The digitization of classical control systems presents a number of challenges and opportunities with respect to the miniaturization, distribution, reliability verification and obsolescence of both the controller and the underlying system under control. A method for the design of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) compensators realized in the form of all-digital components is presented. All-digital refers to a system implementation that is realizable with a wide range of digital logic components including discrete digital logic elements and programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays. The proportional, integral and derivative components of the classical PID control law were re-envisioned in terms of frequency of occurrences or counts for adaptation to combinatorial and sequential digital logic. Modification of the control scheme around this newly formed representation of system error enables the development of a PID-like FPGA-based or PLD-based controller. Details of the design of an all-digital PID-like controller including abstract, causal block diagrams and a MATLAB® and Simulink® based implementation are presented. The compensator was simulated in a velocity tracking DC motor control application and was found to perform comparably to that of a classical PID based control. Methods for assessing the resultant stability of an all-digital PID compensated system under control are discussed.

Un nœud d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil traite dans ses unités de calcul les signaux issus de plusieurs types de capteurs et effectue différentes tâches liées aux protocoles de communication. Devant exécuter plusieurs types de contrôle, sa flexibilité est un paramètre très important. Les solutions à base de microcontrôleurs ou de FPGA ont été proposées pour aborder le besoin de flexibilité, mais au prix d'une efficacité énergétique réduite. Dans cette thèse, des contrôleurs flexibles à ultra-faible énergie basés sur un contexte de micro-tâches reconfigurables sont explorés comme alternative. Des architectures modulaires pour des machines d'états finis (FSM) et des chemins de données (DP) reconfigurables sont proposées. Les techniques de coupure de l'alimentation (PG pour power gating) sont utilisées pour adapter la consommation aux besoins et réduire la puissance statique. Dans un premier temps, des modèles pour l'estimation des paramètres clés d'un circuit avec PG sont proposés au niveau porte. Ensuite, les opportunités des techniques PG sont déterminées sur les FSM et DP reconfigurables pour en réduire l'énergie. Dans les chemins de données, la reconfiguration fait varier la précision des opérateurs et le PG permet d'éteindre les blocs logiques inutilisés. Une gestion de l'alimentation au niveau lookup table (LUT) est proposée pour réduire les courants de fuite en mode actif et en veille dans les FSM reconfigurables. Des résultats montrent les très bonnes performances des architectures proposées par rapport aux processeurs et FPGA. / A wireless sensor network (WSN) node may need to process signals from various sensors and perform different transceiver tasks apart from being able to change its functions dynamically. A controller in the node is therefore required to execute different control tasks to manage its resources implying that flexibility is a key concern. Microcontrollers and FPGAs have been proposed to address the need for flexibility at the cost of reduced energy efficiency. In this thesis, ultra-low power flexible controllers for WSN nodes based on reconfigurable microtasks are explored. A reconfigurable microtask is a digital control unit with a reconfigurable finite state machine (FSM) and datapath. Scalable architectures for reconfigurable FSMs along with variable precision adders in datapath are proposed for flexible controllers in this work. Power gating is considered for FSMs and adders for low power operation. First, the design issues in power gating are studied extensively. Models for estimation of key design parameters of power-gated circuits are derived at gate level. Next, power gating opportunities are determined in reconfigurable adders and FSMs proposed for microtasks. In adders, reconfigurability is used for varying the precision of operation and saving energy by power-gating unused logic. Power gating at the level of lookup table logic is proposed to achieve active leakage power reduction in reconfigurable FSMs. The proposed models are then applied to analyze energy savings in logic clusters due to power gating. Power estimation results show good performance of proposed architectures with respect to different metrics relative to others in the design space of controllers.

