Conforme enfatizado por Dib (2003), recentemente tem sido observado um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de modelos econômicos que destacam o papel da rigidez no preço nominal, pautados no comportamento otimizador de agentes racionais em um ambiente dinâmico, estocástico e de equilíbrio geral (DSGE). Entretanto, apesar das vantagens apresentadas por esta classe de modelos, observa-se que os choques de política monetária geram apenas fraca persistência nas variáveis reais e nominais, o que vai de encontro com a maior parte das evidências, que indicam que os efeitos destes choques duram vários trimestres. Desta forma, no presente trabalho foi feita, através de métodos bayesianos, a estimação para o Brasil do modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Dib (2003), que combina rigidez nominal na forma de custos de ajustamento de preços e rigidez real na forma de custos de ajustamento de capital e/ou emprego. O objetivo foi verificar se a inserção de rigidez real aumenta a rigidez nominal e, consequentemente, a persistência de choques de política monetária. Os resultados de estimação mostraram que a inserção de rigidez real contribuiu para o aumento da rigidez nominal, em especial quando aquela foi inserida na forma de custos de ajustamento de emprego. Ainda, exercícios de simulação mostraram que quando o modelo contém rigidez real, os choques de oferta de moeda, de demanda de moeda e de tecnologia têm impactos mais persistentes sobre algumas variáveis macroeconômicas. / According to the emphasis by Dib (2003), recently there has been a growing interest in the development of economic models that outline the role of rigidities in nominal price, based on the optimizing behavior of rational agents in a dynamic, stochastic, general-equilibrium (DSGE) environment. Although, there are advantages shown by these models, it was observed that the money supply shocks create only weak persistence of real and nominal variables, which conflicts with the majority of evidences, pointing that the effects of this shocks lasting for many quarters. Therefore, in this present work it was carried out, through Bayesian methods, the estimation of Dib’s (2003) model for the Brazilian economy, which combines the nominal rigidities in the form of costly price adjustment and real rigidities in the form of cost of adjusting capital and/or employment. The objective was to verify if the insertion of the real rigidities increases the nominal rigidities and, consequently, the persistence of monetary policy shocks. The results of this estimation showed that the insertion of real rigidities contributed to the increase of nominal rigidities, especially when the former is inserted in the form of employment adjusting costs. In addition, exercises of simulation demonstrated that when the real rigidities are present in the model, the money supply, the money demands and the technology shocks have impacts more persistent over some macroeconomic variables.

Submitted by Ivan dos Anjos Todorov (ivanat86@gmail.com) on 2015-09-21T03:50:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ivan Todorov FGV.pdf: 812676 bytes, checksum: 48d0afdd2c60b9af09c95b31e3a3eb3d (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Ivan, boa noite Por gentileza, retire a informação que consta abaixo da ficha catalográfica referente a elaboração da mesma. Em seguida, realize uma nova submissão. Att on 2015-09-21T23:05:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ivan dos Anjos Todorov (ivanat86@gmail.com) on 2015-09-22T01:42:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ivan Todorov FGV.pdf: 723882 bytes, checksum: 7a1ce7b1e2b81e9f9260a750b1f673c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T10:31:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ivan Todorov FGV.pdf: 723882 bytes, checksum: 7a1ce7b1e2b81e9f9260a750b1f673c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T13:39:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ivan Todorov FGV.pdf: 723882 bytes, checksum: 7a1ce7b1e2b81e9f9260a750b1f673c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / The current international economic crisis showed that fighting output hiatus using only monetary tools might not be enough. In this context, questions about the efficiency of counter cyclical temporary fiscal stimulus where asked, and additionally which of those fiscal stimulus would bring more benefits to those economies. This work developed a structural DSGE model with characteristics and calibrations for the brazilian economy. The main goal was to perform an exercise with expansionary fiscal shocks, and to analyze their fiscal multipliers. The results suggest that the impact of government current spending would create larger fiscal multipliers, both in the short and in the long run, however it had decreasing accumulative effects. On the other hand, the consumption tax rate shock created small fiscal multipliers in the short run, however it had increasing effect on the long run, achieving long run multipliers similar to government current spending ones. / A atual crise econômica internacional mostrou que o combate a hiatos do produto utilizando apenas a política monetária pode não ser suficiente. Neste contexto, questões sobre a eficácia de estímulos fiscais temporários como política anticíclica foram levantadas, e adicionalmente quais estímulos fiscais seriam mais benéficos às economias. Este trabalho desenvolveu um modelo estrutural DSGE com características e calibrações para a economia brasileira. O objetivo era realizar um exercício com choques fiscais expansionistas, de modo a analisar seus multiplicadores fiscais. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto de gastos correntes do governo obteve melhor multiplicador fiscal, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, porém teve efeitos acumulativos decrescentes. Por outro lado, o choque de diminuição da alíquota dos impostos sobre consumo obteve baixos multiplicadores fiscais a curto prazo, porém com efeitos crescentes a longo prazo, alcançando multiplicadores de longo prazo similares aos dos gastos do governo.

