En digital terrängmodell (DTM) representerar endast markytans form och har en bred användning inom t.ex. samhällsplanering. Det finns olika framställningsmetoder för att skapa en DTM, där de mest använda metoderna är mark- eller flygburen laserskanning samt terrester- eller satellitbaserad mätning. Flygburen laserskanning (FLS) använder sig av tekniken LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) där avstånd mäts med laser. Lantmäteriet påbörjade ett projekt 2009, vilket gick ut på att laserskanna hela Sverige med FLS och projektet blev klart 2019. Resultatet blev Laserdata NH (Nationella Höjdmodellen) med en lägesnoggrannhet i höjd på 0,1 m. Syftet med studien är att kontrollera mätosäkerheten för Laserdata NH samt undersöka om den kan ersätta terrestra mätningar, t.ex. GNSS vid skapande av DTM:er. Studieområdet är ca 0,85 ha och består av en gräsyta omgiven av grusvägar. Området är beläget i Teknikparken, Gävle. För att se ifall Laserdata NH kan ersätta GNSS-mätningar skapades en DTM från Laserdata NH samt en DTM från mätningar med NRTK-GNSS. Alla inmätningar följde de krav och toleranser vilka specificeras i SIS-TS 21144:2016. För att kunna kontrollera mätosäkerheten för Laserdata NH mättes kontrollprofiler in, vilka agerade som referens. Kontrollprofilerna användes även som referens när de båda DTM:erna jämfördes mot varandra. Max- och min avvikelse, medelavvikelse, standardosäkerhet samt RMS räknades ut på varje enskild profil, per markyta och för de två modellerna. Beräkningarna utfördes för att se ifall värdena låg för högt eller för lågt i någon del av ett område samt för att kunna se sannolikheten för systematiska avvikelser. En statistisk analys utfördes för att se ifall det finns någon skillnad mellan DTM och kontrollprofilernas medelavvikelse. Resultatet visade att det fanns en statistisk signifikant avvikelse på medelavvikelsen mellan DTM skapad av Laserdata NH och kontrollprofiler för både grus- och gräsytorna. Detta innebär att Laserdata NH inte kan ersätta NRTK-GNSS på öppna, jämna gräsytor eller plana grusytor. Kontrollerna av de två DTM:erna klarar toleranserna enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016 och anses vara tillförlitliga. Studien kom till slutsatsen att Laserdata NH kan användas utan komplettering till översiktliga planeringar. Detaljerade analyser med Laserdata NH behöver dock kompletteras med ytterligare mätningar eller ortofoto för att erhålla mer trovärdiga resultat. / A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) only represent the surface and has a broad application within, for example, community planning. There are different ways of producing a DTM, with the most common methods being ground- or airborne laser scanning and terrestrial- or satellite based measurement. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) uses the technique LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) which measures distances with laser. Lantmäteriet, the Swedish cadastral mapping and surveying authority, began in 2009 with a project to scan entire Sweden with ALS and was finished in 2019. The outcome of the project was a new national height model that is called Laserdata NH with a positional accuracy of 0,1 m in height. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to study the uncertainty of Laserdata NH and to investigate if it can replace terrestrial measurements, for example replacing Laserdata NH with GNSS mapping. The study area is approximately 0,85 hectares and consists of a grassland area surrounded by gravel paths. The area is located in Teknikparken, Gävle. To see if Laserdata NH can replace GNSS-measurements a DTM was created from Laserdata NH as well as a DTM created from measurements with NRTK-GNSS. All measurements followed the requirements and tolerances according to SIS-TS 21144:2016. To control the uncertainty for Laserdata NH, control profiles were measured, which acted as a reference. The control profiles were also used as a reference when comparing the two DTMs. Max and min deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and RMS were calculated for each profile, per ground area and using two models. The calculations were performed to see if the values were too high or too low in any part of an area and to be able to see the probability of systematic deviations. A statistical analysis was performed to see if there were any difference between the DTM and the mean deviation of the control profiles. The result showed that there was a statistic significant deviation on the mean deviation between the DTM created by Laserdata NH and the control profile for both the gravel and the grass surface. This means that Laserdata NH cannot replace NRTK-GNSS on open, plain grass or gravel surfaces. The controls of the two DTMs are within the tolerances according to SIS-TS 21144:2016 and are considered reliable. The study concluded that Laserdata NH can be used without supplement to do general plans. However, for detailed analysis Laserdata NH needs to be supplemented with additional measurements or orthophoto.

