Objetivo: Esta tese teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as relações entre cultura e sociedade por meio da transmissão do conhecimento científico na área de química. Método: Foram realizados sete estudos de caso nos quais se analisou a transmissão de conhecimentos em química em diferentes contextos socioculturais. O corpus de informações analisadas incluiu: i. notícias de jornal com referência à química, publicadas entre 2008 e 2012; ii. registros publicados na mídia sobre a celebração do Ano Internacional da Química (AIQ 2011); iii. notícias de jornal com referência à química verde, publicadas em jornais brasileiros e estrangeiros entre 1990 e 2013; iv. acessos ao portal Química Nova Interativa (QNInt) da Sociedade Brasileira de Química entre 2010 e 2012; v. vídeos do YouTube exibindo experimentos de química, publicados entre 2007 e 2015; vi. currículo Lattes dos egressos da pós-graduação do IQUSP entre 1970 e 2014; vii. Prêmios Nobel em Fisiologia ou Medicina (PNFM) e em Química concedidos entre 1901 e 2016. A análise desses conteúdos seguiu abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. Adicionalmente, os estudos foram examinados segundo um referencial analítico que avaliou cada caso sob três aspectos: i. social; ii. cultural; iii. modos de transmissão do conhecimento. Resultados: Os principais resultados obtidos para cada estudo foram: i. a maior parte das notícias com referência à química não a trata como ciência, sendo muito discreta a representatividade da comunidade de química nos jornais; ii. visões diferentes de química foram identificadas por ocasião do AIQ, refletindo a diversidade de grupos sociais que participaram do evento; iii. a imagem da química verde nos jornais distancia-se da sua abordagem científica e pode sofrer influência do contexto sociocultural; iv. a experimentação em química, nos vídeos do YouTube, é pouco explorada por professores; v. os acessos ao QNInt evidenciam o uso educacional do portal, que contempla o ensino e a divulgação científica a partir de uma publicação científica; vi. o IQUSP foi caracterizado como um polo formador de recursos humanos em química no país; vii. observou-se a consolidação da abordagem molecular da medicina/fisiologia nos PNFM, com o surgimento da bioquímica como campo interdisciplinar. A análise global dos estudos apontou: i. a divulgação científica em química segue um padrão de comunicação predominantemente indireto, com a intermediação de profissionais da comunicação, e pouco engajamento direto da comunidade de química; ii. por meio da difusão científica, os cientistas químicos comunicam-se entre si e com cientistas de outras áreas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da ciência, a interdisciplinaridade das pesquisas e a formação de novos cientistas; iii. em plataformas digitais, o ensino de química foi caracterizadocomo descontextualizado, com foco em aspectos teóricos e tratada como disciplina escolar; iv. a contribuição da química para outras ciências é de difícil reconhecimento em contextos que valorizam mais a ciência aplicada. Conclusões: Grupos sociais internos e externos à comunidade de química atuam por diferentes vias para a transmissão da cultura química. Como elemento cultural, entretanto, a química extrapola a concepção científica, o que pode ser observado inclusive no interior da comunidade de química / Purpose: This thesis aimed to describe the relationship between culture and society through the transmission of scientific knowledge in the field of chemistry. Method: Seven case studies were conducted to analyze the transmission of knowledge in chemistry in different sociocultural contexts. The corpus of information analyzed included: i. news articles on chemistry published between 2008 and 2012; ii. records published in the media regarding the celebration of the International Year of Chemistry (IYC 2011); iii. news articles on green chemistry published between 1990 and 2013 in Brazilian and foreign newspapers; iv. records of access to the Química Nova Interativa (QNInt) web portal of the Brazilian Chemical Society between 2010 and 2012; v. YouTube videos featuring chemistry experiments published between 2007 and 2015; vi. Lattes curricula of graduate students of IQUSP between 1970 and 2014; vii. and Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine (NPPM) and in Chemistry granted between 1901 and 2016. These contents were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Furthermore, the studies were examined using an analytical framework that evaluated each case by considering three aspects: social, cultural, and modes of knowledge transfer. Results: The main results obtained in each study were: i. most of the news on chemistry does not address it as a science, and the way the chemical community is represented in the newspapers is very discreet; ii. different views on chemistry were identified during the IYC, reflecting the diversity of social groups that participated in the event; iii. the image of green chemistry