The purpose of this study is to explore the cognition of national defense education among students of general/vocational senior high schools or above in southern Taiwan. The theoretical basis for this study is explored with a review of the relevant literature. From this, the research framework and tools are established and designed respectively. Stratified random sampling is adopted with students of general/vocational senior high schools or above in southern Taiwan as the research subjects. A total of 600 questionnaires were issued and 568 valid copies were collected, reaching a return rate of 95%. The data of valid questionnaires are analyzed via Independent Samples t-test and One-Way ANOVA. After data processing and analysis, the results are as follows: I. Students of general/vocational senior high schools or above in southern Taiwan have a medium-upper level of cognition with respect to national defense education. II. General/vocational senior high school or above level students in southern Taiwan are significantly different in their cognition with respect to national defense education due to variables in their personal backgrounds. 1. Male students have a significantly perceive the aspects and overall concepts of national defense education better than female students. 2. Students of public schools have stronger ¡§cognitions¡¨ and ¡§attitudes¡¨ concerning national defense education and perceive the overall concepts of national defense education better than those of private schools. 3. Students of general/vocational senior high schools show stronger ¡§cognition¡¨ towards national defense education than college/university students; students of vocational senior high schools show stronger ¡§cognition concerning the overall national defense education¡¨ than vocational college/university students. 4. Students who have joined national defense education related activities two or three times show a stronger ¡§attitude¡¨ than those joining related activities no more than once. 5. Students attend school in Tainan city show stronger ¡§behavior,¡¨ ¡§cognition,¡¨ and ¡§cognition concerning overall national defense education¡¨ than those who attend school in Kaohsiung city.

In the wake of changes in international politics and military situations, considerations for global and regional security have changed accordingly, and the nature of factors leading to conflicts and possible threat forms have also changed constantly. Amid in such new situations of global strategy, we should also view the security threats faced by Taiwan and national strategies of Taiwan from more broad perspectives and make necessary changes to them. Lien Chan, chairman of Kuomingtang, and James Soong, chairman of People First Party, visited China in late April 2005 and early May 2005 repectively, and talked with leaders of China and reached some points of consensus with them. However, China has still retained its policy to invade Taiwan with military forces and is still suffocating the survival space of Taiwan in international arena. China has adopted a measure ¡§political opposition, military confrontation,¡¨ which has proved the most serious threat to national security of Taiwan. Taking the role of world cop and in consideration of her interests in East Asia, the United States has deeply got involved in the peace and military security policies or actions in the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan¡¦s political and economic situations and revolution in military affairs (RMA) have been constrained, intangibly and substantively, by China and the United States. It is natural for most Taiwanese people to think that Taiwan¡¦s budgets for defense and military construction will be more or less influenced by major political incidents that involve the United States, China, and Taiwan. In recent years, Taiwan has been an open society and people have been eager to speak out. The immense budgets of units of the Ministry of National Defense and secret examinations of confidential budgets have indirectly caused insufficient needs of Taiwanese people for the cognition of the budget structure for national defense. This discourse tries to investigate how China¡¦s policy of propaganda attacks and military threats to Taiwan, announcements of national security policies of the United States and China that have to do with Taiwan, and the delicate changes in major political events in Taiwan have influcenced the budgeting of Taiwan¡¦s national defense in recent ten years.