3D environment reconstruction has received great interest in recent years in areas such as city planning, virtual tourism and flood hazard warning. With the rapid development of computer technologies, it has become possible and necessary to develop new methodologies and techniques for real time simulation for virtual environments applications. This thesis proposes a novel dynamic simulation scheme for flood hazard warning. The work consists of three main parts: digital terrain modelling; 3D environmental reconstruction and system development; flood simulation models. The digital terrain model is constructed using real world measurement data of GIS, in terms of digital elevation data and satellite image data. An NTSP algorithm is proposed for very large data assessing, terrain modelling and visualisation. A pyramidal data arrangement structure is used for dealing with the requirements of terrain details with different resolutions. The 3D environmental reconstruction system is made up of environmental image segmentation for object identification, a new shape match method and an intelligent reconstruction system. The active contours-based multi-resolution vector-valued framework and the multi-seed region growing method are both used for extracting necessary objects from images. The shape match method is used with a template in the spatial domain for a 3D detailed small scale urban environment reconstruction. The intelligent reconstruction system is designed to recreate the whole model based on specific features of objects for large scale environment reconstruction. This study then proposes a new flood simulation scheme which is an important application of the 3D environmental reconstruction system. Two new flooding models have been developed. The first one is flood spreading model which is useful for large scale flood simulation. It consists of flooding image spatial segmentation, a water level calculation process, a standard gradient descent method for energy minimization, a flood region search and a merge process. The finite volume hydrodynamic model is built from shallow water equations which is useful for urban area flood simulation. The proposed 3D urban environment reconstruction system was tested on our simulation platform. The experiment results indicate that this method is capable of dealing with complicated and high resolution region reconstruction which is useful for many applications. When testing the 3D flood simulation system, the simulation results are very close to the real flood situation, and this method has faster speed and greater accuracy of simulating the inundation area in comparison to the conventional flood simulation models

A primeira parte deste trabalho consistiu na instalação de pluviógrafos e linígrafos e levantamento de eventos hidrológicos com a obtenção de dados da distribuição espacial de precipitações observadas e hidrogramas resultantes. Experimentos de infiltração de água no solo foram realizados a partir de infiltrômetro de disco a fim de caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da condutividade hidráulica na bacia, obtendo-se dois conjuntos de dados que mostraram ser lognormalmente distribuídos com médias iguais a 15,8 mm/h e 5,47 mm/h. Estudo teórico foi conduzido na segunda parte do trabalho compreendendo o desenvolvimento de modelo hidrológico. A concepção do modelo parte da premissa de que toda a área da bacia possa ser representada por células derivadas de um modelo numérico de terreno (MNT), especificando-se em cada célula o equacionamento hidráulico-hidrológico. As heterogeneidades do solo e da precipitação foram estudadas através de simulação do modelo considerando-se distribuições espaciais diferentes para a condutividade hidráulica saturada e eventos de chuva. Os resultados mostraram que as diferenças entre as vazões de pico podem ser maiores que 100% , considerando-se graus de resolução máximo e mínimo quanto à precipitação, e reafirmaram o consenso de que o conhecimento da distribuição espacial da chuva é fundamental na calibração de modelos hidrológicos distribuídos. / In first part of this work consists on the installation of pluviographic, water-height graphs and surveying of hydrological events with obtained data from spatial distribution of precipitation observed and resultant hydrograms. Experiments of water infiltration in the soil were done by an infiltrometer disc to characterize the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and the losses of infiltration in the basin obtaining two sets of data that showed to be lognormally distributed in average equal to 15.8 mm/h and 5.47 mm/h. A theoric study was conduced in the second part of work comprehending the development of hydrologic model distributed. The conception of the model proceed from the premise that allbasin area can be represented by cells derived from a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) specifying in each cell the hydraulic equation - hydrologic. The soil heterogeneity and the precipitation were studied by model simulation considering spatial distributions different to the hydraulic conductivity satured of the soil and to pluvial events. The results pointed out the differences among peak outflow can be more than 100% considering minimum and maximumresolution degrees as the precipitation and affirmed the consensus that the acquaintance of the pluvial spatial distribution is fundamental in the adjustment of hydrologic models distributed.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the methods of visualization of the terrain relief, ranging from historical ways to current means, which employ software devices. It´s also to gather all available charts for the selected locality and perform an analysis of development of visualization of the terrain relief, which will be based on the collected data. Another goal was to compare the accuracy of the height scripts with the help of designed longitudinal profiles from obtained height script plans, the derived. State map in the scope of 1: 5000 and various map sources. Last at not least to explain the process of creation of the digital terrain model in ArcGIS software ? program.

