Quantum networks play an indispensable role in quantum information tasks such as secure communications, enhanced quantum sensing, and distributed computing. In recent years several platforms are being developed for such tasks, witnessing breakthrough technological advancement in terms of fabrication techniques, precise control methods, and information transfer. Among the most mature and promising platforms are color centers in solids. These systems provide an optically active electronic spin and long-lived nuclear spins for information storage. The first part of this dissertation is concerned with error mechanisms in the control of electronic and nuclear spins. First, I will focus on control protocols for improved electron-spin rotations tailored to specific color centers in diamond. I will then discuss how to manipulate the entanglement between the electron and the always-coupled nuclear spin register. I will describe a general formalism to quantify and control the generation of en- tanglement in an arbitrarily large nuclear spin register. This formalism incorporates exactly the dynamics with unwanted nuclei, and quantifies the performance of entangling gates in the presence of unwanted residual entanglement links. Using experimental parameters from a well-characterized multinuclear spin register, I will show that preparation of multipartite entanglement in a single-shot is possible, which drastically reduces the total gate time of conventional protocols. Then, I will present a new formalism for describing all-way entanglement and show how to design gates that prepare GHZM states. I will show how to incorporate errors such as unwanted correlations, electronic dephasing errors or pulse control errors. The second part of this thesis focuses on the preparation of all-photonic graph states from a few quantum emitters. I will introduce heuristic algorithms that exploit graph theory concepts in order to reduce the entangling gate counts, and also discuss the role of locally equivalent graphs in the optimization of the generation circuits. / Doctor of Philosophy / Quantum information science emerged by combining ideas and principles of information theory, nanoscale engineering, photonics, atomic and solid-state physics in a unified effort to realize and fabricate efficient quantum-based architectures. Spin-based solid-state quantum computers are one of the leading candidates for quantum architectures. For these types of devices, the quantum bit of information can be encoded in the spin states of electron/nuclear memories, while the logical operations are performed by driving transitions between a multi- level spin structure. In this thesis, I will describe the role of color centers for quantum computations and networking. I will explain the error sources and dynamics of SiV− and SnV− color centers in diamond and show how to drive with high fidelity optical rotations of their spin states. Additionally, I will explain how periodic driving of the electronic spin can serve as a method to control the nuclear spin memories and show how to precisely prepare multipartite entangled states within an arbitrarily large electron-nuclear spin register. Lastly, I will focus on the preparation of all-photonic graph states and show how to prepare them with optimal resources.

Syfte – Examensarbetets syfte  är att beskriva utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar inom en konsultverksamhet utifrån kundorderpunktsmodeller som används inom tillverkande verksamheter. Syftet har brutits ned i två delmål: Delmål: Att beskriva utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar inom en konsultverksamhet. Delmål: Att placera in utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar i kundorder­punkts­modellerna. Metod – För att uppfylla examensarbetets syfte genomfördes en fallstudie på teknikkonsultföretaget Combitech AB i Jönköping. För att ge en grund till det teoretiska ramverket gjordes en litteraturstudie. Empiri samlades in genom en fallstudie, innehållande intervjuer och dokumentstudie. Empirin har sedan analyserats mot det teoretiska ramverket och genom mönsterjämförelse placerades kundorderpunkterna in i modellerna. Analysen har bidragit till att uppnå examensarbetets syfte. Resultat – De utvecklingsprocesser som identifierades för de tre utbildnings­kategorierna saknade ett standardiserat arbetssätt. I stället var utbildningarna ofta enskilt framtagna och hårt knutna till de enskilda konsulterna. Examensarbetet visar att de två kundorderpunktsmodellerna från tillverkande verksamhet fungerade olika bra för att visualisera graden av kundorderstyrning i utvecklingsprocessen för en konsultverksamhet. Som visualiseringsverktyg fungerade den tvådimensionella kundorderpunktsmodellen lite sämre då den inte visade så stor skillnad mellan de beskrivna processerna. Modellen för utvecklings- och designprocessen var mer nyanserad och fungerade bättre för att indikera vilken aktivitet i utvecklingsprocessen som var kundorderdriven. Implikationer – Kundorderpunktsmodellerna är skapade för en tillverkande verksamhet som producerar fysiska varor och genom att testa modellerna på en tjänsteverksamhet utmanas modellens ramverk och funktion. Detta examensarbete har bidragit till att täcka en del av det identifierade teoretiska gapet i användningen av kundorderpunktsmodeller mellan tillverkande verksamhet och tjänsteverksamhet. Vidare forskning – För att bidra till att täcka det teoretiska gapet kan förslagsvis den tvådimensionella kundorderpunktsmodellen vidareutvecklas och anpassas helt för tjänsteverksamhet. En person med akademisk kunskap om tjänsteverksamhet och kundorderpunktsteorier skulle kunna bidra med ny teori inom området. Det skulle också vara intressant att undersöka om det går att kombinera de två kundorderpunktsmodellerna