Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em várias regiões do mundo, assim como no Brasil, um alto percentual da população e até comunidades inteiras não têm acesso a um sistema de tratamento de esgoto centralizado, sendo comum o uso das fossas sépticas e/ou sumidouros e, em muitos casos, os esgotos são lançados in natura diretamente nos corpos hídricos. Com o objetivo de oferecer uma alternativa tecnológica de baixo custo de implantação e operação com vistas à minimização dos impactos ambientais e em atendimento a pequenas comunidades isoladas e de interesse social, o presente projeto desenvolveu com base em sistemas apresentados na literatura, um ecossistema engenheirado compacto para o tratamento de esgoto domiciliar de pequenos geradores. O sistema é composto por tratamento preliminar (caixa controladora de vazão e caixa de gordura), primário (fossa séptica), secundário (filtro aerado submerso e decantador secundário) e um conjunto de tanques vegetados por macrófitas aquáticas (Eichhornia crassipes, Schoenoplectus sp., Panicum cf. racemosum) intercalados por um tanque de algas para remoção da carga poluidora remanescente e nutrientes. O sistema foi instalado no CEADS/UERJ na Vila de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, litoral Sul do Rio de Janeiro, operado e monitorado desde Abril de 2009, sendo que o presente estudo referese aos primeiros 200 dias de monitoramento. A remoção da carga poluidora foi monitorada na vazão de 200 L/h, posteriormente corrigida para 52 L/h, almejando alcançar os padrões de lançamento da Resolução CONAMA 357 e a NBR 13969 da ABNT, para os parâmetros de OD, pH, Temperatura, Nitrato, N amoniacal, DBO5, DQO, SSD, Cloreto e, Óleos e Graxas e outros parâmetros não incluídos na Resolução (Cond. Elétrica, COT, Alcalinidade, Dureza, Nitrito, Fósforo total e demais Sólidos (ST, SST, SSV, SSF e SDT ). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema foi mais eficiente quando operado na vazão de 52 L/h, quando apresentou as seguintes taxas de remoção: 96 % (Nitrito); 71 % (Nitrato); 47 % (N amoniacal); 96,7 % (DQO); 95,7 % (DBO5); 10 % (Fósforo total). O sistema apresentou uma evolução ao longo do tempo de operação e após a redução na vazão, garantiu o enquadramento de 12 dos 14 parâmetros analisados (exceto N amoniacal e Fósforo total), nos padrões de lançamento contemplados pela Legislação Federal, CONAMA 357 e Legislação Estadual do RJ, SP, MG e GO. Para aumento da eficiência de tratamento, recomenda-se redimensionamento do filtro aerado submerso-decantador e tanques vegetados, com base nas recomendações do PROSAB 2. / In different regions of the world as well as in Brazil, a high percentage of the population and even entire communities do not have access to sewerage and/or centralized sewage treatment. The common scenario is the presence of septic tanks and sinks or, in many cases, sewage discharge directly into recipient water bodies. With the objective of making available a technological alternative with low cost of implementation and operation and to minimize environmental impacts, the present project developed based on systems reported in the literature, a compacted engineering ecosystem for treatment of domestic sewage from small generators. The system is formed by a preliminary (flow controller and grease tank), primary (septic tank) and a secondary treatment (submersed aerated filter and secondary decanter) and a group of tanks with aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Schoenoplectus sp., Panicum cf. racemosum) interlaced by a tank with algae for removal of the remaining pollutants and nutrients. The system was installed at CEADS/UERJ, Vila de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande in the south coast of Rio de Janeiro and it has been operated and monitored since April 2009; this study reports the first 200 monitoring days. The removal efficiencies of the polluted load were monitored during the flow 200 L/h, later corrected to 52 L/h, with the aim of meeting the threshold limits established by the Resolution CONAMA 357 and NBR 13969 of ABNT, for the following parameters: DO, pH, Temperature, Nitrate, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, BOD5, COD, sedimentable solids chloride, Grease and Oil, and parameters not included in those Resolutions (EC, TOC, alkalinity, hardness, Nitrite, Total Phosphorus, and different categories of solids (TS, TSS, VSS, FSS and TDS). The results showed that the system was more efficient when operated with the lower flow (52L/h), when it achieved the following percentages of removal: 96% (Nitrite); 71% (Nitrate); 47% (Ammoniacal nitrogen); 96.7% (COD); 95.7% (BOD5); 10% (Total Phosphorus). The system presented an evolution throughout the operation period. After the flow reduction, 12 among 14 parameters analyzed, met the threshold limits established by the Federal Legislation, the Resolution CONAMA 357 and environmental legislations from the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Goiás. To increase the treatment efficiency, it is recommended redesigning the submerged aerated filter and planted tanks, based on recommendations found in PROSAB 2.