Over the last years there has been a rapid development in the UAS-technology (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) and today there are several UAS systems on the market. The fast development has led to differences in both price and capability of taking high-quality images between the systems. The purpose of this study was firstly to investigate how two UAS systems differ in the uncertainty of measurement while making digital terrain models, secondly, to investigate how different UAS systems cope with the laws and requirements that exist for producing digital terrain models for detail projection, SIS-TS 21144:2016 Table 6 level 1-3. A comparative study on two software’s creation of point clouds from picture data was also conducted. In this study, three digital models were made from one specific area. They were created with two different UAS-systems and laser scanning from an airplane. The models were compared and analysed using the RUFRIS method. The UASsystems used were a fixed wings Smartplanes S1C and a rotary wings Dji Phantom 4 PRO. The Smartplanes flew 174 m above the ground and the Dji Phantom 4 flew 80 m above the ground. The results from the study show that laser scanning from the airplane created the model with the lowest measurement uncertainty and met all the requirements for each separate type (asphalt, natural soil, grass and gravel) for detail projection according to SIS.TS 201144:2016 table 6 level 1-3. Additionally, the results show that the terrain model produced by the Dji Phantom 4 only met the requirements for asphalt where the mean deviation was 0,001 m. The results produced with “Smartplanes” met the requirements for asphalt and gravel where the mean deviations were -0,007 m and 0,017 m. The softwares PhotoScan and UASMaster were compared while creating point clouds from pictures taken by the Smartplanes. The results show that PhotoScan had the lowest uncertainty for asphalt, grass and gravel surfaces while UASMaster produced lower uncertainty for natural soil. The results indicate that airborne laser scanning should be the preferred method for collection of topographic data since it created lower measurement uncertainties than the other methods in this study. It is also possible to create digital terrain models with UAS for detail projection for asphalt and gravel surface in accordance with 21144:2016. Finally, it was concluded that the used software programs are showing differences in creating point clouds. / De senaste åren har tekniken för Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) utvecklats snabbt och idag finns flera system på marknaden. Ett resultat av den snabba utvecklingen är att de olika systemen skiljer sig åt, dels i pris men även i kapacitet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika UAS-system skiljer sig åt i mätosäkerhet vid framställning av digitala terrängmodeller, men även hur olika UAS-system står sig mot det regelverk som finns för framställning av digitala terrängmodeller vid detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Ytterligare ett syfte med studien var att undersöka hur olika programvaror skiljer sig åt vid framställning av punktmoln från bilddata. I studien kontrollerades och jämfördes tre digitala terrängmodeller genererade över samma område med två olika UAS-system samt laserskanning från ett flygplan. Terrängmodellerna jämfördes mot kontrollprofiler framställda med RUFRIS-metoden. De olika UAS-systemen var en dyrare variant, Smartplanes S1C (fastavingar), och en billigare variant, Dji Phantom 4 PRO (roterande vingar). De tillämpade flyghöjderna för flygningarna var 174 m för Smartplanes och 80 m för Dji Phantom. Resultatet från studien visar att laserskanning från flygplanet uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet och klarade samtliga krav för varje separat marktyp för detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 201144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Marktyper som undersöktes var: asfalt, naturmark, gräs och grus. Vidare klarade terrängmodellen producerad med Dji Phantom endast kravet för asfaltsytor, där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till 0,001 m. Terrängmodellen producerad med Smartplanes klarade endast kraven för marktyperna asfalt och grus där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till -0,007 m respektive 0,017 m. Som en del i studien jämfördes programvarorna PhotoScan och UASMaster för framställning av punktmoln för bilder insamlade med Smartplanes S1C. Resultatet visar att PhotoScan uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för asfalt, gräs och grus medan UASMaster uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för naturmark. Studien visar att flygburen laserskanning borde vara en fortsatt föredragen metod för insamling av topografisk data då metoden resulterade i lägst mätosäkerheter i denna studie. Vidare visar studien att det är möjligt att framställa digitala terrängmodeller med UAS för detaljprojektering enligt SISTS 21144:2016 för asfalt- och grusytor. Dessutom konstateras att olika bearbetningsprogram skiljer sig vid framställning av punktmoln.