som presenterats i detta examensarbete. / Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to describe the development process for educations within consulting with customer order decoupling point models commonly used within manufacturing operations. The purpose has been broken down into two parts: Objective: To describe the development process for educations within a consultancy. Objective: To position the development process for educations based on the customer order decoupling point models. Method – In order to meet the thesis purpose, a case study was conducted on the engineering consultancy Combitech AB in Jönköping. To provide a basis for the theoretical framework a literature study was performed. To collect empirical data a case study including interviews and a document study was conducted. The empirical data were then analysed against the theoretical framework, and through pattern matching the customer order decoupling points were positioned into the models. The analysis has helped to achieve the thesis purpose. Findings – The engineering process that was identified for the three educational categories lacked a standardized approach. Instead, programs were often individually designed and tightly tied to the individual consultants. The thesis shows that the two customer order decoupling point models from manufacturing operations varied in usefulness to visualize the degree of customer order management in the engineering process of a consultancy business. As a visualization tool the two-dimensional customer order decoupling point model was of limited value because it didn’t show much difference between the processes described. The model for the engineering and design process was more nuanced and worked better to indicate which activities in the engineering process that were customer order driven. Implications – The customer order decoupling point models are created for manufacturing operations that produce physical goods and by testing these models on a service, the model framework and function is challenged. This thesis has helped to cover a part of the identified theoretical gap in the use of customer order decoupling point models between manufacturing operations and service operations. Limitations – To help cover the theoretical gap the two-dimensional customer order decoupling point model can tentatively be further developed and fully customized for service operations. A person with an academic knowledge of service and customer order decoupling point theories could help create new theory in the field. It would also be interesting to investigate whether it is possible to combine the two customer order decoupling point models presented in this thesis. / KOPtimera

Det har blivit allt mer viktigt för företag att ta ansvar inom områdena miljö, ekonomi och samhälle. Företag använder sig av CSR-kommunikation för att visa vilka handlingar de vidtar för att uppfylla dessa förväntningar och erhålla legitimitet. Det förekommer dock att CSR-kommunikationen inte överensstämmer med verkligheten. Det skapas då ett gap mellan företagens symboliska och substantiva handlingar, vilket benämns som CSR-decoupling. Företag i USA kontra Västeuropa befinner sig på olika marknader när det kommer till företagskulturer. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka användandet av CSR-decoupling i USA och Västeuropa. Studien undersöker även verkställande direktörens makt och intressenternas krav för att se om dessa faktorer påverkar användandet av CSR-decoupling. Studien är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som bygger på data bestående av amerikanska börsnoterade företag och västeuropeiska börsnoterade företag. Hypoteserna besvaras utifrån tidigare forskning och resultatet från en regressionsanalys samt t-test. Resultatet från regressionsanalysen visar att användandet av CSR-decoupling är större i USA än i Västeuropa, medan t-testet visar det motsatta. Av studien kunde inget samband fastställas mellan verkställande direktörens makt och CSR-decoupling. Resultatet visade däremot ett positivt samband mellan intressenternas krav och CSR-decoupling, samt att västeuropeiska börsnoterade företag påverkas mer av intressenternas krav när det kommer till användandet av decouplingstrategier. / It has become increasingly important for companies to take responsibility in the areas of environment, economy and society. Companies use CSR-communication to show what actions they are taking to meet these expectations and gain legitimacy. However, it happens that CSR-communication does not correspond to reality. This creates a gap between the companies' symbolic and substantive actions, which is referred to as CSR-decoupling. Companies in the U.S versus Western Europe are in different markets when it comes to corporate cultures. This study therefore aims to research the use of CSR-decoupling in the United States and Western Europe. We also examine the CEO's power and stakeholder requirements to see if these factors affect the use of CSR-decoupling. The study is a quantitative cross-sectional study based on data consisting of U.S listed companies and Western European listed companies. The hypotheses are answered based on previous research and the results of a regression analysis and t-test. The results from the regression analysis show that the use of CSR-decoupling is greater in the U.S than in Western Europe, while the t-test show the opposite. From the study, no statistical relationship could be established between the CEO's power and CSR-decoupling. The result, on the other hand, showed a positive statistical relationship between stakeholder requirements and CSR-decoupling, and that Western European listed companies are more affected by stakeholder requirements when it comes to the use of decoupling strategies.

