Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-26T19:12:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Joanna _Biavatti2017.pdf: 3090152 bytes, checksum: 68a29cf9c1a67bf74c601cb7e55eac79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T19:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Joanna _Biavatti2017.pdf: 3090152 bytes, checksum: 68a29cf9c1a67bf74c601cb7e55eac79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / The National Program for Access to Technical Education and Employment - Pronatec, created by the Federal Government through Law No. 12,513, of October 26, 2011, aims to offer free vocational courses in order to "expand, internalize and democratize The offer of vocational and technological education courses in the country, "with the aim of expanding educational and vocational training opportunities for young people, workers and beneficiaries of income transfer programs, among others. It is observed that the implementation of this program is constituted by the materialization of actions resulting from constant governmental discourses that endorse the speech of the representatives of the economic sectors regarding the shortage of skilled labor in Brazil and of the negative implications of this lack for the Technological development of the country. In this context, the present study proposes to analyze the relationship between the Pronatec courses, in the Technical and FIC-Initial and Continuous Training modalities, from 2011 to 2015, and the answer to the (justification) argument of existing Skilled labor, to meet the requirements of the economic productive sectors, especially in the municipality of Cascavel - PR. In order to do this, the data related to the courses offered and the needs identified by the economic sectors and the applicants, expressed by the data of the MTE, CAGED, IBGE, IPARDS, RAIS, CNI, FIEP, SEED and the Worker's Agency were interlinked. This analysis subsidized the construction of a panorama of the offer of Vocational Education, in which the representation of the demand for the Pronatec courses and the offered jobs were gathered. In this analysis it was possible to verify if the offered courses meet the requirements of the productive sectors, and also, if there was a significant increase in the occupation rates of the formal work posts, through the referrals made by the Worker Agency in the municipality of Cascavel, PR. / O Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego – Pronatec, criado pelo Governo Federal por meio da Lei N°12.513, de 26 de Outubro de 2011, objetiva a oferta de cursos profissionalizantes gratuitos, com a finalidade de “expandir, interiorizar e democratizar a oferta de cursos de educação profissional e tecnológica no país”, com intuito ampliar as oportunidades educacionais e de formação profissional para jovens, trabalhadores e beneficiários de programas de transferência de renda, entre outros. Observa-se que a implementação desse programa constitui-se na materialização de ações decorrentes de constantes discursos governamentais, que endossam a fala dos representantes dos setores econômicos quanto a escassez de mão-de-obra qualificada no Brasil e das implicações negativas desta carência para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do país. Frente a este contexto, a presente pesquisa propõe-se a analisar a relação entre os cursos Pronatec, nas modalidades Técnico e FIC– Formação Inicial e Continuada, no período de 2011 a 2015, e a resposta ao argumento (justificativa) de existente deficiência de mão-de-obra qualificada, para atender os requerimentos dos setores produtivos econômicos, em especial, no munícipio de Cascavel – PR. Para tal, realizou-se o entrelaçamento dos dados referentes aos cursos ofertados e as necessidades sinalizadas pelos setores econômico, e demandantes, expressas pelos dados do MTE, CAGED, IBGE, IPARDS, RAIS, CNI, FIEP, SEED e Agência do Trabalhador. Essa análise subsidiou a construção de um panorama da oferta da Educação Profissional, em que congregou-se a representação da demanda de oferta de cursos Pronatec e dos postos de trabalho ofertados. Nessa análise foi possível constatar se os cursos ofertados atendem os requerimentos dos setores produtivos, e ainda, se houve significativo aumento nas taxas de ocupação dos postos formais de trabalho, por intermédio dos encaminhamentos realizados pela Agência do Trabalhador no município de Cascavel, PR.

