas de mistura calculadas para o resíduo de fusão do MP/DMM com a composição de fluídos/sedimentos derivados de ambientes de subducção indicam interação do manto com até 3% de fluídos/sedimentos. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,702874 - 0,704999, com média de 0,704035) são muito similares àquelas definidas para peridotitos com fonte tipo OIB. Agua Poca tem razões 87Sr/86Sr, que estão abaixo daquelas definidas para peridotitos metassomatizados (usualmente >0,705). As razões de Nb/Ta sugerem a presença de um reservatório eclogítico refratário subductado fusão parcial gerando líquidos alcalinos com razões Nb/Ta supercondríticas. / The Patagonian Volcanic Field composed of late Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism is widely distributed in a continental extra back-arc geotectonic environment. Eleven monogenetic volcanoes accompanied with ultramafic xenoliths are situated from 36°13′S to 44°52′S. These volcanoes are dominantly composed of basanite to alkaline basalt, which are divided into two groups, based on mineralogy, geochemical and isotope compositions (Groups I and II). These Groups are originated from the similar subcontinental mantle sources, but were undergone to different metasomatism processes. Groups I and II were generated from low melting degrees of an OIB-like garnet peridotite, but the Group II has enriched mantle (EMII) characteristics possibly inherited from on-going subduction related metasomatism, while Group I demonstrates the OIB-like signature, which might result from phlogopite-bearing in the subcontinental lithosphere. The alkaline basalts from Agua Poca volcano (37º01’S - 68º07’W) belong to the Group II and are trachybasalts. The Agua Poca volcano is a monogenetic pyroclastic volcano composed by intercalation of spatter and cinder layers, host ultramafic mantle xenoliths and is located in the West of the La Pampa Province, Northernmost of Argentine Patagonia. The xenoliths show protogranular, protogranular to porphyroclastic, porphyroclastic and porphyroclastic to equigranular textures, and are composed of olivine (fosterite), orthopyroxene (enstatite), clinopyroxene (diopside) and spinel (sp). The studied xenoliths are anhydrous spinel-bearing peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in Pleistocene alkali basalts with whole rock Mg# from 88 to 91. Geochemical signatures of the mantle xenoliths show negative correlation between main oxides against Mg# and depletion in incompatible elements compared to primitive mantle (PM). Agua Poca mantle xenoliths are characterized by flat Sun & McDonough (1989) primitive mantle (PM) normalized HREE and MREE patterns, and depletion of LREE compared to HREE (CeN/YbN = 0.15-0.5), with exception of the HAP10 (1.46) sample. These characteristics suggest that partial melting event is the main process responsible for the generation of these xenoliths. Model calculations suggest that the xenoliths are the result of 1 to 10% of DMM (Depleted Mantle MORB) or 8 to 17% of PM partial melting. Peridotite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr and Ti; and negative anomalies of Rb, Th, Nb, La and Y, while the pyroxenite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta and Pb; and negative anomalies of Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti and Y. Mixing curves calculated to mixtures of melting residue of PM/DMM and fluid or sediment compositions related to subduction tectonic setting end members suggest up to 3% of interaction of the fluid sediment on the depleted mantle residue. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.702874 - 0.704999, with average of 0.704035) are similar to those defined to peridotites with OIB source (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70244 to 0.70502), being close to Depleted Mantle (DM; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7023 to 0.7032) values. Nb/Ta ratios suggest that Agua Poca xenoliths were undergone to partial melting processes that generated alkaline magmas with superchondritic Nb/Ta ratios.