Orientadores: Denis Miguel Roston / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gondim_JosaniaAbreu_M.pdf: 41317417 bytes, checksum: f6b903d20ea4ee4e68f3485a6f6b6d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os plásticos fazem parte dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, que devido ao grande volume gerado, tem causado entre outros fatores, impactos ambientais e redução da vida útil dos aterros. Uma das propostas básicas apresentada pela Agenda 21 para gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos, é a reciclagem dos materiais, que apresenta importantes benefícios, como redução dos impactos ambientais, aumento de matéria-prima de fontes não renováveis, aumento da vida útil dos aterros e ganhos econômicos. O Brasil é o terceiro maior reciclador mundial de plásticos que ocorre principalmente através do processo mecânico. Uma das etapas neste processo é a lavagem dos plásticos produzindo efluente. Pouca literatura tem sido encontrada sobre sistemas de tratamento deste tipo de efluente. Os dados obtidos destinaram-se, principalmente, à prática da reciclagem dos plásticos dentro de uma tecnologia sustentável. O presente experimento, em escala real, caracterizou efluente de uma indústria recicladora dos plásticos PEBD, PEAD e PP, no município de Sumaré/SP, implantou sistema de tratamento através de reator anaeróbio compartimentado (RAC) e leitos cultivados (LCFSS), monitorou e operou o sistema durante, respectivamente, 8 e 6 meses. O sistema escolhido fundamentou-se na eficiência, viabilidade econômica, atendimento à realidade da empresa e aproveitamento de estruturas de tratamento já existentes. O volume de água consumido por kg de plástico lavado era em média 0,66 L, o que produzia um volume diário de 10m3 de efluente/dia. A vazão de aplicação no sistema foi de 1,25 m3/h.A empresa reciclava em média 300 1.de plásticos por mês, produzindo 200 m3 de efluente. O sistema ocupou a área de 305 m2, era composto por 8 estruturas em alvenaria, num total de 175 m2 de área construída e foi monitorado durante 245 dias. A vegetação utilizada no leito cultivado foi taboa (Typha domingensis Person). O TDH total do sistema foi de 32,64 h, onde no RAC foi de 15 h e no leito cultivado de 12 h. Foram analisados 31 parâmetros. O efluente apresentava valores médios de pH 5,5, inferior a chorume, de nitrato acima da concentração típica dos esgotos domésticos e de fósforo dentro da faixa destes. Os pontos de coleta foram: na entrada do sistema, entrada do RAC, entrada do leito cultivado, lançamento. As remoções médias do sistema foram as seguintes: ST 97,6%, STF 83%, STV 94,9%, SST 97,1%, SSF 98,4%, SSV 96,7%, STD 93,7%, SDF 79,3%, SDV 96,4%, SS 100%, DQO 48,3%, turbidez 80,9%, amônia NH352,1%, nitrato N03 47%, fósforo Pt 53,3%, fosfato P04 55,3%, ortofosfato P2Os55%, Coliformes Totais 96,4%, E. coli 94,7%, metais pesados cádmio 72,3%, chumbo 89,8%, cobre 82%, cromo total 82,7%, zinco 74,1%. Os valores de lançamento foram dentro dos limites da CONAMA 357/05 e ou NBR 9800/87 e Decreto 8.468/76 para efluente lançado em rede pública coletora de esgoto. Os valores médios da turbidez e dos SST no lançamento indicaram ser possível a recirculação do efluente tratado, para uso na lavagem dos plásticos, reduzindo o consumo de água. Cerca de 0,5 1. de resíduos plásticos ao mês eram retirados do efluente e poderiam retomar para a produção após secagem. Valores maiores de remoções poderiam ser alcançados, em especial de fósforo e nitrogênio, caso todos leitos cultivados fossem operados e alcançassem maturidade. Mesmo assim, o sistema implantado mostrou ser eficiente no tratamento de efluente de lavagem de plásticos / Abstract: Plastics are part of the urban solid waste, due at the great volume generated, it has caused among other facts, enviromental impacts and reduction of the useful landfill life. One of the basics proposal presented by Agenda 21 to management of the solid waste is the recycling, that presents benefits, like enviromental impact reduction, raw material incrise as non replace font, increasing of useful life of the landings and profits gain. Brazil is the third world wide plastics recycling that mainly occurs at mechanically process. One step in this process is the washing of plastics that produce effluents. Few literature has been made about treatment sistems of this kind of effluent. The destination of the data