Polarized helium-3 is used as a contrast agent for lungs magnetic resonance imaging that has recently reached the pre-clinical applications. One method to hyperpolarize 3He is the metastability exchange optical pumping (MEOP). Optical pumping is performed in standard conditions at low pressure (~ 1 mbar) and low magnetic field (~ 1 Gauss). In this work, the complete update of a low field polarizer dedicated to small animal lungs imaging is presented. The implementation of a new 10 W laser, new peristaltic compressor and others components resulted in a production of 3-4 scc/min for a polarization between 30 to 40%. Images of rat lungs made with better resolution and a new dynamic radial sequence are presented as a validation of the system. Since few years, MEOP has also been studied at higher pressures and higher magnetic fields in small sealed cells. It showed that, thanks to hyperfine decoupling effect induced by high magnetic field, it was also possible to efficiently polarize at higher pressure (67 mbar). Experiments done at 4.7 and 1.5 T are reported in this work. The first ones show a benefic (higher polarization values) and a negative effect (lower production rates) of the magnetic field. The seconds highlight the advantage of using an annular beam shape of the laser that matches the distribution of 23S state atoms at higher pressure. Nuclear polarization values of 66.4% at 32 mbar and 31% at 267 mbar were obtained in 20 mL sealed cells and a 10 times increase in the production rate compare to best standard conditions. These promising results were the first motivation for building a high-field polarizer working inside MRI scanner in hospital. The design and the construction of such a polarizer are described in detail in the last part of the dissertation. The polarizer produces hyperpolarize 3He at 30-40% with a 4 times higher flow than the low field polarizer (10-15 scc/min). The first good quality human lungs images made in Poland with healthy volunteers are the main result of this work.

This thesis describes theoretical and experimental work whose main aim is the development of techniques for using trapped ⁴³Ca⁺ ions for quantum information processing. I present a rate equations model of ⁴³Ca⁺, and compare it with experimental data. The model is then used to investigate and optimise an electron-shelving readout method from a ground-level hyperfine qubit. The process is robust against common experimental imperfections. A shelving fidelity of up to 99.97% is theoretically possible, taking 100 μs. The laser pulse sequence can be greatly simplified for only a small reduction in the fidelity. The simplified method is tested experimentally with fidelities up to 99.8%. The shelving procedure could be applied to other commonly-used species of ion qubit. An entangling two-qubit quantum controlled-phase gate was attempted between a ⁴⁰Ca⁺ and a ⁴³Ca⁺ ion. The experiment did not succeed due to frequent decrystallisation of the ion pair, and strong motional decoherence. The source of the problems was never identified despite significant experimental effort, and the decision was made to suspend the experiments and continue them in an improved ion trap which is under construction. A sequence of pi-pulses, inspired by the Hahn spin-echo, was derived that is capable of greatly reducing dephasing of any qubit. If the qubit precession frequency varies with time as an nth-order polynomial, an (n+1) pulse sequence is theoretically capable of perfectly cancelling the resulting phase error. The sequence is used on a 43Ca+ magnetic-field-sensitive hyperfine qubit, with 20 pulses increasing the coherence time by a factor of 75 compared to an experiment without any spin-echo. In our ambient noise environment the well-known Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill dynamic-decoupling method was found to be comparably effective.