A literatura sobre economia monetária vem despertando interesse crescente dentro da macroeconomia. Devido aos avanços computacionais, os modelos têm se tornado cada vez mais complexos e precisos, permitindo estudar detalhadamente as relações entre as variáveis reais da economia e as variáveis nominais. Dessa forma, através de um modelo de equilíbriogeral estocástico e dinâmico (DSGE) baseado em Gali e Monacelli (2005), é proposto e estimado um modelo para a economia brasileira através de métodos bayesianos, com o intuito de avaliar se o Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) considera variações cambiais na condução da política monetária. O resultado mais importante do presente trabalho é que não há evidências de que o BCB altere diretamente a trajetória dos juros devido a variações na taxa de câmbio. Um exercício de simulação também é realizado. Conclui-se que a economia acomoda rapidamente choques induzidos separadamente na taxa de câmbio, nos termos de troca, na taxa de juros e na inflação mundial. / The literature on monetary economy has aroused growing interest in macroeconomics. Due to computational advancements, models have been increasingly more complex and accurate, allowing for the in-depth analysis of the relationships between real economic variables and nominal variables. Therefore, using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, based on Gali and Monacelli (2005), we propose and estimate a model for the Brazilian economy by employing Bayesian methods so as to assess whether the Central Bank of Brazil takes exchange rate fluctuations into account in the conduct of monetary policy. The most striking result of the present study is that the Central Bank of Brazil does not directly change the interest rate path due to exchange rate movements. A simulation exercise is also used. Our conclusion is that the economy quickly accommodates shocks induced separately on the exchange rate, on the terms of trade, on the interest rate, and on global inflation.

Conforme enfatizado por Dib (2003), recentemente tem sido observado um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de modelos econômicos que destacam o papel da rigidez no preço nominal, pautados no comportamento otimizador de agentes racionais em um ambiente dinâmico, estocástico e de equilíbrio geral (DSGE). Entretanto, apesar das vantagens apresentadas por esta classe de modelos, observa-se que os choques de política monetária geram apenas fraca persistência nas variáveis reais e nominais, o que vai de encontro com a maior parte das evidências, que indicam que os efeitos destes choques duram vários trimestres. Desta forma, no presente trabalho foi feita, através de métodos bayesianos, a estimação para o Brasil do modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Dib (2003), que combina rigidez nominal na forma de custos de ajustamento de preços e rigidez real na forma de custos de ajustamento de capital e/ou emprego. O objetivo foi verificar se a inserção de rigidez real aumenta a rigidez nominal e, consequentemente, a persistência de choques de política monetária. Os resultados de estimação mostraram que a inserção de rigidez real contribuiu para o aumento da rigidez nominal, em especial quando aquela foi inserida na forma de custos de ajustamento de emprego. Ainda, exercícios de simulação mostraram que quando o modelo contém rigidez real, os choques de oferta de moeda, de demanda de moeda e de tecnologia têm impactos mais persistentes sobre algumas variáveis macroeconômicas. / According to the emphasis by Dib (2003), recently there has been a growing interest in the development of economic models that outline the role of rigidities in nominal price, based on the optimizing behavior of rational agents in a dynamic, stochastic, general-equilibrium (DSGE) environment. Although, there are advantages shown by these models, it was observed that the money supply shocks create only weak persistence of real and nominal variables, which conflicts with the majority of evidences, pointing that the effects of this shocks lasting for many quarters. Therefore, in this present work it was carried out, through Bayesian methods, the estimation of Dib’s (2003) model for the Brazilian economy, which combines the nominal rigidities in the form of costly price adjustment and real rigidities in the form of cost of adjusting capital and/or employment. The objective was to verify if the insertion of the real rigidities increases the nominal rigidities and, consequently, the persistence of monetary policy shocks. The results of this estimation showed that the insertion of real rigidities contributed to the increase of nominal rigidities, especially when the former is inserted in the form of employment adjusting costs. In addition, exercises of simulation demonstrated that when the real rigidities are present in the model, the money supply, the money demands and the technology shocks have impacts more persistent over some macroeconomic variables.