The South African government, in its attempt to curb unemployment, continues to promote and facilitate the establishment of small businesses. The promotion of businesses is evident through the development of policies, establishment of supporting agencies and the formation of the new ministry, Department of Small Business Development. The government acknowledges the contribution of small businesses in relation to job creation, poverty alleviation and having an inclusive economy. There are different types of businesses in the South African context, such as registered and unregistered businesses, operating in both informal and formal sectors. This study focuses on registered businesses in the main economic sectors such as retail, mining, agriculture, manufacturing, services, construction and transport. Its main objective is to develop a framework that will enable small businesses to operate sustainably irrespective of the challenges experienced in these economic sectors. Areas of focus in the research study are in the City of Matlosana that falls within the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District in the North West province. The City of Matlosana comprises of Klerksdorp, Orkney, Stilfontein and Hartbeesfontein (KOSH). The areas consist of many small businesses in different sectors of the economy. It is an area known to have been dependent mainly on mining activities for its economic sustainability. However, the mining activities have declined due to depletion of mining reserves and the focus is mainly on alternative potential economic sectors such as manufacturing, services, retail, agriculture and construction. A quantitative research approach was applied for the study. Data analysis and interpretation were conducted by using statistical methods such as frequencies, reliability with reference to the mean, standard deviation and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient as well as Spearman’s Rank Order Correlations. Internal and external factors such as management skills, inability to access funding, the lack of proper business planning, economic conditions and industry changes influence the failure rate of businesses. The study investigates the extent of such factors that influence sustainability opportunity. Previous research on this topic indicates that most businesses fail within three years of their start-up. Some newly formed businesses are a result of the reasons such as unemployment or inability to be employable, that result into survival type of small business. Businesses operating in a survival mode do not employ as many people as possible and are easily susceptible to challenges due to changes in economic conditions. They typically have a small impact on the economic growth of the area. Conclusions of the study show that most owners do not necessarily empower themselves by short training courses or study business as a career choice to enhance their knowledge and skills. The level of education is as low as below matriculation (grade 12) with three to five years of experience in a particular business sector. There is a low level of prior knowledge of business but a high level of prior working experience in the same sector of the economy. Small business owners are mostly involved at operational and management level in their businesses indicating that administration and strategic planning are lacking which affects long-term plans of most businesses. The framework developed focused on many different aspects that influence the success and failure of small businesses. It is evident that there are factors that are influential to any business operating in a particular sector. There are instances where some factors have a major bearing on particular businesses as compared to others. In cases where the owner is strategic, experienced, qualified and skilled, the businesses have all-important competitive advantage to stand the challenges. Business characteristics such as location, years of operation, its responsiveness to its customer needs and business planning contributes advantageously to its sustainability. In various economic conditions, some sectors are affected in different ways depending on its financial strength. There is no single aspect that is identified as a stand-alone factor to enable a small business to be sustainable. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The South African government, in its attempt to curb unemployment, continues to promote and facilitate the establishment of small businesses. The promotion of businesses is evident through the development of policies, establishment of supporting agencies and the formation of the new ministry, Department of Small Business Development. The government acknowledges the contribution of small businesses in relation to job creation, poverty alleviation and having an inclusive economy. There are different types of businesses in the South African context, such as registered and unregistered businesses, operating in both informal and formal sectors. This study focuses on registered businesses in the main economic sectors such as retail, mining, agriculture, manufacturing, services, construction and transport. Its main objective is to develop a framework that will enable small businesses to operate sustainably irrespective of the challenges experienced