O campo vulcânico Patagônico é composto pelo vulcanismo datado do Quaternário ao Cretáceo e está amplamente distribuído no ambiente geotectônico de extra back-arc continental. Onze vulcões associados à ocorrência de xenólitos mantélicos estão situados dos 36°13’S aos 44°52’S. Estes vulcões são dominantemente compostos por basanitos e a basaltos alcalinos, que são divididos em dois grupos com base em aspectos petrográficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos. (Grupos I e II). Estes Grupos estão relacionados a fontes mantélicas similares, mas foram submetidos a diferentes processos metassomáticos. Os Grupos I e I foram gerados a partir de baixas taxas de fusão a partir de uma fonte mantélica do tipo OIB na zona de estabilidade da granada, mas o Grupo II tem características de manto enriquecido (EMII) possivelmente herdadas de um agente metassomático relacionado à zona de subducção, enquanto que o Grupo I demonstra assinatura geoquímica de magmas tipo OIB relacionados a fontes mantélicas ricas em flogopita. Os basaltos alcalinos do vulcão Agua Poca (37º01’S - 68º07’W) pertencem ao Grupo II e são traquibasaltos. O vulcão Agua Poca é definido é piroclástico monogenético, é composto por intercalações de camadas de spatter e cinder, hospeda xenólitos mantélicos e está localizado a oeste da Província de La Pampa, no extremo norte da Argentina. As amostras de xenólitos mostram textura protogranular, protogranular a porfiroclástica, porfiroclástica e porfiroclástica a equigranular e são compostos por olivina (fosterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), clinopiroxênio (diopsídio) e espinélio (sp). Os xenólitos estudados são peridotitos da fácies espinélio e piroxenitos anidros em basaltos alcalinos do Pleistoceno com #Mg em rocha total de 89 a 91. As assinaturas geoquímicas desses xenólitos mostram correlação negativa entre os principais óxidos quando dispostos contra o #Mg e estão empobrecidos em elementos incompatíveis em relação ao manto primitivo (MP). Os xenólitos do vulcão Agua Poca são caracterizados pelo empobrecimento de ETRP e ETRM normalizados para o MP e pelo fracionamento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP (CeN/YbN = 0,15-0,5), com exceção da amostra HAP10 (1,46). Esse comportamento indica que os xenólitos do terreno Cuyania são o resultado de 1 a 10% de fusão do DMM (Manto Depletado) ou de 8 a 17% do MP (Manto Primitivo). Em geral, os peridotitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr e Ti; e anomalias negativas de Rb, Th, Nb, La e Y, enquanto que os piroxenitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta e Pb; e anomalias negativas de Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti e Y. Curvas de mistura calculadas para o resíduo de fusão do MP/DMM com a composição de fluídos/sedimentos derivados de ambientes de subducção indicam interação do manto com até 3% de fluídos/sedimentos. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,702874 - 0,704999, com média de 0,704035) são muito similares àquelas definidas para peridotitos com fonte tipo OIB. Agua Poca tem razões 87Sr/86Sr, que estão abaixo daquelas definidas para peridotitos metassomatizados (usualmente >0,705). As razões de Nb/Ta sugerem a presença de um reservatório eclogítico refratário subductado fusão parcial gerando líquidos alcalinos com razões Nb/Ta supercondríticas. / The Patagonian Volcanic Field composed of late Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism is widely distributed in a continental extra back-arc geotectonic environment. Eleven monogenetic volcanoes accompanied with ultramafic xenoliths are situated from 36°13′S to 44°52′S. These volcanoes are dominantly composed of basanite to alkaline basalt, which are divided into two groups, based on mineralogy, geochemical and isotope compositions (Groups I and II). These Groups are originated from the similar subcontinental mantle sources, but were undergone to different metasomatism processes. Groups I and II were generated from low melting degrees of an OIB-like garnet peridotite, but the Group II has enriched mantle (EMII) characteristics possibly inherited from on-going subduction related metasomatism, while Group I demonstrates the OIB-like signature, which might result from phlogopite-bearing in the subcontinental lithosphere. The alkaline basalts from Agua Poca volcano (37º01’S - 68º07’W) belong to the Group II and are trachybasalts. The Agua Poca volcano is a monogenetic pyroclastic volcano composed by intercalation of spatter and cinder layers, host ultramafic mantle xenoliths and is located in the West of the La Pampa Province, Northernmost of Argentine Patagonia. The xenoliths show protogranular, protogranular to porphyroclastic, porphyroclastic and porphyroclastic to equigranular textures, and are composed of olivine (fosterite), orthopyroxene (enstatite), clinopyroxene (diopside) and spinel (sp). The studied xenoliths are anhydrous spinel-bearing peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in