Conforme enfatizado por Dib (2003), recentemente tem sido observado um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de modelos econômicos que destacam o papel da rigidez no preço nominal, pautados no comportamento otimizador de agentes racionais em um ambiente dinâmico, estocástico e de equilíbrio geral (DSGE). Entretanto, apesar das vantagens apresentadas por esta classe de modelos, observa-se que os choques de política monetária geram apenas fraca persistência nas variáveis reais e nominais, o que vai de encontro com a maior parte das evidências, que indicam que os efeitos destes choques duram vários trimestres. Desta forma, no presente trabalho foi feita, através de métodos bayesianos, a estimação para o Brasil do modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Dib (2003), que combina rigidez nominal na forma de custos de ajustamento de preços e rigidez real na forma de custos de ajustamento de capital e/ou emprego. O objetivo foi verificar se a inserção de rigidez real aumenta a rigidez nominal e, consequentemente, a persistência de choques de política monetária. Os resultados de estimação mostraram que a inserção de rigidez real contribuiu para o aumento da rigidez nominal, em especial quando aquela foi inserida na forma de custos de ajustamento de emprego. Ainda, exercícios de simulação mostraram que quando o modelo contém rigidez real, os choques de oferta de moeda, de demanda de moeda e de tecnologia têm impactos mais persistentes sobre algumas variáveis macroeconômicas. / According to the emphasis by Dib (2003), recently there has been a growing interest in the development of economic models that outline the role of rigidities in nominal price, based on the optimizing behavior of rational agents in a dynamic, stochastic, general-equilibrium (DSGE) environment. Although, there are advantages shown by these models, it was observed that the money supply shocks create only weak persistence of real and nominal variables, which conflicts with the majority of evidences, pointing that the effects of this shocks lasting for many quarters. Therefore, in this present work it was carried out, through Bayesian methods, the estimation of Dib’s (2003) model for the Brazilian economy, which combines the nominal rigidities in the form of costly price adjustment and real rigidities in the form of cost of adjusting capital and/or employment. The objective was to verify if the insertion of the real rigidities increases the nominal rigidities and, consequently, the persistence of monetary policy shocks. The results of this estimation showed that the insertion of real rigidities contributed to the increase of nominal rigidities, especially when the former is inserted in the form of employment adjusting costs. In addition, exercises of simulation demonstrated that when the real rigidities are present in the model, the money supply, the money demands and the technology shocks have impacts more persistent over some macroeconomic variables.