In this work, the feasibility to perform substructuring technique with experimental data is demonstrated. This investigation examines two structures with different additional mass‑loads, i.e. transmission simulators (TSs). The two structures are a single blade and the hub together with two blades from an Ampair 600 wind turbine. Simulation data from finite element models of the TSs are numerically decoupled from each of the two structures. The resulting two structures are coupled to each other. The calculations are made exclusively in the frequency domain. A comparison between the predicted behavior from this assembled structure and measurements on the full hub with all three blades is carried out. The result is discouraging for the implemented method. It shows major problems, even though the measurements were performed in a laboratory environment.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the CDP-method in order to develop and refine the method. The method is developed and presented in Bäckstrand (2012), with the aim to strengthen the competitiveness of manufacturing companies. Someone outside of the development context has never, until now and to the researchers knowledge, refined the method. Methodology: A multiple case study with four companies where used. The empirical data collected within the study where used to evaluate the CDP-method and to refine the method. The presented improvement is based on the empirical data and conceptual models developed from theory. Findings: Three improvements were developed. The first of them changed step 8 of the method, the second can´t be tied to a single step and is therefore an overall suggestion, whereas the third provides a new type of analysis within step 6 of the method. Research limitations: The research was conducted at companies where the CDP-method was already implemented. An implementation at a new company could possibly reveal another type of empirical data, which could be interpreted in a different way. The researchers have also detected areas that couldn’t be investigated within this research, these are identified and left for further research. Theoretical implications: Results from this thesis connect the classification of supply risk by Kraljic (1983) with supply chain strategy by Fisher (1997) to enable a new type of analysis. Furthermore, theory within the standardization and over-specification (e.g. Burt, Petcavage & Pinkerton, 2010; Geldeman & van Weele, 2002) is introduced and incorporated in the CDP-method. A third implication is a reinforced focus on strategy in combination with the CDP-method, which is based on theory regarding strategic alignment (e.g. Gattorna & Walter, 1996; Hines, 2004). Managerial implications: The new analysis should, together with the CDP-method as a whole, strengthen adopting companies supply chain and improve internal and external communication. Originality/value: This thesis provides a new set of analysis in the CDP-method that could benefit practitioners.

In this study we are going to analyse the criteria, on which Stockholm’s Municipality distribute public grants to cultural and sport organizations. Public funding is very importantfor many organisations, and even it is necessary for survival for some of the organisations. Although previous studies give some criticism for the criteria of the public funding. It is claimed that these criteria are not clear enough, or might have an impact on the activities in organisations. In order to achieve most objective results, we have used a qualitative research method, by interviewing representatives from cultural and sports sector. Study reviews the existing criteria of the local administrations in Stockholm for concession of financial support to the different organizations active in the field of culture and sports. Using as an argument the testimonies of the same actors involved in these areas, the study tries to find out the effects of those criteria on both social activities. During this study, new institutional theories, concerning legitimacy, decoupling and isomorphism, were used. The results of this study shows that the criteria are quite different for different types of organisations. They affect one organization and the other in a very different way. For cultural organizations the criteria havea direct effect, determining their future activities and projects. Although, for sportsorganizations the influence of the criteria is more an administrative routine that must becarried out, according to established standards.