obtained, mainly, the recycling pratice of plastics in a defensible technology. To this present experiment, in real scale, it was characterized the effluents from a plastic recycling plant, types PEBD, PEAD and PP in Sumare city - SP, wich implanteda treatment system using a compartment anaerobic reactor (RAC) and constructed wetland (LCFSS), checked and opperated this system during, respectively 8 and 6 months. The chosen system was based in the efficient, economic viability, attending the company needs and utilization of the treatment structure existed. The water volume used for each plastickg washed on an average 0,66 liter, and produced a daily volume of 10m3 of effluent. The drainage of the sistem was 1,25 m3Ih. The company recycled on an average of 300 ton of plastic monthly, producing 200 m3 of effluent. The area of the sistem uses 305 m2, 8 warehouse, in a total of 175m2 of built area and has been monitored during 245 days. The used vegetable in the cultivable bed was taboa (Typha domingensis Person). The TFD total in the sistem was 32,64 h, where the RAC was 15 h and in the cultivable bed 12 h. It was analysed 31 parameters. The effluent showed on an average of pH 5,5, under the fact, nitrate above of tipical concentration on domestic sewer, and phosphorus in this zone. The collection points was: system entrance, RAC entrance, constructed wetland entrance, sewer. On an average the removed material was: ST 97,6%, STF 83%, STV 94,9%, SS1'97,1 %, SSF 98,4%, SSV 96,7%, STD 93,7%, SDF 79,3%, SDV 96,4%, SS 100%, DQO 48,3%, muddle 80,9%, ammonia NH352,1%, nitrate NO347%, phosphorus Pt 53,3%, phosphate PO455,3%, orthophosphate P2Os55%, Total Coliformes 96,4%, E. coZi 94,7%, cadmium 72,3%, lead 89,8%, copper 82%, chromium 82,7%, zinc 74,1%. The sewer amount was in the limits of CONAMA 357/05 and/or NBR 9800/87 and Decree 8.468/76 for effluent launched in public sewer system. The middle and SST values launched indicated the possibility of recirculating the effluent afier treatment, to using plastic washing, reducing the water consume. About 0,5 ton monthly of plastics was removed from effluent and could retum afier dry up to production. We could reach bigger remotion, specially phosphorus and nitrogem, if all cultivable bed was used and the taboa reach the maturity. The system, anyway, prove to be efficient at the effluent treatment for plastics washing / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Celia Cavalcante de Paula e Silva.pdf: 1646404 bytes, checksum: 531c05f26494def9885f1aa26f617cd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-31 / The contamination of water bodies by domestic and industrial wastewaters is one of the principle causes of environmental pollution causing eutrophication and a reduction in the sanitary quality of water resources. During various decades immobilized algae have been used in the treatment of wastewaters. The technology of immobilizing microalgae in beads of calcium alginate increases the photosynthetic longevity, viability, durability and cellular activity, This study investigated at laboratory scale, the potential of the microalgae Chlorella sp. in removing phosphorus and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria from secondary effluents. The strains of Chlorella sp. species were isolated from a series of four shallow waste stabilization ponds 1m in width, 5m in length and 0.5m deep that were treating sanitary landfill leachate with high concentrations of ammonia. The experimental system comprised 10 bioreactors (with volumes from 0.1 to 1L), filled with beads of microalgae immobilized in calcium alginate at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%. The bioreactors were fed with effluent from a septic tank (TS) and from an intermittent sand filter (receiving the septic tank effluent). The bioreactors were operated in batch mode with contact times of 3 and 5h for phosphorus removal and 6h for thermo-tolerant coliform removal. The experiments were performed at 27 0 C and with illumination provided by 4 fluorescent tubes of 40 watts. The principal mechanisms involved in the treatment of the effluents were the photosynthetic activity of the microalgae and the biochemical reactions between the constituents of the immobilizing matrix and the effluent. Significant removals of total phosphorus (80%) occurred with 3h of contact in the bioreactors of volumes of 0.1 and 1.0L and mean