Pleistocene alkali basalts with whole rock Mg# from 88 to 91. Geochemical signatures of the mantle xenoliths show negative correlation between main oxides against Mg# and depletion in incompatible elements compared to primitive mantle (PM). Agua Poca mantle xenoliths are characterized by flat Sun & McDonough (1989) primitive mantle (PM) normalized HREE and MREE patterns, and depletion of LREE compared to HREE (CeN/YbN = 0.15-0.5), with exception of the HAP10 (1.46) sample. These characteristics suggest that partial melting event is the main process responsible for the generation of these xenoliths. Model calculations suggest that the xenoliths are the result of 1 to 10% of DMM (Depleted Mantle MORB) or 8 to 17% of PM partial melting. Peridotite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr and Ti; and negative anomalies of Rb, Th, Nb, La and Y, while the pyroxenite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta and Pb; and negative anomalies of Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti and Y. Mixing curves calculated to mixtures of melting residue of PM/DMM and fluid or sediment compositions related to subduction tectonic setting end members suggest up to 3% of interaction of the fluid sediment on the depleted mantle residue. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.702874 - 0.704999, with average of 0.704035) are similar to those defined to peridotites with OIB source (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70244 to 0.70502), being close to Depleted Mantle (DM; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7023 to 0.7032) values. Nb/Ta ratios suggest that Agua Poca xenoliths were undergone to partial melting processes that generated alkaline magmas with superchondritic Nb/Ta ratios.

Following the increase of transnational organisations, global governance today is mainly relying on voluntary standards. One standard is the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This motivates a need to understand how such an idea unfolds within organisations and what impact global CSR standards have, leading to the research question: How are CSR standards deriving from global ideas translated into organisations and influencing sustainability activities? Based on a literature review of Scandinavian institutionalism, soft rules and standards, CSR, traveling of ideas, translation, identity and image, decoupling and aspirational talk, five assumptions were formulated as to what implications the standard might have. These are examined qualitatively through multiple case studies in the Swedish food industry using semi-structured interviews and examining CSR reports. The analysis find partial support for all assumptions. Main findings include the use of the 2030 Agenda mainly as a communication tool, constituting a common sustainability language and a platform for collaborations. The standard is thus interpreted as being symbolically translated. This open up possibilities for future research regarding the translation of standards and the implications of an facilitated way of framing sustainability work, adding the concept of symbolic translation to translation theory.

O campo vulcânico Patagônico é composto pelo vulcanismo datado do Quaternário ao Cretáceo e está amplamente distribuído no ambiente geotectônico de extra back-arc continental. Onze vulcões associados à ocorrência de xenólitos mantélicos estão situados dos 36°13’S aos 44°52’S. Estes vulcões são dominantemente compostos por basanitos e a basaltos alcalinos, que são divididos em dois grupos com base em aspectos petrográficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos. (Grupos I e II). Estes Grupos estão relacionados a fontes mantélicas similares, mas foram submetidos a diferentes processos metassomáticos. Os Grupos I e I foram gerados a partir de baixas taxas de fusão a partir de uma fonte mantélica do tipo OIB na zona de estabilidade da granada, mas o Grupo II tem características de manto enriquecido (EMII) possivelmente herdadas de um agente metassomático relacionado à zona de subducção, enquanto que o Grupo I demonstra assinatura geoquímica de magmas tipo OIB relacionados a fontes mantélicas ricas em flogopita. Os basaltos alcalinos do vulcão Agua Poca (37º01’S - 68º07’W) pertencem ao Grupo II e são traquibasaltos. O vulcão Agua Poca é definido é piroclástico monogenético, é composto por intercalações de camadas de spatter e cinder, hospeda xenólitos mantélicos e está localizado a oeste da Província de La Pampa, no extremo norte da Argentina. As amostras de xenólitos mostram textura protogranular, protogranular a porfiroclástica, porfiroclástica e porfiroclástica a equigranular e são compostos por olivina (fosterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), clinopiroxênio (diopsídio) e espinélio (sp). Os xenólitos estudados são peridotitos da fácies espinélio e piroxenitos anidros em basaltos alcalinos do Pleistoceno com #Mg em rocha total de 89 a 