in these economic sectors. Areas of focus in the research study are in the City of Matlosana that falls within the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District in the North West province. The City of Matlosana comprises of Klerksdorp, Orkney, Stilfontein and Hartbeesfontein (KOSH). The areas consist of many small businesses in different sectors of the economy. It is an area known to have been dependent mainly on mining activities for its economic sustainability. However, the mining activities have declined due to depletion of mining reserves and the focus is mainly on alternative potential economic sectors such as manufacturing, services, retail, agriculture and construction. A quantitative research approach was applied for the study. Data analysis and interpretation were conducted by using statistical methods such as frequencies, reliability with reference to the mean, standard deviation and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient as well as Spearman’s Rank Order Correlations. Internal and external factors such as management skills, inability to access funding, the lack of proper business planning, economic conditions and industry changes influence the failure rate of businesses. The study investigates the extent of such factors that influence sustainability opportunity. Previous research on this topic indicates that most businesses fail within three years of their start-up. Some newly formed businesses are a result of the reasons such as unemployment or inability to be employable, that result into survival type of small business. Businesses operating in a survival mode do not employ as many people as possible and are easily susceptible to challenges due to changes in economic conditions. They typically have a small impact on the economic growth of the area. Conclusions of the study show that most owners do not necessarily empower themselves by short training courses or study business as a career choice to enhance their knowledge and skills. The level of education is as low as below matriculation (grade 12) with three to five years of experience in a particular business sector. There is a low level of prior knowledge of business but a high level of prior working experience in the same sector of the economy. Small business owners are mostly involved at operational and management level in their businesses indicating that administration and strategic planning are lacking which affects long-term plans of most businesses. The framework developed focused on many different aspects that influence the success and failure of small businesses. It is evident that there are factors that are influential to any business operating in a particular sector. There are instances where some factors have a major bearing on particular businesses as compared to others. In cases where the owner is strategic, experienced, qualified and skilled, the businesses have all-important competitive advantage to stand the challenges. Business characteristics such as location, years of operation, its responsiveness to its customer needs and business planning contributes advantageously to its sustainability. In various economic conditions, some sectors are affected in different ways depending on its financial strength. There is no single aspect that is identified as a stand-alone factor to enable a small business to be sustainable. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Durante la década de los noventa, el Perú implementó un plan de inserción al comercio internacional, el cual consistió en disminuir aranceles nominales e impulsar la competitividad de los sectores exportadores peruanos. Dicho plan contribuyó a que los flujos comerciales peruano presenten una tendencia creciente en el periodo mencionado y sean cuentas cada vez más representativas del producto interior bruto peruano. En consecuencia, la economía peruana presenta una mayor dependencia de factores externos. De esta forma, resulta necesario estudiar los factores que alteran la balanza comercial peruana para así establecer políticas económicas eficientes. Respecto a ello, una de la relaciones mas estudiadas en la literatura de comercio internacional es la existente entre el tipo de cambio y la balanza comercial. Por dicha razón, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar cuál es el impacto, de largo plazo, de las variaciones del tipo de cambio nominal sobre la balanza comercial de forma agregada y desagregada por sector económico en el contexto de la economía peruana durante el periodo de 2006-2018. Los principales resultados indican que los datos desagregados muestran de forma más detallada los efectos del tipo de cambio y de los ingresos (domésticos y extranjeros) sobre los flujos de comercio internacional peruano (exportaciones e importaciones). Por un lado, se obtuvo que la devaluación del tipo de cambio nominal tiene un efecto expansivo en la balanza comercial agregada peruana. Asimismo, se descubrió que el tipo de cambio nominal y los ingresos tienen efectos distintos en los sectores económicos peruanos. Por un lado, se halló que la devaluación cambiaria no tiene un efecto expansivo en todos los sectores económicos peruanos y existen sectores que no son sensibles a dicha devaluación. / During the 1990s, Peru implemented a plan for insertion into international trade, which