in newspapers is different from its original concept in academia and this image may be influenced by its sociocultural context; iv. records of QNInt access demonstrate that the portal is used for educational purposes, comprehending teaching purposes and scientific dissemination from a scientific publication; v. YouTube videos featuring chemistry experiments are little utilized by professors; vi. IQUSP was described as a human resources training center in chemistry in Brazil; vii. and the molecular approach of medicine/physiology is consolidated in the NPPM, with the emergence of biochemistry as an interdisciplinary field. The overall analysis of the studies indicated: i. scientific dissemination in chemistry follows a predominantly indirect communication pattern and is characterized by the intermediation of communication professionals and little direct engagement of the chemical community; ii. chemical scientists communicate with each other and with scientists from other areas through scientific diffusion, contributing to the development of science, the interdisciplinary nature of research, and the training of new scientists; iii. chemistry instruction was described asdecontextualized, focusing on theoretical aspects and addressed as a school subject; iv. the contribution of chemistry to other fields of science is difficult to recognize in contexts where applied science is more highly valued. Conclusions: Social groups inside and outside the chemical community act differently in the process of the transmission of the chemical culture. However, since chemistry is a cultural element, it goes beyond scientific conception, which can be observed even within the chemical community

O empreendedorismo social surge como uma nova forma de empreender, preocupado acima da geração de valor econômico, com o potencial de acréscimo de valor social incutido em determinado setor da sociedade. As micro e pequenas empresas vêm sendo objeto de estudo da contabilidade ao longo do tempo, porém os negócios sociais não parecem estar recebendo atenção devida tendo em vista serem um tipo inovador de negócio, que se preocupa com a transformação de uma sociedade que cada vez mais se questiona sobre os impactos ambientais e de desigualdade social causados pelo sistema econômico vigente. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o estado atual de interação entre a contabilidade e empreendedores sociais e, para além disso, indagar de quais formas um uso mais qualitativo da contabilidade pode assegurar o êxito deste tipo de negócios. O trabalho coletou seus dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com empreendedores sociais e profissionais de contabilidade que prestam serviços a esses empreendedores. Como resultado da análise das entrevistas, pôde-se vislumbrar um cenário de distanciamento entre a contabilidade e os negócios sociais. Porém já existem profissionais atentos a essa nova vertente de negócio, profissionais contábeis que enxergam um papel de destaque desse tipo de empreendimento por seu caráter de transformação social. Pretende-se com a pesquisa, além de outras coisas, agregar visibilidade aos negócios sociais, despertar maior interesse pelo tema nas pesquisas em contabilidade e conscientizar os empreendedores sobre os benefícios que o uso de uma contabilidade de qualidade pode trazer para seus negócios / Social entrepreneurship emerges as a new way of undertaking, preoccupied not only with the generation of economic value, but also with the potential for added social value instilled in a sector of society. Micro and small enterprises have been an increasingly research subject in accounting over time, but social businesses do not seem to be receiving proper attention due to being an innovative type of business, one that concerns itself with the transformation of a society that increasingly ponders on the environmental impacts and social inequality caused by the current economic system. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the current state of interaction between accounting and social entrepreneurs and, in addition, to question in which ways can a more qualitative use of accounting ensure the success of this type of business. This work collected its data through semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs and accounting professionals who provide services to these entrepreneurs. Through the analysis of the interviews, we could notice a scenario in which there is still some distance between accounting and social businesses. However, there are already some professionals paying attention to this new kind of business, accounting professionals who see a prominent role in this type of enterprise for its character of social transformation. The aim of the research is to add visibility to social affairs, to raise awareness of the topic in accounting research, and to make entrepreneurs aware of the benefits that the use of quality accounting can bring to their business