Based on the limited outcomes and often failed implementation processes of annual employee surveys a new phenomenon for collecting people data has risen; the pulsed employee survey. This survey and its continuous way of measuring are by many providers and consultants stated to be an important tool that increases employee engagement. The phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey has so far received limited academic attention, despite its growing importance as a potential institutionalized practice. Therefore, this study aims at broadening the understanding of the phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey. How is it transformed into organizations during an implementation process and can the process be seen as coupled or decoupled from the institutionalized practice? Further, what explains the potential coupling or decoupling? To investigate this, a model based on decoupling theories by Bromley & Powell(2012) has been used through a qualitative case study. The result shows that, even though the surveys are implemented into the organizations, means-ends decoupling can be found, whichmay be explained by the complexity of what is measured as well as the multifaceted expectations and perceptions at different organizational levels.

Les travaux entrepris au cours de cette thèse ont permis de concevoir des stratégies de commande de systèmes multivariables (outils d’analyse et méthodes de synthèse) en vue de leur application au développement de lois de commande d’un turbopropulseur.D’un point de vue fonctionnel, un turbopropulseur est un système multivariable comprenant deux grandeurs de commande : le débit carburant à injecter dans la chambre de combustion et le pas de l’hélice, ainsi que deux grandeurs de sortie : la puissance délivrée par l’hélice et sa vitesse de rotation. Ces variables sont fortement couplées, ce qui signifie que des variations de l’une entraînent des écarts sur l’autre. L’objectif de ces travaux est de synthétiser des lois de commande facilement ajustables, permettant de respecter des spécifications classiques en Automatique (temps de réponse, dépassement, erreur statique) et de réduire les couplages entre les différentes grandeurs régulées. Dans ce contexte industriel, les approches décentralisées sans et avec découplage sont envisagées. La stratégie décentralisée pure met en œuvre un correcteur diagonal, ce qui revient à asservir un système par plusieurs boucles monovariables indépendantes. Bien que relativement facile à synthétiser et à implanter, la stratégie décentralisée ne permet pas d’atteindre les performances souhaitées en présence d’interactions importantes. Dans ce cas, il est possible de l’associer à des compensateurs permettant de diminuer les interactions.Une part importante de ces travaux de recherche concerne le développement méthodologique de ces stratégies. La définition d’une stratégie de commande est la première étape. Pour cela, la quantification du niveau d’interaction dans un système se révèle importante. Celle-ci peut être réalisée à l’aide de différentes méthodes et indicateurs qui s’appuient sur les réponses fréquentielles ou temporelles du système, ou encore sur les grammiens de commandabilité et d’observabilité. Une procédure systématique d’analyse des interactions a été proposée afin de déterminer la stratégie de commande la plus adaptée en fonction des interactions. Dans le cas où l’analyse des interactions conduit à adopter une stratégie décentralisée, les régulateurs peuvent être synthétisés à l’aide de méthodes monoboucles ou multiboucles. Les premières ne prennent pas en compte les interactions tandis que les secondes, plus élaborées mais également plus complexes à mettre en œuvre, permettent de les prendre spécifiquement en compte. A la suite de l’analyse de ces méthodes, une étude récapitulative présentant les méthodes préconisées en fonction du procédé et des objectifs, est finalement proposée. Dans le cas où l’analyse des interactions montre un niveau de couplage trop important, il est possible d’associer des compensateurs à la régulation décentralisée. Les compensateurs ont pour but de découpler les commandes vis-à-vis des sorties du procédé. Différentes méthodes et structures de découplage ont été étudiées et comparées. Une procédure de découplage, composée des méthodes considérées comme les plus efficaces a finalement été mise en place. / In this Ph.D. thesis, we explore the different steps of designing a decentralized control applied on a turboprop engine.From the control point of view, the turboprop engine is a TITO (Two-Input Two-Output) process. The fuel flow is used to control the shaft power while the blade pitch angle is used to control the propeller speed. The turboprop presents important couplings between manipulated variables and controlled variables. When the fuel flow changes, the propeller speed is impacted. Similarly, when controlling the blade pitch angle to change the propeller speed to another level, the shaft power is affected, particularly during the transient states. The main objective of this research thesis is to design control laws for the turboprop. Beside technical specifications like response time and overshoot, couplings between loops have to be reduced as much as possible and control laws have to be robust to model uncertainties. For this industrial environment a decentralized strategy (with or without compensators) has been chosen. The decentralized strategy consists in