consisted of reducing nominal tariffs and boosting the competitiveness of the Peruvian export sectors. Said plan contributed to the fact that Peruvian trade flows show a growing trend in the mentioned period and are increasingly representative accounts of the Peruvian gross domestic product. Consequently, the Peruvian economy has a greater dependence on external factors. Thus, it is necessary to study the factors that alter the Peruvian trade balance in order to establish efficient economic policies. Regarding this, one of the most studied relationships in the international trade literature is that between the exchange rate and the trade balance. For this reason, the present work aims to determine the long-term impact of variations in the nominal exchange rate on the trade balance in an aggregate and disaggregated manner by economic sector in the context of the Peruvian economy during the period. from 2006-2018. The main results indicate that the disaggregated data show in more detail the effects of the exchange rate and income (domestic and foreign) on Peruvian international trade flows (exports and imports). On the one hand, it was found that the devaluation of the nominal exchange rate has an expansive effect on the aggregate Peruvian trade balance. Likewise, it was discovered that the nominal exchange rate and income have different effects in the Peruvian economic sectors. On the one hand, it was found that the exchange devaluation does not have an expansive effect on all Peruvian economic sectors and there are sectors that are not sensitive to said devaluation. / Trabajo de investigación

[pt] Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar, primeiramente, se o índice de volatilidade implícita brasileiro, o IVol-BR, pode ser considerado um indicador antecedente dos retornos futuros do mercado acionário brasileiro dado que o IVol-BR representa a volatilidade esperada do índice Bovespa (Ibovespa) dois meses à frente. Esta pesquisa examina, por meio de regressão por mínimos quadrados e regressão quantílica, a relação entre o IVol-BR e os retornos futuros de 1, 5, 20 e 60 dias do Ibovespa. Em seguida, este trabalho investiga se o IVol-BR pode ser considerado um indicador antecedente dos retornos futuros setoriais. Os setores econômicos considerados neste estudo são: consumo, energia elétrica, financeiro, materiais básicos, imobiliário, industrial e utilidade pública. É importante notar que o período de análise selecionado é entre agosto de 2011 e setembro de 2018. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o IVol-BR pode auxiliar na previsão dos retornos futuros do Ibovespa e dos setores econômicos, principalmente, para retornos futuros de 20 e 60 dias. / [en] The objective of this study is to investigate the forecasting power of Brazil s implied volatility index, the IVol-BR, on future Brazilian stock market returns since the IVol-BR measures the expected volatility of the Brazilian stock index (Ibovespa) two months ahead. This research examines the relationship between the IVol-BR and 1-, 5-, 20- and 60-days future Ibovespa returns using the least-squares and quantile regressions methods. This study also investigates the forecasting power of IVol-BR on future economic sectors returns. The economic sectors considered in this paper are: consumer, electricity, financials, basic materials, real estate, industrials, and public utilities. It is important to note that the research analysis period is from August 2011 to September 2018. Overall, results suggest that the IVol-BR may help predict Ibovespa and economic sectors forward looking returns, mainly 20- and 60-days future returns.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-04-18T19:17:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo André Costa Barbosa.pdf: 516344 bytes, checksum: 7ed54106ed246daa8aa63274e07ff1e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-04-18T19:17:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo André Costa Barbosa.pdf: 516344 bytes, checksum: 7ed54106ed246daa8aa63274e07ff1e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-02T18:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo André Costa Barbosa.pdf: 516344 bytes, checksum: 7ed54106ed246daa8aa63274e07ff1e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-10 / It’s not easy dealing with an issue like taxes, especially in a country like Brazil with great historical and social debts, but it remains one of the highest tax burdens in the World and with a quality public services that in most cases, lacking. Worse is to discuss the effectiveness of the role of the Fiscal Taxes, even mission is to provide the state of resources for the implementation and maintenance of policies necessary for society. Often to fulfill this function there isn’t the full support of politicians or the population. To offset this challenge, the motivation and certainty is that exist at Pernambuco State’s Department of Finance, real entrepreneurs with expertise and willingness to change some realities, no longer attuned to the challenges of modern times. Assuming that the introduction of Planning, through the creation of the Directorate of Planning and Control Fiscal Action in early 2002 in the organizational structure of the Tax Administration, resulted an improvement of the inspection activities