Becoming business-like is a phenomenon that is gaining more and more attention in the non-profit sector. One aspect within this phenomenon is professionalization; which implies that there are an increased number of professional employees, higher demands on volunteers, and that there is a perception that experts should be in charge. This has influenced the governance of non-profit organizations to become more business-like through greater formalities, increased competence and education. At the same time, these organizations are expected to be driven primarily by volunteers, which limits the possibilities for formal control. The field of research has found that professionalization is a widespread phenomenon, but has not considered what happens to business-like organizational ideas when they travel within the organization. This study contributes to the field of research by increasing the understanding of how professionalization manifests itself in terms of management at different organizational levels, as well as how this affects the non-profit identity. Following an in-depth qualitative case study of the Swedish Red Cross, this study concludes that professionalization is primarily expressed in management through a strong focus on professional skills and increased administrative requirements, and that it appears to be an influential aspect of two different organizational identities. This is based on 13 interviews with people at three different organizational levels, seven participatory observations at the second-hand shop Kupan, as well as analysis of externally and internally produced documentation. By using translation theory, the study shows that professional ideas undergo editing and translation when they travel within the organization. Thus, the study's conclusions also indicate that professionalization decreases at lower levels. Nevertheless, the perception of two different organizational identities remains a consequence of decoupling; a strategy to meet the environment's expectations of being both a professional and non-profit organization. This creates a distance between the organizational levels and reduces the individuals sense of belonging. Furthermore, this study shows that further research is needed examining what happens to ideas about professionalization when they travel within organizations, to truly understand the phenomenon. / Att bli företagslik är ett fenomen som får allt mer uppmärksamhet inom den ideella sektorn. En aspekt av detta fenomen är professionalisering; vilket tidigare forskning menar innebär att andelen professionella anställda ökar, att det ställs högre krav på volontärer och att det finns en uppfattning om att experter ska vara ansvariga. Detta har influerat styrningen i ideella organisationer att bli mer företagslik genom högre formalitet, kompetens och utbildning. Samtidigt förväntas dessa organisationer primärt drivas av volontärer, vilket begränsar möjligheterna för formell styrning. Forskningsfältet har konstaterat att professionalisering är ett utbrett fenomen men har inte undersökt vad som händer med företagslika organisationsidéer när de sprids inom organisationen. Denna studie bidrar till forskningsfältet genom att öka förståelsen för hur professionalisering tar sig i uttryck i styrningen på olika organisatoriska nivåer, samt hur detta påverkar den ideella identiteten. Efter en ingående kvalitativ fallstudie av Svenska Röda Korset är studiens slutsatser att professionalisering främst uttrycks i styrningen genom ett stort fokus på professionell kompetens och ökade administrativa krav, samt att det verkar vara en influerande aspekt till två olika organisationsidentiteter. Detta baseras på 13 intervjuer med personer på tre olika organisatoriska nivåer, sju deltagande observationer på second hand-butiken Kupan, samt analys av externa och interna dokument. Genom att använda translationsteori visar studien att professionella idéer genomgår redigering och översättning när de sprids inom organisationen. Således indikerar studiens slutsatser även att professionaliseringen avtar på lägre nivåer. Trots detta kvarstår uppfattningen om två olika organisationsidentiteter som är en konsekvens av särkoppling; en strategi för att möta omgivningens förväntningar om att vara både en professionell och ideell organisation. Detta skapar en distans mellan de organisatoriska nivåerna och minskar individernas känsla av tillhörighet. Därmed visar denna studie att det behövs ytterligare forskning om vad som händer med idéer om professionalisering när de sprids inom organisationer, för att verkligen förstå fenomenet.