reductions of 99,9999% for thermo-tolerant coliforms with contact times of 6h with the influent (mean concentration of 10 6 CFU/100ml) using bioreactors of a volume of 0.1L. In the bioreactors of 1L volume with microalgae immobilized in 4 and 6% alginate, the large volume of algal beads and the elevated concentrations of alginate limited light penetration and compromised effluent quality. / A contaminação dos mananciais por esgotos domésticos e industriais é um dos principais causadores da poluição ambiental, gerando eutrofização e queda na qualidade sanitária dos recursos hídricos. Há algumas décadas, as algas imobilizadas têm sido usadas no tratamento de águas residuárias. A tecnologia de imobilização de microalgas em esferas de alginato de cálcio aumenta a longevidade fotossintética, viabilidade, durabilidade e atividade biocatalisadora celular. Esse estudo investigou em escala de laboratório, o potencial da microalga Chlorella sp. na remoção de fósforo e coliformes termotolerantes de efluente secundário. As cepas de Chlorella sp. foram isoladas de um sistema de 4 lagoas rasas com dimensões de 1m de largura, 5m de comprimento e 0,5m de profundidade que tratava lixiviado, com alta concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. O sistema experimental constituiu-se por 10 bioreatores (volumes de 0,1L e 1,0L), preenchidos com algas imobilizadas em esferas de alginato de cálcio em concentrações de 2%, 4% e 6%. Os bioreatores foram alimentados por efluente do TS (tanque séptico) e do FI (filtro intermitente) em regime de batelada intermitente com tempo de contato de 3 e 5 h para fósforo, e 6 h para coliformes termotolerantes. O experimento foi realizado em temperatura controlada de 27 0 C e sob a iluminação de 4 lâmpadas fluorescentes de 40 Watts. Os principais mecanismos envolvidos no tratamento dos efluentes foram a atividade fotossintética das algas e as reações bioquímicas entre os constituintes da matriz imobilizante e o efluente. Remoções significativas de fósforo total (80%) ocorreram em 3 h de contato em bioreatores com 0,1L e 1,0L de volume e reduções médias de 99,9999% de coliformes termotolerantes em 6 horas de contato dos afluentes (concentração média de 10 6 UFC/100mL). Em bioreatores com 1L de volume com algas imobilizadas em alginato a 4% e 6%, o grande volume de esferas e elevada concentração de alginato, dificultaram a penetração da luz, comprometendo a qualidade do efluente final.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais a caracterização da mina de turfa de Eugênio de Melo, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, região do Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul, bem como uma amostra representativa do seu minério. Esta amostra foi testada sob duas condições – in natura e tratada com ácido clorídrico – como adsorvente de metais pesados visando a aplicação do minério em processos de tratamento de efluentes líquidos. Adotaram-se como estudos de caso lixívias obtidas a partir de resíduos da mineração de sulfetos de chumbo e metais associados existentes na região do alto curso do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, geradas em laboratório. Tais depósitos encontram-se sob a forma de extensos corpos às margens de importantes drenagens, circunscritas à região de Adrianópolis (PR). A possibilidade de liberação dos metais pesados presentes nestes depósitos para o ambiente foi avaliada através de estudos granulométricos, mineralógicos e químicos de uma coluna amostrada num destes depósitos. Os teores dos metais presentes nas lixívias enquadraram-nas como não passíveis de descarte para o ambiente sem tratamento prévio, segundo a legislação estadual e federal que regem o assunto. Os resíduos da mineração aqui estudados, compreendendo rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia, foram caracterizados como Classe I (perigosos) de acordo com metodologia adotada pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. A capacidade adsortiva da turfa para 5 dos metais presentes nas lixívias foi avaliada através de experimentos de equilíbrio, conduzidos em batelada, em sistemas de componente único. Os dados obtidos apresentaram ajuste ao modelo cinético de Langmuir. A afinidade química da turfa revelou-se mais forte para chumbo, cobre e cádmio, e mais reduzida para zinco e manganês. Cálcio e magnésio, provenientes dos metadolomitos hospedeiros das mineralizações