results, this study presents an evaluation the qualitative behavior of the taxation comparing from 1998 until early 2002 and then by the year 2006. Realized that there weren’t gains in effectiveness of inspections, comproved by the values comparation between the period after the organizational change and the other before that, analysed by the Wilcoxon Test. At the same time, it became a clear need to review the laws, terms and working conditions with regard to tax collection, otherwise you can not recover share of tax withheld on time, because 84,9% of the processes didn’t have administrative defense and not were regularizated the rest. With regard to questionary managers, their answers indicate that the direction must be maintained, seeking continuous evolution and consistency of organizational strategic planning and constant improvement of the management model adopted in pursuit of results, with social sensitivity and professional respect for each member of the Board. / Não é tarefa fácil abordar um tema como o de tributos, principalmente em um país como o Brasil, com grandes e históricas dívidas sociais, que permanece com uma das cargas tributárias mais elevadas do Mundo e com uma qualidade na oferta de serviços públicos que, na maioria das vezes, deixa a desejar. Pior ainda é discutir a eficácia do papel do Auditor Fiscal, já que temos a missão de prover o Estado de recursos públicos para a implementação e manutenção de políticas necessárias para a sociedade. Nem sempre para cumprir esse papel conta-se com o apoio integral da classe política e da população. Para compensar tal desafio, a maior motivação e certeza é que há na Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de Pernambuco verdadeiros empreendedores com capacidade técnica e vontade de mudar algumas realidades, já não tão sintonizadas com os desafios dos tempos modernos. Partindo da premissa que a introdução do Planejamento, por meio da criação da Diretoria de Planejamento e Controle da Ação Fiscal no início de 2002 na estrutura organizacional da Administração Tributária, resultou em um salto de qualidade no resultado da ação fiscal, esse estudo apresenta uma avaliação dos processos fiscais comparando-se a partir de 1998 até o início de 2002 e daí até o ano de 2006. Percebe-se que não houve incremento em relação à efetividade da ação fiscal, constatando-se correlação estatística entre os valores recuperados pelo Fisco quando comparados o período posterior à mudança organizacional com o anterior, verificado pelo Teste de Wilcoxon. Ao mesmo tempo, percebeu-se uma necessidade clara do Estado rever suas leis, prazos e condições de trabalho no que se refere à execução fiscal, sob pena de não conseguir reaver parcela de tributo sonegado em tempo hábil, já que 84,9% dos processos não tiveram suas defesas administrativas apresentadas ou saldos devedores regularizados. Na pesquisa dirigida aos gerentes da Diretoria de Planejamento, suas respostas indicam que o caminho precisa ser mantido, buscando contínua evolução e coerência do planejamento estratégico e permanente aperfeiçoamento do modelo de gestão adotado em busca de resultados, com sensibilidade social e respeito profissional a cada integrante do Órgão.

nÃo hà / A presente Tese à formada pela junÃÃo de trÃs estudos na Ãrea de microeconometria relacionada ao mercado de trabalho brasileiro, buscando levantar questÃes que buscam explicar os diferenciais salariais entre diferentes grupos presentes neste mercado. Em cada capÃtulo foi empregado trÃs diferentes metodologias de estimaÃÃo com o uso de diferentes bases de dados. No primeiro capÃtulo, AnÃlise dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios no Mercado de Trabalho Brasileiro a partir da OrientaÃÃo Sexual, procurou-se medir o diferencial de salÃrios a partir da orientaÃÃo sexual no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, fazendo uso da nova metodologia de identificaÃÃo de arranjos familiares apresentada no Censo de 2010 (IBGE). ApÃs estimar as equaÃÃes de salÃrios com correÃÃo do viÃs de seleÃÃo amostral proposto por Heckman (1979) os resultados apontaram na direÃÃo de ausÃncia de discriminaÃÃo contra as minorias de gays e lÃsbicas no mercado de trabalho nacional. O segundo capÃtulo, DecomposiÃÃo Contrafactual de Oaxaca-Blinder dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero e RaÃa no Mercado de Trabalho Privado Brasileiro com CorreÃÃo de ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral: Uma AnÃlise para Setores EconÃmicos e Tipos de OcupaÃÃes, fez uso da base de dados da PNAD do IBGE (2013), quando se buscou analisar as principais causas da desigualdade salarial por gÃnero e raÃa no mercado de trabalho privado brasileiro detalhando por setores de atividade econÃmica e por tipos de ocupaÃÃo. Para se alcanÃar tal objetivo foi utilizado a metodologia de decomposiÃÃo salarial na mÃdia proposta por Oaxaca-Blinder (1973), apÃs a estimaÃÃo das equaÃÃes de salÃrios quando tambÃm foram feitas as correÃÃes da seletividade amostral. Os principais resultados apontaram para a importÃncia das variÃveis de capital humano para explicaÃÃo de grande parte do diferencial de salÃrios entre homens brancos e os demais grupos investigados via diferenÃas de dotaÃÃes, em especial, a variÃvel escolaridade que ajuda a reduzir o diferencial de salÃrios entre os homens brancos