This research aims to fill an important gap in focusing on why individuals are able to take part in and/or support activities that have effects on economic, environmental, and social dimensions that are not consistent with their sense of right and wrong. The research focuses on the relationship between supply chain management and moral disengagement, and how this relation affects social responsibility. After observing individuals avoiding responsibility for misconduct an explanatory concept, moral decoupling, was proposed. Moral decoupling considers moral responsibility a flow in the supply chain. Moral decoupling occurs when the flow is restricted. If moral decoupling occurs at an identifiable point it is called a moral decoupling point. The concept was developed by identifying and linking specific supply chain activities and structures with moral disengagement, a theory that explains the deactivation of self regulation. Moral decoupling was able to suggest how to reduce moral disengagement and improve social responsibility. To validate the suggestions a literature review on social responsibility was conducted and identified sixteen elements of social responsibility in supply chain management. The suggestions based on moral disengagement were compared with elements of social responsibility and a large overlap was found. Lastly, suggestions on how to reduce moral disengagement and map moral responsibility in a supply network are proposed, links between elements of social responsibility are presented, and moral coupling is added as a complementary term to moral decoupling. A model explaining the relationship between ethical guidelines, moral responsibility, moral decoupling, and social responsibility is proposed. In relation to current theoretical knowledge the thesis has contributed to the field of socially responsible supply chain management with an application of a new theoretical lens that gives one explanation as to why identifed elements of social responsibility are important. The understanding of social responsibility has reached an increased explanatory depth following the identification of moral disengagement as a generative mechanism, subject to conditions in supply chain management. The research has also applied moral disengagement in a context not identified in earlier research, and shows some of the complexity of applying it to a real-world global context. The elements of social responsibility and moral (de)coupling help practitioners identify what they should focus on to increase social responsibility and also offer an explanation for `why?'. The findings can be used to construct supply chains that are less prone to misconduct and to identify where in the chain it is important to be aware of immoral behavior. The value and originality of this research is centered on the application of a new theoretical lens for socially responsible supply chain management. It is the only identified research in the area which identifies mechanisms on a generative level that explains human behavior and conditions to which those mechanisms are subject. This is also in itself a novel application of moral disengagement in a new research context. / <p>Doctoral thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Textile Management at the University of Borås to be publicly defended on Wednesday, December 10, 2014, at 1:00 p.m.,in room M404, University of Bor as, Allégatan 1, Borås</p>

Le gaz électrogénéré dans les réacteurs électrochimiques est un phénomène à la fois électrochimique et hydrodynamique. La chute ohmique dans la solution électrolyte est l'un des paramètres importants à évaluer pour l'optimisation des réacteurs électrochimiques. Elle est due à la résistance de la solution, donc, à sa conductivité électrique et la distance entre les deux électrodes. Pour réduire la consommation énergétique de la cellule de réduction électrolytique de particules d'hématite en fer métallique, on a étudié la conception des anodes, sièges de la production des bulles d'oxygène, dans deux cellules équivalentes d'électrolyse d'eau dans un milieu alcalin. Les résultats ont montré que seulement 25% de l'anode est réellement active et que le taux de rétention augmente le long de l'anode et les bulles atteignent leur vitesse terminale dès 50% de la hauteur de l'anode. Ceci nous a permis de formuler des recommandations qui permettent d'avoir les meilleures conditions de désengagement des bulles électrogénérées, pour une consommation énergétique plus faible du procédé électrochimique / Electrogenerated gas in electrochemical reactors is considered as an electrochemical and hydrodynamic phenomenon. The ohmic drop in the electrolyte solution is one of important parameter to evaluate for the optimization design of electrochemical reactors. It is due to the resistance of the solution, therefore, its electrical conductivity and of the distance between the two electrodes. To reduce the energy consumption of the electrolytic reduction cell of hematite particles to metallic iron, we studied the design of anode, the location of oxygen bubbles production, in two equivalent cells for water electrolysis in an alkali media. The results showed that the gas hold up increases along the anode and only 25% of the initial anode height is actually active. Moreover the bubbles reach their terminal velocity after 50% of the initial anode height. This allowed us to formulate recommendations that allow the best conditions of bubbles electrogenerated disengagement and low energy consumption