91. As assinaturas geoquímicas desses xenólitos mostram correlação negativa entre os principais óxidos quando dispostos contra o #Mg e estão empobrecidos em elementos incompatíveis em relação ao manto primitivo (MP). Os xenólitos do vulcão Agua Poca são caracterizados pelo empobrecimento de ETRP e ETRM normalizados para o MP e pelo fracionamento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP (CeN/YbN = 0,15-0,5), com exceção da amostra HAP10 (1,46). Esse comportamento indica que os xenólitos do terreno Cuyania são o resultado de 1 a 10% de fusão do DMM (Manto Depletado) ou de 8 a 17% do MP (Manto Primitivo). Em geral, os peridotitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr e Ti; e anomalias negativas de Rb, Th, Nb, La e Y, enquanto que os piroxenitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta e Pb; e anomalias negativas de Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti e Y. Curvas de mistura calculadas para o resíduo de fusão do MP/DMM com a composição de fluídos/sedimentos derivados de ambientes de subducção indicam interação do manto com até 3% de fluídos/sedimentos. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,702874 - 0,704999, com média de 0,704035) são muito similares àquelas definidas para peridotitos com fonte tipo OIB. Agua Poca tem razões 87Sr/86Sr, que estão abaixo daquelas definidas para peridotitos metassomatizados (usualmente >0,705). As razões de Nb/Ta sugerem a presença de um reservatório eclogítico refratário subductado fusão parcial gerando líquidos alcalinos com razões Nb/Ta supercondríticas. / The Patagonian Volcanic Field composed of late Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism is widely distributed in a continental extra back-arc geotectonic environment. Eleven monogenetic volcanoes accompanied with ultramafic xenoliths are situated from 36°13′S to 44°52′S. These volcanoes are dominantly composed of basanite to alkaline basalt, which are divided into two groups, based on mineralogy, geochemical and isotope compositions (Groups I and II). These Groups are originated from the similar subcontinental mantle sources, but were undergone to different metasomatism processes. Groups I and II were generated from low melting degrees of an OIB-like garnet peridotite, but the Group II has enriched mantle (EMII) characteristics possibly inherited from on-going subduction related metasomatism, while Group I demonstrates the OIB-like signature, which might result from phlogopite-bearing in the subcontinental lithosphere. The alkaline basalts from Agua Poca volcano (37º01’S - 68º07’W) belong to the Group II and are trachybasalts. The Agua Poca volcano is a monogenetic pyroclastic volcano composed by intercalation of spatter and cinder layers, host ultramafic mantle xenoliths and is located in the West of the La Pampa Province, Northernmost of Argentine Patagonia. The xenoliths show protogranular, protogranular to porphyroclastic, porphyroclastic and porphyroclastic to equigranular textures, and are composed of olivine (fosterite), orthopyroxene (enstatite), clinopyroxene (diopside) and spinel (sp). The studied xenoliths are anhydrous spinel-bearing peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in Pleistocene alkali basalts with whole rock Mg# from 88 to 91. Geochemical signatures of the mantle xenoliths show negative correlation between main oxides against Mg# and depletion in incompatible elements compared to primitive mantle (PM). Agua Poca mantle xenoliths are characterized by flat Sun & McDonough (1989) primitive mantle (PM) normalized HREE and MREE patterns, and depletion of LREE compared to HREE (CeN/YbN = 0.15-0.5), with exception of the HAP10 (1.46) sample. These characteristics suggest that partial melting event is the main process responsible for the generation of these xenoliths. Model calculations suggest that the xenoliths are the result of 1 to 10% of DMM (Depleted Mantle MORB) or 8 to 17% of PM partial melting. Peridotite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr and Ti; and negative anomalies of Rb, Th, Nb, La and Y, while the pyroxenite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta and Pb; and negative anomalies of Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti and Y. Mixing curves calculated to mixtures of melting residue of PM/DMM and fluid or sediment compositions related to subduction tectonic setting end members suggest up to 3% of interaction of the fluid sediment on the depleted mantle residue. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.702874 - 0.704999, with average of 0.704035) are similar to those defined to peridotites with OIB source (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70244 to 0.70502), being close to Depleted Mantle (DM; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7023 to 0.7032) values. Nb/Ta ratios suggest that Agua Poca xenoliths were undergone to partial melting processes that generated alkaline magmas with superchondritic Nb/Ta ratios.