Resumo: Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de iluminação fluorescente com gerenciamento automático baseado em reatores eletrônicos aplicados a múltiplas lâmpadas fluorescentes. O foco desta pesquisa é direcionado ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma automática de gerenciamento e supervisão, propiciando o controle de luminosidade, acionamento remoto e também acionamentos programáveis de acordo com o expediente de trabalho do local e condições de iluminação natural do ambiente, além de prover aumento de vida útil das lâmpadas fluorescentes, em função de protocolo proposto para préaquecimento e ignição. Foram acoplados ao sistema sensores de luminosidade e de presença, permitindo a obtenção dos dados necessários para a atuação automática. O controle por calha das lâmpadas fluorescentes é feito por um microcontrolador AtMega8 da ATMEL, o qual é responsável pela automação do sistema. A plataforma de gerenciamento e monitoração utiliza um microcomputador para que seja executado o aplicativo desenvolvido, o qual provê uma interface amigável ao usuário. Assim, um protocolo de comunicação foi desenvolvido para que haja uma comunicação de dados confiável, oferecendo robustez e alta confiabilidade ao controle do sistema de iluminação. Para o processamento dos dados, foi utilizado o barramento serial de comunicação full duplex com padrão RS232 e RS485 com transmissão assíncrona. Adicionalmente, o sistema funciona no sistema mestre-escravo, sendo o microcomputador responsável por enviar endereçamentos e ordens de ação aos microcontroladores, os quais identificam os endereçamentos e dados, executam a ação programada e envia dado de monitoramento ao microcomputador, quando requisitado pelo usuário. / Abstract: In this work, the development and implementation of an illumination fluorescent system with automatic management based on electronic ballast applied to multiple fluorescent lamps are presented. This research is directed in the development of the management and supervision of an automatic platform, allowing the control of luminosity, the remote actuation and also the programmable actuation according with the local business work and conditions of natural light of the environment. In addition, the ballast will provide the increase in the average lifetime for fluorescent lamps, considering a proposed protocol to pre-heating and ignition. The automatic actuation of the system is allowed by the coupling, of the luminosity and presence sensors. The control of fluorescent lamps by channel is executed by an ATMEL's AtMega8 microcontroller, which is responsible for the system automation. The management and monitoring platform uses a microcomputer with purpose to execute the implemented application, which will provide a friendly interface to the user. Thus, a protocol of communication was developed to allow a reliable communication of data, providing robustness and high reliability to the control of lighting system. Considering the processing of data acquired, was used a Serial Bus of communication with full duplex standard RS232 and RS485, with asynchronous transmission. Additionally, the system works in the master-slave mode, and the microcomputer is responsible for sending addresses and orders of action to microcontrollers, which identify and address data, in order to perform the programmed action to it, and in order to send data to the microcomputer, when requested by the user. / Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Coorientador: Fábio Toshiaki Wakabayashi / Banca: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Ricardo Nederson do Prado / Mestre

Esta dissertação apresenta a modelagem matemática de um giroscópio de controle de momento (CMG) e aplica técnicas de controle digital para o controle de atitude dessa planta. CMGs são atuadores importantes para o controle de atitude de corpos no espaço, tais como satélites e veículos espaciais. Desenvolve-se a modelagem da planta por meio da mecânica Lagrangiana e estudam-se técnicas específicas de controle PID (proporcional-integral-derivativo) e LQR (linear-quadratic regulator ) digitais para aplicação em sistemas com a planta nas configurações desacoplada e acopladas de fase mínima e não-mínima. Realizam-se ensaios via simulação, com o modelo não-linear da planta, bem como via experimentos práticos, com o sistema real, para validar os controladores projetados. Com isso, obtêm-se resultados positivos com ambas as técnicas estudadas, com exceção ao caso acoplado de fase não-mínima, para o qual uma das técnicas não foi capaz de controlar a atitude da planta. / This dissertation presents the mathematical modeling of a control moment gyroscope (CMG) and applies digital control techniques for its attitude control. CMGs are important actuators for bodies attitude control in the space, such as satellites and space vehicles. The system modeling is developed with the Lagrangian mechanics and a digital proportionalintegral- derivative (PID) and a digital linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) control techniques are studied and applied to a decoupled system and coupled systems with minimum and non-minimum phases. Simulation tests with the non-linear plant model and experimental tests with the real plant are done in order to validate the control techniques. Then, positive results are reached with both studied techniques, excepting in the coupled system with non-minimum phase, in which one technique was not able to control it.

This thesis presents a distributed power-management architecture for concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems. Specifically, the Δ-conversion scheme with voltage equalization is analyzed and verified for the CPV system from Morgan Solar, Inc. This architecture uses inverting buck-boost converters, denoted Δ-converters, which equalize the voltages of neighbouring CPV cells in a series-connected string of cells and improve the systems tolerance to parameter variations. The power benefits of Δ-conversion and the Δ-converter current distributions are investigated using statistical simulations. The effectiveness of Δ-conversion in the presence of randomly distributed mismatches is demonstrated, and current cascading is identified as the main design challenge. The Δ-converter is modelled and compensated using Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem. Analysis of measured data from a six-cell CPV system demonstrate the benefits of Δ-conversion under realistic scenarios. Experimental results from prototype systems show up to 31% power benefits in the presence of mismatches.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

In this thesis different control methods are applied to the beam and ball system. Test setup for the previous thesis is handled, circuit assemblies and hardware redesigned. As the system is controlled by the control law partitioning method by a computer, discrete time system model is created. The controllability and the observability of the system are analyzed and a nonlinear controller by using control law partitioning in other words computed torque is designed. State feedback control algorithm previously designed is repeated. In case of calculating the non measurable state variables two different reduced order observers are designed for these two different controllers, one for control law partitioning controller and the other for state-feedback controller. Two controller methods designed for the thesis study are tested in the computer environment using modeling and simulation tools (Also a different controller by using sliding mode controller is designed and tested in the computer environment using simulation tools). A controller software program is written for the designed controller algorithms and this software is tested on the test setup. It is observed that the system is stable when we apply either of the control algorithms.