La thèse s'intéresse à la durabilité du système de transport de marchandises en Europe et en France au travers de la dialectique "couplage-découplage" de la demande de transport par rapport à la croissance. Parmi les mécanismes et facteurs sous-jacents, la distance, comme objet de recherche, permet de mettre en exergue l'évolution des stratégies d'implantation géographiques des activités productives et distributives. L'approche méthodologique du découplage par la géographie a pour objectif d'apporter des éléments de réponse en faveur d'une limitation de la dépendance à la distance. L'étude empirique, par famille de produits, montre que les leviers d'action se situent principalement dans la composante servicielle du transport. Leur application auprès de l'ensemble des acteurs de la chaîne logistique globale passera par le biais de mesures incitatives d'origine publique. / This thesis deals with the sustainability of the freight transport system in Europe and France thanks to the coupling between freight transport and economic growth. Among the underlying mechanisms and factors, distance as an object of research allows us to highlight the evolution of geographical location strategies productive and distributive activities. The methodological approach of geographicallt decoupling aims to help understand concepts of a limited dependence on distance. The empirical study, divided into product families, shows that the levers are mainly in the transport service-based component. Their application to all stakeholders in the global supply chain will pass through incentives from public sources.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar a técnica de dupla ressonância denominada Desacoplamento Heteronuclear em Banda Larga. Tal técnica consiste em eliminar a interação dipolar magnética nuclear existente entre núcleos atômicos raros que desejamos observar (13C, por exemplo) e núcleos atômicos abundantes que existem em sua vizinhança (1H, por exemplo). Para implementar algumas das técnicas de Desacoplamento Heteronuclear em Banda Larga (DBL), foi desenvolvido o instrumental eletrônico necessário, que consistiu em projeto e construção de moduladores de pulsos de radiofreqüência com controle de fase, em programação de seqüências especiais de pulsos para DBL e em sistemas de controle digital. As técnicas de DBL implementadas foram: \"Noise Modulation\", \"Squarewave modulation\", \"MLEV-64\" e \"WALTZ-16\". Avaliamos o desempenho destas técnicas através de resultados experimentais obtidos utilizando o composto ADAMANTANO (Cl10H16). Todos os equipamentos desenvolvidos foram incorporados ao espectrômetro de alta resolução por ressonância magnética nuclear existente no Laboratório de Espectroscopia de Alta Resolução (LEAR), do Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, USP, e estão sendo utilizados rotineiramente nos experimentos de espectroscopia de alta resolução / The goal of this work was to improve the double resonance technique called Broadband Heteronuclear Decoupling. This technique consists on eliminate the dipolar heteronuclear interaction that exists between rare nucleous (13C, for example) and abundant nucleous that exists around (1H, for example). To improve some techniques of Broadband Heteronuclear Decoupling (BBDec), an electronic apparatus was made, which consisted of design and implementation of radiofrequency pulse modulators with phase control, special BBDec pulse sequences programming and digital control systems. The implemented Broadband Heteronuclear Decoupling techniques were: Noise Modulation, Square-wave Modulation, MLEV-64 sequence and WALTZ-16 sequence. We evaluated the performance of these techniques utilizing the experimental results obtained with the sample ADAMANTANO (Cl10H16). All developed apparatus was incorporated with the high resolution NMR spectrometer that exists at the High Resolution Spectroscopy Laboratory (LEAR), of the Instituto de Física de Sao Carlos, USP, and are being used at all high resolution NMR experiments

Purpose: While research on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been lagging, even less can be found on municipally-owned enterprises (MOEs). The authors intend to use literature covering SOEs and apply them on MOEs in an analogue fashion. This study aims to uncover similarities and differences between the two aforementioned types of public ownership and contribute to the field of MOEs. This would allow for future researchers of MOEs to know in what way previous findings on SOEs is accurate and where extra caution must be placed. The authors will also consider the implications of institutional theory and how this can be used to understand the reality MOEs find themselves in. Design/methodology/approach: The authors has employed a qualitative approach where eleven MOEs have been interviewed. All of the eleven enterprises were located in the Swedish province of Värmland. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured fashion and the analysis was achieved through a mix of selective and open coding. Findings: Enterprises matched expectations from stakeholders, where higher demands were met with greater social care and lower expectations facilitated a business approach. Furthermore, enterprises viewed their owners as the most important stakeholders and were willing to make decisions that favored them, even if other stakeholder groups disbenefit from this. Furthermore, a combination of actively searching for legitimacy and relying on institutional theory was employed by the MOEs, which could possibly contribute to institutional theory. Research limitations/implications for future research: Further research into these matters are of interest to build on the understanding of SOEs and apply them to MOEs. It is suggested to conduct a study including MOEs of greater size, as most organizations included in this study were too small to ‘successfully’ implement non-acquiescence matters such as decoupling and mission drift. Furthermore, a case-study of a single organization would perhaps shed some light on this matter, as this study’s focus on eleven enterprises has a bit of a tendency to only scratch the surface.