Objetivo: Esta tese teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as relações entre cultura e sociedade por meio da transmissão do conhecimento científico na área de química. Método: Foram realizados sete estudos de caso nos quais se analisou a transmissão de conhecimentos em química em diferentes contextos socioculturais. O corpus de informações analisadas incluiu: i. notícias de jornal com referência à química, publicadas entre 2008 e 2012; ii. registros publicados na mídia sobre a celebração do Ano Internacional da Química (AIQ 2011); iii. notícias de jornal com referência à química verde, publicadas em jornais brasileiros e estrangeiros entre 1990 e 2013; iv. acessos ao portal Química Nova Interativa (QNInt) da Sociedade Brasileira de Química entre 2010 e 2012; v. vídeos do YouTube exibindo experimentos de química, publicados entre 2007 e 2015; vi. currículo Lattes dos egressos da pós-graduação do IQUSP entre 1970 e 2014; vii. Prêmios Nobel em Fisiologia ou Medicina (PNFM) e em Química concedidos entre 1901 e 2016. A análise desses conteúdos seguiu abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. Adicionalmente, os estudos foram examinados segundo um referencial analítico que avaliou cada caso sob três aspectos: i. social; ii. cultural; iii. modos de transmissão do conhecimento. Resultados: Os principais resultados obtidos para cada estudo foram: i. a maior parte das notícias com referência à química não a trata como ciência, sendo muito discreta a representatividade da comunidade de química nos jornais; ii. visões diferentes de química foram identificadas por ocasião do AIQ, refletindo a diversidade de grupos sociais que participaram do evento; iii. a imagem da química verde nos jornais distancia-se da sua abordagem científica e pode sofrer influência do contexto sociocultural; iv. a experimentação em química, nos vídeos do YouTube, é pouco explorada por professores; v. os acessos ao QNInt evidenciam o uso educacional do portal, que contempla o ensino e a divulgação científica a partir de uma publicação científica; vi. o IQUSP foi caracterizado como um polo formador de recursos humanos em química no país; vii. observou-se a consolidação da abordagem molecular da medicina/fisiologia nos PNFM, com o surgimento da bioquímica como campo interdisciplinar. A análise global dos estudos apontou: i. a divulgação científica em química segue um padrão de comunicação predominantemente indireto, com a intermediação de profissionais da comunicação, e pouco engajamento direto da comunidade de química; ii. por meio da difusão científica, os cientistas químicos comunicam-se entre si e com cientistas de outras áreas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da ciência, a interdisciplinaridade das pesquisas e a formação de novos cientistas; iii. em plataformas digitais, o ensino de química foi caracterizadocomo descontextualizado, com foco em aspectos teóricos e tratada como disciplina escolar; iv. a contribuição da química para outras ciências é de difícil reconhecimento em contextos que valorizam mais a ciência aplicada. Conclusões: Grupos sociais internos e externos à comunidade de química atuam por diferentes vias para a transmissão da cultura química. Como elemento cultural, entretanto, a química extrapola a concepção científica, o que pode ser observado inclusive no interior da comunidade de química / Purpose: This thesis aimed to describe the relationship between culture and society through the transmission of scientific knowledge in the field of chemistry. Method: Seven case studies were conducted to analyze the transmission of knowledge in chemistry in different sociocultural contexts. The corpus of information analyzed included: i. news articles on chemistry published between 2008 and 2012; ii. records published in the media regarding the celebration of the International Year of Chemistry (IYC 2011); iii. news articles on green chemistry published between 1990 and 2013 in Brazilian and foreign newspapers; iv. records of access to the Química Nova Interativa (QNInt) web portal of the Brazilian Chemical Society between 2010 and 2012; v. YouTube videos featuring chemistry experiments published between 2007 and 2015; vi. Lattes curricula of graduate students of IQUSP between 1970 and 2014; vii. and Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine (NPPM) and in Chemistry granted between 1901 and 2016. These contents were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Furthermore, the studies were examined using an analytical framework that evaluated each case by considering three aspects: social, cultural, and modes of knowledge transfer. Results: The main results obtained in each study were: i. most of the news on chemistry does not address it as a science, and the way the chemical community is represented in the newspapers is very discreet; ii. different views on chemistry were identified during the IYC, reflecting the diversity of social groups that participated in the event; iii. the image of green chemistry in newspapers is different from its original concept in