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-27T11:27:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Avilmar Antonio Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 13580117 bytes, checksum: 2b78a395b4bd955f8d72e83399bcc578 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-27T11:27:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Avilmar Antonio Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 13580117 bytes, checksum: 2b78a395b4bd955f8d72e83399bcc578 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T11:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Avilmar Antonio Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 13580117 bytes, checksum: 2b78a395b4bd955f8d72e83399bcc578 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / This research aimed to evaluate the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a platform for taking aerial photographs for mapping erosion planialtimetric located in urban areas. In addition, we evaluated the need to use or not to field control points for the generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM) and ortomosaico as tools to evaluate the erosive process. Despite the wide variation in attitude of aerial photographs that make up the aerophotogrammetric block arising from the instability of the UAV, it was possible to generate the MDS and ortomosaico with or without control points. This research was conducted in two urban erosions located in Goiania in Sector Fonte Nova in the stream of grass and the other in Silvânia called foot-washing. Whole generation of MDS, Digital Surface Model (MDT) and ortomosaico were performed in Agisoft PhotoScan program in semi-automatic processing, if used control points, or automatic without control points. The ortomosaicos generated without control points presented rotation, translation and scale of different generated with support. In addition, MDS generated without control points showed elevation or lowering of the reference surface with respect to the generated control, it is emphasized that these discrepancies are not constant. When performing automatic conversion of MDS to MDT, it was realized that the program was not able to eliminate the shrub vegetation located within the erosion. The vegetation or tree, shrub or undergrowth (grass) prevents proper limitation of erosion to the volume calculation. But unlike the MDS generated between two distinct epochs identifies the changes in the interval of time in areas without vegetation. The use of control points was essential to ensure the orientation, scale and the reference plane in the products generated from aerial photographs and thus evaluate the changes. Anyway, the UAV can be used as a platform for taking aerial photographs for generating cartographic products that enable the mapping and evaluation of erosions. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização do Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT) como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para o mapeamento planialtimétrico de erosão situada em zona urbana. Além disso, analisou-se a necessidade de utilização ou não de pontos de controle de campo para a geração de Modelo Digital de Superfície (MDS) e ortomosaico como instrumentos para examinar o processo erosivo. Apesar da grande variação da atitude da aeronave durante a obtenção das fotografias aéreas que compõem o bloco aerofotogramétrico, foi possível gerar o MDS e o ortomosaico com ou sem pontos de controle. Este estudo foi realizado em duas erosões urbanas, uma situada em Goiânia-GO, no Setor Fonte Nova/Córrego do Capim, e a outra em Silvânia-GO, denominada de Lava-Pés. Toda a geração dos MDS, Modelo Digital de Terreno (MDT) e ortomosaico foram realizados no programa Agisoft PhotoScan, em processamento semiautomático (i.e., com pontos de controle) e automático (i.e., sem pontos de controle). Os ortomosaicos gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram rotação, translação e escala diferente dos gerados com apoio. Ademais, os MDS gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram elevação ou rebaixamento da superfície de referência em relação aos gerados com controle. Ressalta-se, ainda, que essas discrepâncias não foram constantes. Ao realizar a conversão automática do MDS para o MDT, percebeu-se que o programa não foi capaz de eliminar a vegetação arbustiva localizada no interior da erosão. As vegetações arbórea, arbustiva ou rasteira (gramíneas) impedem a correta delimitação da erosão para o cálculo do volume. Porém, a diferença dos MDS gerados entre duas épocas distintas propicia identificar as alterações ocorridas nesse intervalo de tempo nas regiões sem cobertura vegetal. O uso de pontos de controle foi essencial para garantir a orientação, a escala e o plano de referência nos produtos gerados a partir das fotografias aéreas e, assim, avaliar as modificações da erosão. Por fim, o VANT pode ser utilizado como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para gerar produtos cartográficos que possibilitem o mapeamento e as avaliações das erosões, sobretudo em áreas urbanas.