Differentiation of the lithospheric mantle occurred principally through partial melting and extraction of melts. Harzburgites are generally considered as melting residues whereas lherzolites are regarded as pristine mantle weakly affected by melting. However, some orogenic peridotites show evidence of igneous refertilization. In this context, this work re-investigates the nature of the Lherz lherzolites (Pyrenees), type-locality of lherzolites, described as a piece of preserved fertile mantle. Structural and geochemical data show that these lherzolites are not pristine but formed through a refertilization reaction between MORB-like melts and refractory lithosphere. Moreover, the Lherz peridotites were partly used to infer the composition of the primitive upper mantle and these results may have important implications for the nature of the late veneer. Additionally, crystal-preferred orientations of minerals (CPO) highlight a strong feedback between melt percolation and finite strain in the percolated rocks. CPO variations are ruled by a subtle balance between instantaneous melt fraction and local strain rate. This work also investigated the effect of melt percolation on Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes. Isotope systematics in Lherz shows that strong isotopic decoupling may arise in a percolation front. The modelling suggests that decoupled isotopic signatures are generated during porous flow and governed by the melt/matrix elements concentrations, chemical diffusivities or efficiency of isotopic homogenization. Melt-rock interactions can generate “intraplate-like” isotopic signatures. This suggests that a part of isotopic signatures of mantle-related rocks could be generated by diffusional processes associated with melt transport.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en djupare insikt om hur en frikoppling mellan redovisning och beskattning skulle kunna se ut. Genom att undersöka hur revisionsbolagen ställer sig till SamRoBs förslag om en frikoppling, SOU 2008:80, och vilka konsekvenser ett avskaffande av det materiella sambandet kan medföra för K2-företagen vill vi skapa en djupare förståelse i diskussionen om en total frikoppling av det materiella sambandet för K2-företagen.</p><p>Uppsatsens undersökning utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och har en analytisk ansats. Data består av primär- och sekundärdata som kritiskt granskas för att bedöma undersökningens giltighet och tillförlitlighet.</p><p>För att skapa förståelse kring sambandet mellan redovisning och beskattning presenteras relevanta begrepp och teorier. Vidare redogörs för innehållet i utredningen SOU 2008:80.</p><p>Empirin presenterar respondenternas åsikter och synpunkter om utredningens, SOU 2008:80, förslag om en frikoppling mellan redovisning och beskattning. Respondenterna avser tre anställda från tre av de största revisionsbolagen i Sverige.</p><p>För K2 företag innebär en frikoppling i praktiken en samordning. Om SamRoBs förslag anpassas till K2 reglerna kommer det nya regelverket i längden innebära en förenkling för K2 företagen. I stora drag kommer inte revisorernas arbete att förändras även om dagens revisorer kan tycka att arbetsbördan blir tyngre.</p> / <p>The purpose of the thesis is to gain a deeper insight into a decoupling between accounting and taxation. By a study on the audit firms’ attitude concerning SamRoBs proposal on decoupling and what affects K2 companies may be facing are we intending to create a deeper understanding in the discussion of a total decoupling of the material relationship for K2 companies.</p><p>The study is based on a qualitative research and has an analytical approach. The data consists of primary and secondary data that is critically reviewed to assess the validity and reliability of the study.</p><p>In order to create understanding of the relationship between accounting and taxation relevant concepts and theories are presented. The contents of SOU 2008:80 will also be described.</p><p>The empirical data presents the respondents´ views and comments on the proposal, SOU 2008:80, for a decoupling between accounting and taxation. Respondents interviewed were three employees from three of the largest audit firms in Sweden.</p><p>The true meaning of decoupling for K2 companies in practice is coordination. If SamRoBs proposal is adapted to the K2 regulation a new framework will appear and in the long run involve a simplification for K2 companies. Broadly, the work of the auditing firms will not mean considerable changes even though current auditors may think the workload will increase.</p>