academia and this image may be influenced by its sociocultural context; iv. records of QNInt access demonstrate that the portal is used for educational purposes, comprehending teaching purposes and scientific dissemination from a scientific publication; v. YouTube videos featuring chemistry experiments are little utilized by professors; vi. IQUSP was described as a human resources training center in chemistry in Brazil; vii. and the molecular approach of medicine/physiology is consolidated in the NPPM, with the emergence of biochemistry as an interdisciplinary field. The overall analysis of the studies indicated: i. scientific dissemination in chemistry follows a predominantly indirect communication pattern and is characterized by the intermediation of communication professionals and little direct engagement of the chemical community; ii. chemical scientists communicate with each other and with scientists from other areas through scientific diffusion, contributing to the development of science, the interdisciplinary nature of research, and the training of new scientists; iii. chemistry instruction was described asdecontextualized, focusing on theoretical aspects and addressed as a school subject; iv. the contribution of chemistry to other fields of science is difficult to recognize in contexts where applied science is more highly valued. Conclusions: Social groups inside and outside the chemical community act differently in the process of the transmission of the chemical culture. However, since chemistry is a cultural element, it goes beyond scientific conception, which can be observed even within the chemical community

Le littoral subit de constants changements : son évolution est induite à la fois par des processus biophysiques – houles, tempêtes, courants marins, agents météorologiques –, et par une anthropisation notoire, particulièrement accentuée au cours des derniers siècles. En France, sur les côtes de la Manche, la variété et la richesse des types de côtes ont suscité l’inspiration de nombreux artistes notamment depuis le milieu du 19e siècle. Musées, archives, collections privées, détiennent de précieux témoignages visuels de l’histoire des lieux. Cette thèse vise à mettre en évidence la valeur informative de l’iconographie artistique des rivages à travers l’observation des évolutions géomorphologiques du littoral. La première partie contextualise la démarche générale en exposant un certain nombre de considérations théoriques essentielles au centre desquelles figurent les enjeux d’une géomorphologie moderne, le statut des images en géographie et une rétrospective de l’histoire des représentations picturales du paysage. La seconde partie explore concrètement le potentiel pressenti de l’exploitation des documents artistiques en tant que source d’information à l’échelle des rivages normano-bretons. A partir d’un corpus représentatif restreint d’œuvres d’art, une méthodologie est développée. Enfin, la troisième et dernière partie des travaux présente une application de la méthodologie élaborée dans un contexte précis. Le territoire considéré est celui de la Rance maritime avec pour principale problématique l’identification et l’évaluation des modifications architecturales et sédimentologiques intervenues au niveau du trait de côte et sur l’estran. Les résultats de cette approche sont diffusés au sein d’une interface numérique visant à être consultée, et à terme alimentée, par un large public. / The shoreline is submitted to constant changes : its evolution results from both biophysical processes – swells, storms, ocean currents, meteorological factors –, and significant anthropisation, strongly accentuated during the last centuries. In France, on the coast of the Channel, variety and sumptuousness of types of coasts have aroused the inspiration of numerous artists, especially since the middle of the 19th century. Museums, archives, private collections possess precious records of the story of places. This research aims to reveal the informative value of artistic shoreline iconography to observe geomorphological evolutions of the coast. The first part contextualizes the general approach, setting out some essential theoretical considerations centered on modern geomorphology, the status of images in geography and a retrospective of the history of landscape pictorial representations. The second part concretely explores the foreseen potential of using artistic documents as knowledge sources at the scale of the French coasts of the Channel. From a limited corpus of art works, a methodology is developed. Finally, the third and last part of the work presents an application of the developed methodology in a precise context. The territory considered is the Rance estuary, with, as main issue, the identification and evaluation of architectural and sedimentological modifications that occurred in the coastline and foreshore. Results are released through a dedicated Website, which intends to be consulted, and eventually contributed, by a large public.