A primeira parte deste trabalho consistiu na instalação de pluviógrafos e linígrafos e levantamento de eventos hidrológicos com a obtenção de dados da distribuição espacial de precipitações observadas e hidrogramas resultantes. Experimentos de infiltração de água no solo foram realizados a partir de infiltrômetro de disco a fim de caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da condutividade hidráulica na bacia, obtendo-se dois conjuntos de dados que mostraram ser lognormalmente distribuídos com médias iguais a 15,8 mm/h e 5,47 mm/h. Estudo teórico foi conduzido na segunda parte do trabalho compreendendo o desenvolvimento de modelo hidrológico. A concepção do modelo parte da premissa de que toda a área da bacia possa ser representada por células derivadas de um modelo numérico de terreno (MNT), especificando-se em cada célula o equacionamento hidráulico-hidrológico. As heterogeneidades do solo e da precipitação foram estudadas através de simulação do modelo considerando-se distribuições espaciais diferentes para a condutividade hidráulica saturada e eventos de chuva. Os resultados mostraram que as diferenças entre as vazões de pico podem ser maiores que 100% , considerando-se graus de resolução máximo e mínimo quanto à precipitação, e reafirmaram o consenso de que o conhecimento da distribuição espacial da chuva é fundamental na calibração de modelos hidrológicos distribuídos. / In first part of this work consists on the installation of pluviographic, water-height graphs and surveying of hydrological events with obtained data from spatial distribution of precipitation observed and resultant hydrograms. Experiments of water infiltration in the soil were done by an infiltrometer disc to characterize the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and the losses of infiltration in the basin obtaining two sets of data that showed to be lognormally distributed in average equal to 15.8 mm/h and 5.47 mm/h. A theoric study was conduced in the second part of work comprehending the development of hydrologic model distributed. The conception of the model proceed from the premise that allbasin area can be represented by cells derived from a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) specifying in each cell the hydraulic equation - hydrologic. The soil heterogeneity and the precipitation were studied by model simulation considering spatial distributions different to the hydraulic conductivity satured of the soil and to pluvial events. The results pointed out the differences among peak outflow can be more than 100% considering minimum and maximumresolution degrees as the precipitation and affirmed the consensus that the acquaintance of the pluvial spatial distribution is fundamental in the adjustment of hydrologic models distributed.