La logistique de la Grande Distribution s'appuie sur une organisation multi-acteurs dont les principes de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité au moindre coût sont les leviers d'une performance fondée sur la substituabilité des Prestataires de Services Logistiques (PSL). Cette organisation entraine une dépendance stratégique des PSL vis à vis de la grande Distribution. Néanmoins, certains prestataires intègrent une démarche de Développement Durable. La problématique de la thèse est donc la suivante : Pourquoi et comment les Prestataires Logistiques intègrent-ils, volontairement, une politique de Développement Durable au sein de la chaîne logistique aval de la Grande Distribution ? Le cadre théorique s'appuie d'abord sur le modèle « Plug and Play » permet de caractériser la logistique de la Grande Distribution par la spécificité des actifs et une approche des contrats. Il est complété par la théorie du découplage et l'encastrement, selon de White, ce qui permet d'expliquer le caractère bloquant du modèle « Plug and Play » et d'action possible des PSL. La méthodologie choisie est une approche exploratoire abductive sous un positionnement constructiviste modéré. Elle s'appuie sur l'étude de cas approfondie d'une chaîne logistique aval d'une enseigne de la Grande Distribution et ses PSL. Une triangulation des méthodes mobilise essentiellement une démarche qualitative par le biais d'entretiens, mais également une enquête quantitative. Les résultats de la recherche montre dans le cas étudié que les PSL sont encastré dans le modèle « Plug and Play » de l'enseigne dont ils sont dépendants. En réaction, certains prestataires tentent de se découpler du « Plug and Play », en intégrant une démarche de Développement Durable, et de s'encastrer dans un modèle « Plug and Play » où le rapport de force entre PSL et l'enseigne est plus équilibré. / The Mass-market retailing logistics relies on an organization multi-actor whose principles of flexibility and adaptability to the lesser cost are the levers of a performance based on the substitutability of the logistics service providers (LSP). This organization leads to a strategic dependence of PSL with respect to the large distribution. However, some providers incorporate a sustainable development approach. The problematic of the thesis is as follows: Why and how logistics providers incorporate, voluntarily, a sustainable development policy within the outbound logistics chain of the Mass-market Retail? The theoretical framework is first based on the model "Plug and Play". It allows characterizing the logistics of the Mass-market Retailing by asset specificity and contract approach. It is complemented by the theory of decoupling and embeddedness, according to White, which helps to explain the blocking attribute of the "Plug and Play" model and possible action of LSP. The methodology chosen is an abductive exploratory approach in a moderate constructivist position. It relies on an in-depth case study of an outbound logistics of a Mass-market Retailing and its LSP. A triangulation of methods essentially mobilizes a qualitative approach through interviews, but also a quantitative survey. The results of the research show, in the case studied, that the LSP are embedded in logistics 'Plug and Play' of the trade, and on which they are dependents. In response, some providers attempt to decouple themselves from the 'Plug and Play', by integrating a sustainable development policy and embedded themselves in a model of “Plug and Play” where the power relations between LSP and the trade is balanced.