Estudo sobre a representação documentária da informação estatística. A partir do reconhecimento dessa informação como representação de realidades sociais, identificam-se as suas especificidades e as da sua representação documentária visando sua divulgação na Internet e, portanto, a transmissão de informação sem a intermediação presencial do documentalista. Parte-se das premissas que a informação estatística tem características próprias que a diferenciam da informação textual, e que nem todas as recomendações para a construção de linguagem documentária, para representar esse tipo de informação, se aplicam necessariamente à representação de informações estatísticas. Utilizando referenciais da construção da linguagem documentária e da terminologia, sistematizam-se alguns parâmetros para que também o tratamento e a divulgação da informação estatística se realizem como possibilidades para a geração de novos conhecimentos. / This paper deals with the study on the documentary representation of statistical information. From the recognition that the statistical information represents social realities, the study identifies their specificities and their documentary representation, focusing its popularization in Internet and, therefore, its transmission without the presence of the librarian. It is based on two premises: first, the statistical information has characteristics that differentiate it from the textual information, and, second, not all the recommendations for the documentary language construction to represent textual information, necessarily represent statistical information. Using reference of documentary language construction and terminology, some parameters were systematized so that also the treatment and the popularization of the statistical information take place as possibilities of generating new knowledge.

A presente pesquisa é norteada pelo propósito de sistematizar uma reflexão sobre o estatuto da noção de ideologia na obra do Círculo de Bakhtin e, com base nessa reflexão, examinar possibilidades e alcances da articulação desse conceito ao estudo de gêneros discursivos de transmissão de saberes, focalizando, com esse intuito, o discurso de divulgação científica da SBPC (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência) materializado na revista Ciência Hoje nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. Orientando-se pela premissa de que um específico entendimento do fenômeno ideológico informa e suporta a concepção de linguagem do Círculo e de que a produtividade desse aparato conceitual para o estudo de realizações discursivas contemporâneas pode ser demonstrada pela análise do discurso de divulgação científica da SBPC no período recortado, a pesquisa se desdobra em dois momentos: no primeiro, focaliza o processo pelo qual a questão da ideologia, nuclear nos trabalhos de Volóchinov e Medviédev durante os anos de 1920, é assimilada também às reflexões de Bakhtin e se incorpora a uma concepção de linguagem de fundo comum, passando a integrar, de modo mais ou menos explícito, formulações e conceitos empregados por ele a partir de 1929; no segundo, focaliza enunciados da revista Ciência Hoje nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, procurando mostrar como a concepção de ideologia subjacente à malha de conceitos do Círculo contribui para o estudo da realidade discursiva contemporânea. / The purpose of the current study is to systematize a reflection on the statute of the notion of ideology in the Bakhtin Circles work, and based on this exploration to investigate possibilities and the range of the articulation of this concept with the study of the discursive genres of knowledge transmission. With this intent, the current investigation focuses the scientific dissemination discourse of SBPC (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência) materialized in the magazine Ciência Hoje in the 1990s and 2000s. Guided by the premise that a specific understanding of the ideological phenomenon informs and supports the language concept of the Circle and that the productivity of this conceptual apparatus for the study of the contemporary enunciative productions can be demonstrated by the analysis of the scientific dissemination discourse of SBPC in the chosen period, the research is divided in two moments: in the first, the focus is the process through which the ideology issue, crucial in Volóchinov and Medviédevs works during the 1920s, is assimilated by Bakhtins reflections and incorporated to a common conception of language, coming to integrate, in a more explicit or less explicit way, formulations and concepts used by him from 1929 onwards. In a second moment, this research analyses utterances published in the magazine Ciência Hoje in the 1990s and 2000s, aiming to show how the notion of ideology underlying in the web of concepts of the Circle contributes to the study of the contemporary discursive reality.