En digital terrängmodell (DTM) är en representation av enbart själva markytan. Det finns flera metoder för att framställa DTM:er, där laserskanning har blivit en alltmer vanlig metod. Inom laserskanning är flygburen laserskanning (FLS) en flitigt använd metod, då metoden har fördelen av att kunna täcka stora områden på kort tid. Det finns dock nackdelar med FLS då datainsamlingen kan bli bristfällig i t.ex. skogsområden, där laserstrålar inte kan tränga igenom tät vegetation. Här kan handhållen laserskanning (HLS) vara ett bra alternativ då HLS går snabbt och inte behöver samma omfattande planering. Tidigare studier visar att HLS har många fördelar, men som dock inte kan hålla samma låga osäkerhet som terrester laserskanning (TLS). Det saknas däremot studier om hur HLS ställer sig mot mätningar med FLS. Syftet med studien är därför att utvärdera möjligheten att använda och tillämpa mätningar med HLS för framställning av DTM i skogsterräng gentemot FLS. Detta görs genom att jämföra respektive DTM:s lägesosäkerhet. I studien användes instrumentet ZEB-REVO för insamlingen av data för metoden HLS. Medan för FLS användes laserdata från Lantmäteriet. Från insamlad laserdata skapades därefter DTM:er. Dessa jämfördes mot ett antal kontrollprofiler som mättes in med totalstation. För respektive metod, HLS och FLS, beräknades medelvärde för höjdavvikelserna mot kontrollprofilerna där även standardavvikelse beräknades. Resultatet visar att DTM:en skapad av data från FLS beräknades ha en höjdavvikelse för hela området på 0,055 m som medelvärde gentemot inmätta kontrollprofiler. Standardavvikelsen för denna höjdavvikelse beräknades till 0,046 m för FLS. För DTM:en med data från HLS beräknades en höjdavvikelse på 0,043 m i medelvärde som bäst, där standardavvikelse beräknades till 0,034 m. Studien visar att metoderna HLS och FLS gav likvärdiga resultat gentemot de inmätta kontrollprofilerna, dock gav HLS generellt mindre standardavvikelse i jämförelse mot FLS. Vidare ansågs ZEB-REVO och dess tillhörande databearbetningsprogram GeoSLAM vara väldigt användarvänligt, där själva skanningen med instrumentet tog endast 10 minuter för studiens område på ca 2000 m2. Utifrån studiens resultat drogs slutsatsen att mätningar med HLS kan ge en likvärdig DTM, sett till osäkerheten, som FLS-mätningar. HLS kan därmed vara en kompletterande metod men att FLS är en fortsatt effektiv metod. / A digital terrain model (DTM) represent exclusively the earth surface. There are several methods which can be utilized to create DTMs, where laser scanning have become a common used method. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is often used since the method can cover a large area in a relatively short time. However a disadvantage with ALS is that the data collection, for a wooded area, can be inadequate due to penetration difficulties for some laser beams. For that reason a handheld laser scanner (HLS) can be an alternative since measurements can be done fast and does not need the same extensive planning. Earlier studies mention HLS to have several advantages but can still not yet be compared with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) concerning the measurements uncertainty. There are, however, no studies that investigates how measurements with HLS stands against FLS. The purpose with the study is to evaluate the ability to use measurements from HLS to create a DTM for a wooded area in comparison with ALS. This is done by comparing the different uncertainties for each DTM. In the study the acquisition of HLS laser data was collected with the instrument ZEB-REVO and the ALS laser data was received from Lantmäteriet (cadastral mapping and surveying authority in Sweden). After the data acquisition a DTM were created from each data set (method). The DTMs were then compared to control profiles, which have been measured with total station. From the comparison with the control profiles average height deviation and standard deviation were calculated for each DTM. The result shows that the DTM created from ALS data received an average height deviation of 0,055 m for the whole area with a standard deviation of 0,046 m. Corresponding result for the DTM created from HLS data were calculated, at best, to 0,043 m in average height deviation and 0,034 m in standard deviation. The study shows that the methods HLS and ALS gave equivalent result regarding the comparison with the control profiles, however HLS gave a generally lower value for standard deviation. Furthermore ZEB-REVO with its processing program GeoSLAM was considered to be very easy and user friendly. The area (approx. 2000 m2) for the study was scanned within only 10 min. The conclusion which were drawn from the obtained result was that measurements with HLS can generate an equivalent DTM, concerning the uncertainty, as measurements with FLS. Thereby HLS can be a complementing method but still FLS is seen as an effective method.

This thesis is about using airborne laser scanning data for making maps for Orienteering. In this thesis were used altimetry data DMR 4G and DMR 5G. These data are provided by ČUZK. The control measuring was made in choosen area to verify the accuracy. In this thesis is described procedure of data collection and their treatment. The results of this thesis are two illustrations of the orienteering maps.