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<p>Plants commonly produce multiple, seemingly redundant defenses, but the reasons for this are poorly understood. The specificity of defenses to particular herbivores could drive investment in multiple defenses. Alternatively, genetic correlations between defenses could lead to their joint expression, even if possessing both defenses is non-adaptive. Plants may produce multiple defenses if putative resistance traits do not reduce damage, forcing plants to rely on tolerance of damage instead. Furthermore, resource shortages caused by herbivore damage could lead to compensatory changes in expression and selection on non-defense traits, such as floral traits. Natural selection could favor producing multiple defenses if synergism between defenses increases the benefits or decrease the costs of producing multiple defenses. Non-linear relationships between the costs and benefits of defense trait investment could also favor multiple defenses.</p><p>Passiflora incarnata (`maypop') is a perennial vine native to the southeast United States that produces both direct, physical traits (leaf toughness and trichomes) and rewards thought to function in indirect defense (extrafloral nectar in a defense mutualism with ants), along with tolerance of herbivore damage. I performed two year-long common garden experiments with clonal replicates of plants originating from two populations. I measured plant fitness, herbivore damage, and defense traits. I ran a genotypic selection analysis to determine if manipulating herbivore damage through a pesticide exclusion treatment presence mediated selection on floral traits, and if herbivore damage led to plastic changes in floral trait expression. To evaluate the role of selection in maintaining multiple defenses, I estimated fitness surfaces for pairwise combinations of defense traits and evaluated where the fitness optima were on each surface. </p><p>I found that resistance traits did not reduce herbivore damage, but plants demonstrated specific tolerance to different classes of herbivore damage. Tolerance was negatively correlated with resistance, raising the possibility that tolerance of herbivore damage instead of resistance may be the key defense in this plant, and that production of the two type of defense is constrained by underlying genetic architecture. Plants with higher levels of generalist beetle damage flowered earlier and produced proportionally more male flowers. I found linear selection for both earlier flowering and a lower proportion of male flowers in the herbivore exclusion treatment. I found that selection favored investment in multiple resistance traits. However, for two tolerance traits or one resistance and one tolerance trait, investment in only one trait was favored. </p><p>These results highlight the possibility of several mechanisms selecting for the expression of multiple traits, including non-defense traits. Resistance traits may have a non-defensive primary function in this plant, and tolerance may instead be a key defense strategy. These results also emphasize the need to consider the type of trait--resistance or tolerance--when making broad predictions about their joint expression.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-78).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2008. / Includes appendixes. Title from PDF title page (viewed May 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52)

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1995. / Cover page date: [1995]. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 21, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-78).

Submitted by PAULO DANIEL WATANABE null (p.daniel.w@uol.com.br) on 2016-03-16T16:54:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WATANABE_TESE FINAL.pdf: 1848396 bytes, checksum: 2f95961ad7f58e48f1bc7aa90b49cab6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-18T13:49:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_pd_dr_mar.pdf: 1848396 bytes, checksum: 2f95961ad7f58e48f1bc7aa90b49cab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T13:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_pd_dr_mar.pdf: 1848396 bytes, checksum: 2f95961ad7f58e48f1bc7aa90b49cab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / A forma pela qual se reinseriu o Japão após sua derrota na Segunda Guerra Mundial faz do Arquipélago um modelo único nas relações internacionais. Com o fim do Império Nipônico, o Japão sofreu diversas mudanças que tiveram impacto na Política Externa japonesa ao longo de mais de 50 anos. Após reaver sua soberania em 1952, e por ser constitucionalmente proibido de manter Forças Armadas, o país formulou sua Política Externa e de Defesa tendo como o pilar principal os Estados Unidos da América, em uma posição de subordinação, como um “free rider”. Esperava-se, contudo, que tal condição não duraria por muito tempo. Previa-se que o Arquipélago se transformaria em uma potência militar assim que se transformasse em uma potência econômica. Até o final do século XX, o Japão não conseguiu atingir o status que lhe era previsto. Entretanto, a partir de 2001, o país ingressou-se em uma política revisionista, o que mudou conceitos, teorias e características que permeavam a Política Externa japonesa. O Japão decidiu mudar seu comportamento em Defesa, o que foi bem visto pelos EUA. A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar a Política de Defesa do Japão e suas principais mudanças na primeira década do século XXI. / The way Japan entered the international community after its defeat in World War II makes it a unique model in the international relations. After the end of the Japanese Empire, Japan has gone through many changes that impacted its foreign policy during the next 50 years. After restoring its sovereignty in 1952 and under a constitutional ban on any armed forces, Japan formulated its foreign and defense policy centered in the US, under a subordinated role, as a free rider. It was expected, however, that such condition would not last for a long time. It was expected that Japan would turn into a military power after being a economic power. At the end of the 20th century, Japan did not reach the role that was foreseen. Nevertheless, from 2001 on, Japan started a revisionist policy, which has changed concepts, theories and characteristics that described the Japanese foreign policy. Japan then decided to change its behavior in defense and it was welcomed by the US. This thesis analyses the defense policy of Japan and its main changes during the first decade of the 21st century.