This Thesis is composed by three independent papers that investigate<p>central debates in empirical macroeconomic modeling.<p><p>Chapter 1, entitled “A Model for Real-Time Data Assessment with an Application to GDP Growth Rates”, provides a model for the data<p>revisions of macroeconomic variables that distinguishes between rational expectation updates and noise corrections. Thus, the model encompasses the two polar views regarding the publication process of statistical agencies: noise versus news. Most of the studies previous studies that analyze data revisions are based<p>on the classical noise and news regression approach introduced by Mankiew, Runkle and Shapiro (1984). The problem is that the statistical tests available do not formulate both extreme hypotheses as collectively exhaustive, as recognized by Aruoba (2008). That is, it would be possible to reject or accept both of them simultaneously. In turn, the model for the<p>DPP presented here allows for the simultaneous presence of both noise and news. While the “regression approach” followed by Faust et al. (2005), along the lines of Mankiew et al. (1984), identifies noise in the preliminary<p>figures, it is not possible for them to quantify it, as done by our model. <p><p>The second and third chapters acknowledge the possibility that macroeconomic data is measured with errors, but the approach followed to model the missmeasurement is extremely stylized and does not capture the complexity of the revision process that we describe in the first chapter.<p><p><p>Chapter 2, entitled “Revisiting the Success of the RBC model”, proposes the use of dynamic factor models as an alternative to the VAR based tools for the empirical validation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) theories. Along the lines of Giannone et al. (2006), we use the state-space parameterisation of the factor models proposed by Forni et al. (2007) as a competitive benchmark that is able to capture weak statistical restrictions that DSGE models impose on the data. Our empirical illustration compares the out-of-sample forecasting performance of a simple RBC model augmented with a serially correlated noise component against several specifications belonging to classes of dynamic factor and VAR models. Although the performance of the RBC model is comparable<p>to that of the reduced form models, a formal test of predictive accuracy reveals that the weak restrictions are more useful at forecasting than the strong behavioral assumptions imposed by the microfoundations in the model economy.<p><p>The last chapter, “What are Shocks Capturing in DSGE modeling”, contributes to current debates on the use and interpretation of larger DSGE<p>models. Recent tendency in academic work and at central banks is to develop and estimate large DSGE models for policy analysis and forecasting. These models typically have many shocks (e.g. Smets and Wouters, 2003 and Adolfson, Laseen, Linde and Villani, 2005). On the other hand, empirical studies point out that few large shocks are sufficient to capture the covariance structure of macro data (Giannone, Reichlin and<p>Sala, 2005, Uhlig, 2004). In this Chapter, we propose to reconcile both views by considering an alternative DSGE estimation approach which<p>models explicitly the statistical agency along the lines of Sargent (1989). This enables us to distinguish whether the exogenous shocks in DSGE<p>modeling are structural or instead serve the purpose of fitting the data in presence of misspecification and measurement problems. When applied to the original Smets and Wouters (2007) model, we find that the explanatory power of the structural shocks decreases at high frequencies. This allows us to back out a smoother measure of the natural output gap than that<p>resulting from the original specification. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Essays, die die Rolle von Haushalts-Heterogenität für makroökonomische Entwicklungen untersuchen. Alle Essays verwenden dynamische, stochastische Modelle des allgemeinen makroökonomischen Gleichgewichtes, in denen Haushalte heterogen sind. Das erste Essay berechnet Multiplikatoren von budgetneutralen fiskalischen Politiken, die Einkommen von Haushalten mit einer geringen Konsumneigung zu Haushalten mit einer hohen Konsumneigung umverteilen. Zu diesem Zweck unterteile ich den Haushaltssektor in einem Neu-Keynesianischen Modell in eine Vielzahl von Untergruppen mit unterschiedlichen Konsumneigungen, wodurch die empirisch beobachtete Verteilung von Konsumneigungen exakt im Modell repliziert werden kann. Ich zeige, dass budgetneutrale Umverteilungen in diesem Modell ein wirksames Instrument sind um die Wirtschaft zu stimulieren. Das zweite Essay analysiert die Auswirkungen von Haushalts-Heterogenität für die Transmission von adversen externen Schocks in einem Bewley-Modell einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft. Ich zeige, dass die negativen Auswirkungen der Schocks auf Haushaltseinkommen für ärmere Haushalte stärker sind. Da diese eine höhere marginale Konsumneigung haben, bedeutet das eine Abnahme der aggregierten Nachfrage. Des Weiteren profitieren reichere Haushalte disproportional von einer Stabilisierung der Volkswirtschaft durch eine Wechselkursabwertung. Das dritte Essay untersucht die Auswirkungen eines Anstieges der Lebenserwartung. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den Implikationen von altersabhängigem Lohnrisiko, das einen U-förmigen Verlauf über die Lebenszeit aufweist. Wenn dies in einem Aiyagari-Modell mit überlappenden Generationen berücksichtigt wird, spielt die Anpassung von Arbeitsangebot eine wichtigere Rolle als im Standard-Modell ohne altersabhängiges Lohnrisiko. Anpassungen im Sparverhalten werden hingegen weniger wichtig. / This thesis consists of three essays on the implications of household heterogeneity for macroeconomic dynamics. Each essay employs a different Heterogeneous-Agent Dynamic Stochastic General-Equilibrium (DSGE) model tailored to the given research question. The first essay computes multipliers of different types of budget-neutral redistributive fiscal policies in a New Keynesian DSGE model. An ad-hoc distribution of MPC is introduced by partitioning the household population into a large number of segments with a varying share of hand-to-mouth consumers, which allows matching empirical estimates of the MPC distribution. I find that targeted transfers can be an effective tool in stimulating aggregate demand. In the second essay, I analyze the role of household heterogeneity for the propagation of external shocks in a Bewley-type model of a small open economy. I find that negative external shocks reduce households' current income, whereby poor households are affected most strongly. Since poor households have the highest MPC, this brings about a reduction in aggregate demand. My results further show that rich households dis-proportionally benefit from the stabilization of the domestic economy, provided by a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate. The third essay analyzes the effect of an increase in life expectancy in an Aiyagari overlapping generations model. Motivated by empirical evidence, the process for idiosyncratic wage shocks is modified such that their volatility is u-shaped over the life cycle. Relative to the standard model with age-independent wage volatility, labor supply has a more significant role in preparing for an increase in the expected retirement spell, while precautionary savings become less relevant. In the aggregate, this translates into a smaller fall in the natural interest rate, relative to the standard model.

Gegenstand dieser Dissertation sind die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheit, die hohe Aufmerksamkeit unter Akademikern und Politikern erregt hat. Der erste Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Folgen von Unsicherheit, die von Finanzmärkten ausgeht. Zu diesem Zweck belege ich die empirische Relevanz von Finanzmarktunsicherheit mithilfe von SVAR Methoden. Anschließend benutze ich das von Gertler and Karadi (2011) entwickelte DSGE-Modell, um den Transmissionsmechanismus aufzudecken. Im Einklang mit der empirischen Evidenz impliziert das Modell einen Rückgang der Wirtschaftsleistung als Reaktion auf einen Anstieg der Finanzmarktunsicherheit. Dieses Ergebnis entsteht hauptsächlich aufgrund einer Verschärfung der endogenen Leverage-Beschränkung, die den finanziellen Akzelerator auslöst. Im zweiten Aufsatz schlage ich eine asymptotische Perturbationsmethode vor, um DSGE Modelle mit endogener Portfolioentscheidung zu lösen. Im Gegensatz zu existierenden Verfahren kann sie benutzt werden, um Approximationen höheren Grades von Bruttovermögenswerten zu ermitteln. Der vorgeschlagene Lösungsalgorithmus wird evaluiert, indem ich ein Lucas-Tree-Modell mit Portfolioentscheidung löse. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den Folgen von struktureller Heterogenität in der Unsicherheit zwischen den Ländern. Die vorgeschlagene Methode erfasst diese Asymmetrie und kann zu einer Verbesserung von der Qualität der Approximation führen. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Folgen von globalen Unsicherheitsschocks für die Bankenportfolios und die makroökonomischen Aggregate. Zu diesem Zweck benutze ich ein Zwei-Länder DSGE Modell mit endogener Portfolioentscheidung und Bilanzrestriktionen im Bankensektor. Die Bankenportfolios sind charakterisiert durch einen Home Bias, der mit den Daten konsistent ist. Außerdem führt ein Anstieg der Finanzmarktunsicherheit zum Rückgang der grenzüberschreitenden Bruttoanlagen und der Wirtschaftsleistung weltweit. Dies entspricht den Entwicklungen während der globalen Finanzkrise. / This thesis examines the macroeconomic implications of uncertainty which has attracted attention within both the academic literature and policy community. The first essay investigates the effects of uncertainty originating in financial markets. To this end, I first document empirical relevance of financial uncertainty using SVAR methods. Second, I employ the DSGE framework developed by Gertler and Karadi (2011) to uncover the underlying transmission mechanism. In line with the empirical evidence, the model generates a decline in economic activity in response to an increase in financial uncertainty. This outcome arises mainly because of tightening of leverage constraints which in turn triggers the financial accelerator mechanism. In the second essay, I propose an asymptotic perturbation method to solve DSGE models with endogenous portfolio choice. In contrast to existing local techniques, it can be used to compute a higher-order approximation of gross asset holdings. I evaluate the proposed method by solving a Lucas tree model with portfolio choice. The focus lies on implications of cross-country structural heterogeneity in economic uncertainty for international asset holdings. The proposed method accounts for these asymmetries and can consequently lead to an improvement in quality of the approximation. Finally, the third essay examines the consequences of global uncertainty shocks for banking portfolios and macroeconomic aggregates. To this end, I employ a two-country DSGE model with balance-sheet constrained financial intermediaries and endogenous portfolio choice. Countries are assumed to be ex-ante asymmetric, which allows me to consider both developed and emerging economies. The model implies a home bias in banking assets that is consistent with the data. Moreover, an increase in financial uncertainty leads to a decline in cross-border portfolios and a worldwide reduction in economic activity, which is consistent with dynamics observed during the global financial crisis.

In this thesis we analyse a problem of the real economic adjustment between two countries, one of which is an emerging market and the other is a developed economy. When they form a monetary union the only possible adjustment to asymmetric shocks transmitted internationally is through the real variables. We take into account existing asymmetries in the foreign direct investment (FDI) intensity and FDI relations. The issues of FDI and differences in the FDI intensity are real aspects of functioning of economies and relations between them. They reveal some problem from the macroeconomic perspective. However, the problem relates also to microeconomic foundations. The given trade and FDI relations between countries depend on decisions of firms that are heterogeneous. To study the effect of plant delocalization and FDI on output fluctuations between two countries we use a framework that accounts for all this issues, that means dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with heterogeneity in firm productivity. We add a new dimension to the existing literature on DSGE models with heterogeneous firms. First, we complete goods market with a new segment of production, namely products offered by multinationals which produce abroad and export back to their economy of origin. Second, we account for asymmetries in the FDI intensity and differences in production structures that occur between two economies forming a monetary union. Summing things up, the analysis allows us to state that the real aspects of economy functioning, such as trade connections between countries and differences in production structures, determine economic performance and behaviour of economies in terms of output fluctuations.

The New Macroeconometrics may succinctly be described as the application of Bayesian analysis to the class of macroeconomic models called Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. A prominent local example from this research area is the development and estimation of the RAMSES model, the main macroeconomic model in use at Sveriges Riksbank.   Bayesian estimation of DSGE models is often computationally demanding. In this thesis fast algorithms for Bayesian inference are developed and tested in the context of the state space model framework implied by DSGE models. The algorithms discussed in the thesis deal with evaluation of the DSGE model likelihood function and sampling from the posterior distribution. Block Kalman filter algorithms are suggested for likelihood evaluation in large linearised DSGE models. Parallel particle filter algorithms are presented for likelihood evaluation in nonlinearly approximated DSGE models. Prefetching random walk Metropolis algorithms and adaptive hybrid sampling algorithms are suggested for posterior sampling. The generality of the algorithms, however, suggest that they should be of interest also outside the realm of macroeconometrics.