Idag blir användningen av drönare allt mer vanlig för dokumentation av markytor. Det är ett billigare alternativ för att dokumentera små och otillgängliga områden. Genom tekniken går det bland annat att framställa olika digitala modeller som representerar jordens yta. En sådan modell kan vara en terrängmodell (DTM) som är en modell av markytan exklusive vegetation, hus eller annat som befinner sig på marken. Modeller kan framställas genom flygdata såsom laserskannad (LiDAR-data) eller flygfotograferade data (flygbilder). För att framställa en digital modell från rådata används olika programvaror. Den här studien utvärderar två olika programvarors förmåga att framställa digitala terrängmodeller från flygbilder. Främst undersöks levererade osäkerheter och användarvänligheten i programmen. Referensdata som användes i denna studie tillhandahölls av Norconsult och samlades in vid ett projekt över Hammarbyhöjdsskogen i Stockholm, hösten 2018. Den data som erhölls från projektet till denna studie var flygbilder samt terrestra detaljmätningar. Programmen som studien utvärderar är UAS Master som både använder datorseende och fotogrammetriska metoder och SURE Aerial som använder datorseende. Genom studien visade det sig att fler än de ursprungliga programvarorna behövdes för att framställa de digitala terrängmodellerna och vidare jämföra dessa. En orsak var att UAS Master saknade förmågor att redigera och visa punktmoln i 3D-vy och vidare skapa en DTM. Detta resulterade i att använda Trimble Business Center för slutarbetet. En annan orsak var att SURE Aerial visade sig vara avsett för framställning av digitala ytmodeller (representation av den faktiska, synliga ytan). För att framställa en DTM av punktmolnet användes både Cloud Compare och Agisoft Photoscan (numera Metashape). Geo användes sedan för att ta ut höjdavvikelserna från modellen. Två slutsatser som kunde dras utifrån denna studie var: 1) trots de olika tillvägagångssätten erhölls snarlika resultat för marktypernas lägesosäkerheter för respektive programvara (asfalt: 0,039 m; grus: ca 0,040 m; gräs: ca 0,048 m), varpå alla blev godkända enligt HMK – Flygfotografering 2017; 2) SURE Aerial är ett enklare och snabbbare program men med UAS Master har man som användare bättre förståelse över processerna och erhåller bättre dokumentation. / Drones have become a more and more frequent tool to document the surface of the ground, especially in smaller areas that otherwise are too expensive to observe by other means. This technology makes it possible to create digital terrain models (DTM) that represents the surface of the ground excluding vegetation, houses or other objects on the ground. These models can be created by laser scanned data (LiDAR-data) or aerial photogrammetry (aerial photos).  In order to create a digital model from raw data are various software needed. This study aims to test two software’s ability to create digital terrain models from UAS photos. The software were evaluated by the uncertainties of the models, as well as the user-friendliness of each software. All data used in this study was collected by Norconsult for another project in 2018 and consist of UAS photos and data from terrestrial measurements.  The softwares used in this study for comparison are UAS Master (using both computer vision and photogrammetric methods) and SURE Aerial (using computer vision). It turned out that additional use of software were needed to create DTMs that were comparable. UAS Master could not show or edit point clouds in 3D, because of this the software Trimble Business Centre had to be used. This program was also used to obtain height deviations. SURE Aerial on the other hand turned out to only be able to create digital surface models (models of the visible ground). The software Cloud Compare and Agisoft Photoscan (nowadays Metashape) were therefore used to create the DTM from the point cloud. The height deviations from the ladder DTM were obtained from the software Geo. Two conclusions could be drawn from this study: 1) the uncertainties of the different surface types were similar in the software despite the different ways to create the DTMs (asphalt: 0.039 m; gravel: 0.040 m; grass: 0.048 m). All of which meet the requirements according to HMK – Flygfotografering 2017; 2) SURE Aerial is a lot easier and quicker to work with but UAS Master give the user a lot more feedback in the way of documentation throughout the different processes.