A robust servo control system based on Integral Variable Structure Model Following Control (IVSMFC) is proposed. The IVSMFC approach comprises a reference model part for specifying the design requirements and an Integral Variable Structure Control (IVSC) part for minimizing the errors between the plant and the model. Sliding mode thus obtained features robustness against external disturbances and parameter variations. Design procedures in both continuous-time and discrete-time have been detailed. The IVSMFC-based servo control system has been successfully applied to a DSP-based brushless DC motor drive for globoidal cam indexing system and to power system. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve fast and robust responses.

Σε αυτήν την διπλωματική εργασία μελετήσαμε το σύστημα ελέγχου θερμοκρασίας και στάθμης νερού σε δεξαμενή. Αρχικά αναφέρουμε γενικά στοιχεία θεωρίας σχετικά με τον σχεδιασμό συστημάτων ελέγχου στον χώρο κατάστασης και πιο συγκεκριμένα αναλύουμε την μέθοδο ελέγχου με βάση την αυθαίρετη τοποθέτηση πόλων. Στην συνέχεια ασχολούμαστε μεμονωμένα με τον έλεγχο στάθμης νερού σε δεξαμενή. Περιγράφουμε το φυσικό σύστημα και την μονάδα ελέγχου την οποί α χρησιμοποιήσαμε στον χώρο του εργαστηρίου. Έπειτα από μια σειρά πειραμάτων τα οποία εκτελέσαμε και με βάση τις μετρήσεις τις οποίες πήραμε ,μπορέσαμε να υπολογίσουμε τα χαρακτηριστικά των επιμέρους ηλεκτρομηχανολογικών στοιχείων της πειραματικής μας διάταξης, όπως για παράδειγμα της αντλίας νερού, της μονάδας μέτρησης της στάθμης ,καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά της στατικής διεργασίας. Ομοίως πράξαμε και για τον έλεγχο θερμοκρασίας νερού σε δεξαμενή και έτσι μπορέσαμε να υπολογίσουμε τα χαρακτηριστικά του στοιχείου θέρμανσης. Στην συνέχεια, δίνουμε την περιγραφή του ολικού συστήματος ελέγχου στάθμης και θερμοκρασίας νερού σε δεξαμενή. Αφού εξάγουμε τις μαθηματικές εξισώσεις οι οποίες περιγράφουν το σύστημα στην μόνιμη κατάσταση, συμπεραίνουμε πως το σύστημα είναι μη γραμμικό. Σχεδιάζουμε το μη γραμμικό σύστημα στο Simulink και γράφοντας κατάλληλο κώδικα στο Matlab μπορέσαμε να γραμμικοποιήσουμε το σύστημά μας γύρω από ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο λειτουργίας και το διακριτοποιήσαμε. Έπειτα, πάλι με την βοήθεια του λογισμικού προγράμματος Matlab σχεδιάσαμε έναν ελεγκτή με την μέθοδο τοποθέτησης πόλων και τον εφαρμόσαμε στο μη γραμμικό σύστημα για διάφορες τιμές πόλων και εξάγαμε τα συμπεράσματά μας από τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα όσων φορά την καλύτερη απόκριση του συστήματος. Την ίδια διαδικασία με παραπάνω εφαρμόσαμε και για ένα διαφορετικό σημείο λειτουργίας του συστήματος. / -

The miniaturization of dc–dc switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) is of a key importance in volume-sensitive portable devices, such as cell phones, tablet computers, and digital cameras. In these systems, multiple SMPS are required to provide well regulated voltage and power to various electronic components such as the central processing unit (CPU) and random-access memory (RAM). The combined volume, weight, and surface area footprint of these SMPS is usually the largest component. Traditionally, SMPS volume reduction has been achieved through increased switching frequencies; however, for power-sensitive applications this is undesirable due to the increased switching losses. This thesis presents two alternative, power-efficient, SMPS miniaturization methods: one control and one topology based. The presented controller recovers from load transients with virtually minimum possible output voltage deviation, reducing the reactive component size. The controller utilizes a simple algorithm, requiring no knowledge of the converter parameters and virtually no processing power. The simplicity of the control concept enabled the design of an area and power efficient integrated circuit (IC) implementation. The entire IC is implemented in a CMOS 0.18µm process on a 0.26 mm2 silicon area, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art analog solutions. For the experimental system the deviation (output capacitor size) is about four times smaller than that of a fast PID compensator having a 1/10th of the switching frequency bandwidth. The second solution is a complementary converter topology that has a smaller output filter volume, improved dynamic response, and lower switching losses compared to the state-of-the-art solutions. To reduce the volume and switching losses, the input-to-output voltage difference is decreased with a capacitive attenuator that replaces the input filter capacitor and has approximately the same volume. Both the attenuator and the downstream buck converter share the same set of switches, minimizing conduction losses. A single multi-mode digital controller governs operation of both stages, seamlessly regulating the output and input center-tap voltages. Experiments with a 5–1.5-V, 2.5-A, 1-MHz prototype show that, compared to the conventional buck, the merged topology has 43% smaller inductor, 36% smaller output capacitor, up to 30% lower power losses, and a 25% faster transient response.