Naloxone has received increased public health attention in recent years given its effectiveness in the reversal of opioid overdoses. Despite continued increases in overdose death rates attributable to opioids, approaches to naloxone dissemination, prescribing and dispensing are quite variable across states. On the public health prevention continuum, naloxone dissemination and use could be considered quaternary prevention —actions taken to identify individuals at risk of over-medication, protect them from new medical invasion and suggest interventions which are ethically acceptable. This presentation will describe approaches to overdose death prevention with naloxone in four states: Maine, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role of community pharmacies in increasing naloxone dissemination. Attendees will be informed about recent legislative, educational and profession-specific prevention strategies and will thereafter engage in active learning to apply prevention strategies in their respective states. In addition to discussing barriers to and suggestions for increased naloxone uptake, presenters will describe assessments that can be used to evaluate overdose risk and subsequent naloxone co-prescribing/dispensing.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to evolve as new applications emerge. In the recent past, WSNs were mostly single sink networks with a few number of homogeneous and static sensor nodes. Now, several applications require networks with multiple and moving sinks and targets as well as thousands of heterogeneous devices. However, the same constraints remain: sensor nodes continue to be very limited in resources, posing new challenges in the design of scalable and energy-efficient algorithms and communication protocols to support these new applications. This dissertation first addresses the problem of sink localization in large scale WSNs. A scalable and energy-efficient sink localization mechanism, called the Anchor Location Service (ALS), is introduced to support the use of location-based routing protocols. ALS avoids frequent and costly flooding procedures derived from the mobility of the sinks and targets, and utilizes face routing to guarantee the success of localization. The problem of topology control in heterogeneous environments is addressed next. A new topology control mechanism, the Residual Energy-Aware Dynamic (READ) algorithm, is devised to extend the lifetime of the network while maintaining connectivity. READ extends the lifetime of the network by assigning a more prominent role to more powerful devices. ALS and READ are evaluated and compared with other well-known protocols using analytical means and simulations. Results show that ALS provides a scalable sink location service and reduces the communication overhead in scenarios with multiple and moving sinks and targets. Results also show that READ increases both the network lifetime and the packet delivery rate.

The choice of a first programming language is critical for fostering problem solving skills and remains a concern in programming instruction that should be taken into account during discussions on the Computer Science curriculum. Criteria that should be considered in selection, therefore, need to be established. Few precedents exist for the implementation of such a language, and guidelines for this process ought to be introduced. This study aims to institute valid criteria and guidelines for the selection and implementation of a first programming language in high schools. Criteria for selection were established and guidelines for implementation introduced through a literature study, after which the validity of these was tested empirically. Care was taken to ensure the relevance of criteria, which were established regarding the development of thinking and programming skills, requirements for the programming language and its software development environment to make it appropriate for learners, new tendencies in programming, issues influencing programming used in practice, affordability, training and resources, and programming for various purposes. Guidelines were introduced for the implementation of a first programming language in high schools regarding appreciating teachers' roles in implementation, issues surrounding pilot testing, considering cost implications at macro-implementation level, introducing a new curriculum, and guidance, support and assessment. The validity of selection criteria and implementation guidelines identified was empirically verified within the South African context, in that all items in a questionnaire based on criteria and guidelines received averages rating these as 'fairly important'. Effect sizes designating practical significance for differences between 0 the reported importance and application/usage of criteria and guidelines and 0 the use of implementation guidelines as regarded by groups consisting of policy makers and teachers respectively indicate a need for more careful consideration of what is important and practical in the world of the teachers who implement a selected language. Key terms: selection criteria, implementation guidelines, first programming language, high schools, Computer Studies, curriculum development, curriculum implementation, curriculum dissemination / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The choice of a first programming language is critical for fostering problem solving skills and remains a concern in programming instruction that should be taken into account during discussions on the Computer Science curriculum. Criteria that should be considered in selection, therefore, need to be established. Few precedents exist for the implementation of such a language, and guidelines for this process ought to be introduced. This study aims to institute valid criteria and guidelines for the selection and implementation of a first programming language in high schools. Criteria for selection were established and guidelines for implementation introduced through a literature study, after which the validity of these was tested empirically. Care was taken to ensure the relevance of criteria, which were established regarding the development of thinking and programming skills, requirements for the programming language and its software development environment to make it appropriate for learners, new tendencies in programming, issues influencing programming used in practice, affordability, training and resources, and programming for various purposes. Guidelines were introduced for the implementation of a first programming language in high schools regarding appreciating teachers' roles in implementation, issues surrounding pilot testing, considering cost implications at macro-implementation level, introducing a new curriculum, and guidance, support and assessment. The validity of selection criteria and implementation guidelines identified was empirically verified within the South African context, in that all items in a questionnaire based on criteria and guidelines received averages rating these as 'fairly important'. Effect sizes designating practical significance for differences between 0 the reported importance and application/usage of criteria and guidelines and 0 the use of implementation guidelines as regarded by groups consisting of policy makers and teachers respectively indicate a need for more careful consideration of what is important and practical in the world of the teachers who implement a selected language. Key terms: selection criteria, implementation guidelines, first programming language, high schools, Computer Studies, curriculum development, curriculum implementation, curriculum dissemination / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.