designing monoloop controllers in order to drive the multivariable system. The decentralized strategy presents important benefits, such as flexibility as well as design simplicity, but is not efficient in presence of heavy couplings. In that case, it is possible to use compensators that reduce existing process interactions before designing the monoloop controllers.An important part of this work focuses on the development of these different strategies.The first step is the choice of the control structure, which strongly depends on the level of interaction. Despite the availability of different metrics - based on frequential responses, temporal responses, or Gramian – it is not easy to know which one is the most appropriate. Based on the analysis of couplings with different metrics, a procedure is proposed in order to choose the structure and the controllers design method.If the coupling analysis leads to adopt a decentralized strategy, the controllers can be designed using monoloop or multiloop methods. The first ones are simple but do not take couplings into account, whereas multiloop methods take specifically couplings into account but are more complicated. These tuning methods have been studied and recommendations have finally been made to choose the most appropriated method depending on the process and the requirements.In cases where the couplings analysis reveals a high couplings level, compensators can be associated with the decentralized strategy. The objectives of the compensators are to reduce couplings in the system and to facilitate the design of monoloop controllers. Several decoupling structures have been studied and compared. A decoupling procedure has then been proposed.These methodological studies have been applied to the turboprop engine. Following the coupling analysis, a decentralized strategy with decoupling has been chosen. After following the decoupling procedure and trying different solutions, the inverted decoupler has been adopted. Considering the dynamics of the system and the total decoupling provided by the inverted decoupler, PI controllers have been used and a monoloop tuning method has been chosen. In order to guarantee the desired performances over the whole flight envelope, control laws have been interpolated, using a gain scheduling technique. The structured singular value approach has then been used to demonstrate the robustness of the control laws with model uncertainties. Control laws have finally been implemented in the control software and simulation results have illustrated their good performances.

Neste trabalho, consideramos o problema de desacoplamento de perturbações por realimentação dinâmica regular do estado para sistemas não lineares afins. Utilizando a abordagem geométrica-diferencial, estabelecemos condições necessárias e suficientes de solução de tal problema. Mostramos que tais condições são baseadas na geometria de um sistema estendido, obtido pela colocação de integradores em série com as entradas do sistema original. Quando tal problema e solúvel, mostramos também que o algoritmo de extensão dinâmica permite a construção do compensador solução. Como um subproduto de tais técnicas, obtemos uma forma geométrica de determinação da estrutura algébrica no infinito, através da geometria do sistema estendido. / In this work we consider the Problem of Disturbance Decoupling by Regular Dynamic Feedback for the class of affine nonlinear systems. We use the so-called Differential Geometric Approach to derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for this problem\'s solution. We show that the solvability of this problem is governed by the geometry of an Extended System obtained by putting integrators in series with the inputs of the original system. When the necessary conditions are satisfied, we show that the well known dynamic extension algorithm can be used to construct a solution. We also show that the algebraic structure at infinity can be computed by geometric methods with the aid of the Extended System.

Neste trabalho, consideramos o problema de desacoplamento de perturbações por realimentação dinâmica regular do estado para sistemas não lineares afins. Utilizando a abordagem geométrica-diferencial, estabelecemos condições necessárias e suficientes de solução de tal problema. Mostramos que tais condições são baseadas na geometria de um sistema estendido, obtido pela colocação de integradores em série com as entradas do sistema original. Quando tal problema e solúvel, mostramos também que o algoritmo de extensão dinâmica permite a construção do compensador solução. Como um subproduto de tais técnicas, obtemos uma forma geométrica de determinação da estrutura algébrica no infinito, através da geometria do sistema estendido. / In this work we consider the Problem of Disturbance Decoupling by Regular Dynamic Feedback for the class of affine nonlinear systems. We use the so-called Differential Geometric Approach to derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for this problem\'s solution. We show that the solvability of this problem is governed by the geometry of an Extended System obtained by putting integrators in series with the inputs of the original system. When the necessary conditions are satisfied, we show that the well known dynamic extension algorithm can be used to construct a solution. We also show that the algebraic structure at infinity can be computed by geometric methods with the aid of the Extended System.