Stucture simple, faible coût, grand espace de travail et technologie mature, ces avantages font que les manipulateurs sériels sont largement utilisés dans de nombreux domaines industriels. Avec le développement rapide de l'industrie et les diverses applications des manipulateurs sériels, de nouvelles exigences strictes sont souhaitées, telles que la stabilité robuste, la grande précision de positionnement et la cadence élevée.Un des moyens efficaces pour améliorer les performances mentionnées est la conception de manipulateurs sériels à découplage dynamique. Dans ce cadre, l'objectif de cette thèse est de valider une structure simple permettant de réaliser un découplage dynamique complet des manipulateurs sériels en tenant compte de la charge embarquée.Le chapitre 1 présente les solutions connues et décrit les inconvénients liés aux différentes techniques permettant une simplification de la dynamique des manipulateurs. L'étude de la bibliographie a permis d'affiner les objectifs à atteindre. Le chapitre 2 traite de la conception de manipulateurs sériels réglables à dynamique linéarisée et découplée. Sans la charge embarquée, la méthode développée réalise le découplage dynamique par rotation inverse des bras et par redistribution optimale des masses. La charge embarquée qui conduit à une perturbation au niveau des équations dynamiques dedécouplage est compensée par la commande.Le chapitre 3 envisage un nouveau concept de découplage dynamique qui consiste à relier aux bras initiaux d'un manipulateur sériel, deux bras additionnels pour réaliser un mécanisme Scott-Russell. Les mouvements opposés des bras du mécanisme Scott-Russell associés à une redistribution optimale des masses permettent de supprimer les termes non linéaires des équations dynamiques du manipulateur. Le modèle linéaire et découplé ainsi obtenu permet de tenir compte de la charge embarquée.Dans le chapitre 4, on considère les propriétés de robustesse (incertitudes paramétriques) de quatre modèles de manipulateurs sériels (un manipulateur couplé, un manipulateur découplé par la commande et les deux manipulateurs découplés qui sont issus des chapitres 2 et 3). Les études qualitatives sont effectuées par simulation en utilisant la même loi de commande optimale et la même trajectoire de référence. Les résultats des simulations permettentde conclure sur la robustesse des manipulateurs décrits aux chapitres 2 et 3 par rapport au manipulateur couplé et au manipulateur découplé par la commande.La méthodologie de conception et les techniques de commande proposées sont illustrées par des simulations réalisées à l'aide des logiciels ADAMS et MATLAB. Les simulations ont confirmé l'efficacité des approches développées. / Simple structure, low cost, large workspace and mature technology, these advantages make the serial manipulators are widely used in many industrialfields. With the rapid development of industry and various applications of serial manipulators, new strict requirements are proposed, such as highstability, high positioning accuracy and high speed operation.One of the efficient ways to improve the mentioned performances is the design of manipulators with dynamic decoupling. Therefore, the goal in thisthesis is to find simple structure pennitting to carry out complete dynamic decoupling of serial manipulators taking into account the changing payload.The review, given in Chapter I, sunmarizes the known solutions and discloses the drawbacks of different techniques permitting a simplification of thedynamics of manipulators. lt allows an identification of objectives that are of interest and should be studied \within the framework of this thesis.Chapter 2 deals with the design of adjustable serial manipulators with linearized and decoupled dynamics. Without payload, the developed methodaccomplishes the dynamic decoupling via opposite rotation of links and optimal redistribution of masses. The payload which leads to the perturbation ofThe dynamic decoupling equations is compensated by the optimal control technique.Chapter 3 deals with a new dynamic decoupling concept, which involves connecting to a serial manipulator a two-link group forming a Scott-Russell mechanism combined with optimal redistribution of masses allows the cancellation of the coefficients of nonlinear terms in the manipulator's dynamic equations. Then, by using the control, the dynamicdecoupling taking into account the changing payload is achieved.In chapter 4, robustness properties (parametric uncertainties) of four various models of serial manipulators (one coupled manipulator, one decoupled manipulator by feedback linearization and the two decoupled manipulators that modeled in chapters 2 and 3) are considered. The given comparison performed via simutations is achieved with the same optimal control law and the same reference trajectory. Simulation results allow one to derive robustness assessments of manipulators described in chapters 2 and 3.The suggested design methodology and control techniques are illustrated by simulations carried out using ADAMS and MATLAB software, which have confirmed the efficiency of the developed approaches.