e as mulheres brancas e negras. Chama atenÃÃo a participaÃÃo em alguns tipos de ocupaÃÃes quando as mulheres brancas e negras ganham, em mÃdia, mais que os homens brancos. Por fim, a elevada participaÃÃo e representatividade do termo de intercepto, na explicaÃÃo do diferencial de salÃrios por gÃnero e raÃa, tanto no mercado de trabalho total, como na maioria dos setores econÃmicos e tipos de ocupaÃÃes investigadas explica a maior parte deste fenÃmeno, quando o homem branco ganha mais, simplesmente porque à homem e branco. O terceiro e Ãltimo capÃtulo, MudanÃas Estruturais nos Retornos Educacionais e nos Diferenciais Raciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero no Brasil para Diferentes Grupos de Idade: Uma Abordagem de RegressÃo QuantÃlica com CorreÃÃo do ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral, fez 7 uso das PNADS de 2003 e 2013 e de tÃcnicas de regressÃo quantÃlica com correÃÃo de viÃs de seleÃÃo proposto por Buchinsky (1998b) para analisar mudanÃas nos retornos da educaÃÃo e nos diferenciais raciais de salÃrios por gÃnero e por grupos de idade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos dois anos. Diferentes valores para os retornos da escolaridade e para os diferenciais raciais foram observados principalmente nos quantis mais elevados da distribuiÃÃo de salÃrios para quase todas as faixas de idade. Os retornos salariais das mulheres ficaram acima dos retornos salariais dos homens para todos os quantis estimados, em todos os grupos de idade, nos dois anos analisados. Por fim, nota-se uma reduÃÃo nÃtida nos retornos salariais para ambos os sexos e a melhora no padrÃo de discriminaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre anos de 2003 e 2013. / This thesis is formed by the junction of three studies in Microeconometrics area related to the Brazilian labor market, seeking to raise questions that try to explain the pay gap between different groups present in this market. In each chapter was used three different methods of estimation with the use of different databases. In the first chapter, Analysis of Wage Differentials in the Brazilian labor market from the Sexual Orientation, sought to measure the wage differential from sexual orientation in the Brazilian labor market, using the new methodology of identification of family arrangements presented in Census 2010 (IBGE). After estimating the wage equations with correction of sample selection bias proposed by Heckman (1979) the results pointed in the direction of non-discrimination against minorities of gays and lesbians in the national labor market. The second chapter, Counterfactual decomposition of Oaxaca - Blinder Wage Differentials by Gender and Race in the Brazilian Private Job Market with Bias Correction Sample Selection: An Analysis for Economic Sectors and Types of Occupations, made use of the National Household Survey database IBGE (2013), when it sought to analyze the root causes of wage inequality by gender and race in the Brazilian private labor market detailing by sectors of economic activity and types of occupation. To achieve this goal we used the wage decomposition methodology on average proposed by Oaxaca - Blinder (1973), after the estimation of wage equations when the corrections were also made of the sample selectivity. The main results pointed to the importance of human capital variables to explain much of the wage gap between white men and other groups investigated via differences appropriations, in particular the variable schooling that helps reduce the wage differential between white men and white and black women. Noteworthy is the participation in some types of occupations when white and black women earn on average more than white men. Finally, the high participation and representativeness of the intercept term, the wage differential explanation by gender and race, both in the overall labor market, as in most economic sectors and types of occupations investigated explains most of this phenomenon when the white man earns more , simply because he is man and white. The third and final chapter, Structural Changes in Education Returns and Differential Wage Race for Gender in Brazil for Different Groups of Age: An Approach of quantile regression with bias correction of Sample Selection, made use of the National Household Survey 2003 and 2013 and quantile regression techniques with selection bias correction proposed by Buchinsky (1998b) to analyze changes in the returns to education and racial differentials by gender wage and age groups in the Brazilian labor market between 9 the two years. Different values for the returns of schooling and racial differences were mainly observed in the highest quantile of the distribution of wages for almost all age groups. The wage returns of women were above the wage returns of men for all estimated quantile in all age groups in the two years analyzed. Finally, it is worth mentioning the reduction in wage returns to both sexes and the improvement in the standard of discrimination in the national labor market between the years 2003 and 2013.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - James Cook University, 2004. / Thesis submitted by Sally Marie Babidge, BA (Hons) UWA June 2004, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, James Cook University. Bibliography: leaves 283-303.