sulfetadas, apresentam-se em grande quantidade nas lixívias e foram caracterizados como elementos interferentes no processo adsortivo, que se mostrou, também, influenciado pelo pH e temperatura de realização dos ensaios. As lixívias foram submetidas a 5 ciclos sucessivos de contato com a turfa para se avaliar a eficiência do processo adsortivo em enquadrá-las à legislação ambiental de descarte. Nesta simulação de tratamento de efluentes por bateladas, em situação de adsorção competitiva, a turfa revelou-se um bom adsorvedor para chumbo e cobre. Seu modesto desempenho relativamente a cádmio, zinco e manganês posiciona-a como insumo adequado a processos de descontaminação de efluentes líquidos preferencialmente após etapa de tratamento primário. / This work has as main objectives the characterization of the Eugênio de Melo peat mine, located in the Paraíba do Sul River Valley, State of São Paulo, as well as a representative sample of its ore. This sample was tested as an absorbent material in two conditions – both in natura and treated with hydrochloric acid – in order to assess its use in liquid effluent treatment process. It were adopted as case studies lab generated leaches obtained from mining residues of lead and associated metals sulfides present at the upper course of the Ribeira do Iguape River region, accumulated as huge deposits close to important drainages, near the Adrianópolis (PR) region. The possibility of the heavy metals’ environmental release from those deposits was assessed through grain size distribution, mineralogical and chemical approaches. These studies were led in a vertical profile surveyed in a specified deposit. The leaches’ heavy metal contents surpass the limits set by both state and federal environmental permits, so they are not allowed for discharge to the environment without prior treatment. The mining residues studied here – mining wastes and metallurgical slags – were characterized as Type I (perilous material) according to Brazilian Guidelines for Residues Classification set by Brazilian Association for Technical Standards. The peat’s adsorptive capacity was assessed for 5 of the heavy metals present in the leaches by means of batch equilibrium essays conducted in single component systems. The data of these experiments fitted to Langmuir’s kinetic model. The chemical affinity of the peat was stronger for lead, copper and cadmium, and weaker for zinc and manganese. Calcium and magnesium derived from metadolomites that hosts sulfide mineralization are in great amount in the leaches. They were identified as interferential constituents to the adsorptive process, which are also affected by the pH and temperature of the assays. The leaches were undergone to 5 cycles of contact with peat in order to assess if the adsorptive process fit them to the legal discharge environmental standards. In this simulation of batch effluent treatment by means of competitive adsorption, the peat revealed itself as a good adsorbent for both lead and copper. The weak adsorptive performance for cadmium, zinc and manganese ranked peat only as a qualified supplies to remediation process entailing liquid effluents, preferably after primary treatment process.

Oriunda da etapa de destilação do caldo do caldo da cana-de-açúcar, a vinhaça é um subproduto da produção de etanol. Apesar de seu difundido uso na agricultura canavieira como fertirrigação, sua disposição no solo tem sido questionada quanto a possíveis riscos ambientais. Uma destinação alternativa à vinhaça e seu tratamento anaeróbio, considerado bastante atrativo haja vista a possibilidade de recuperação de energia na forma de biogás, sem interferir em suas qualidades como biofertilizante. Entre os sistemas de tratamento anaeróbios, os reatores de leito fixo têm sido amplamente utilizados devido à sua estabilidade operacional. A modelagem abrangente destes tipos reatores tende a ser complexa de forma que o estudo dos escoamentos em seu interior do reator é vital. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e simular numericamente a hidrodinâmica de reator de leito fixo de fluxo ascendente tipo APBR (anaerobic packed bed reactor). Em termos gerais, os resultados obtidos por simulação foram confrontados tanto com os correspondentes valores experimentais como com aqueles obtidos a partir dos modelos uniparamétricos comumente usados para representar reatores não ideais. Para tanto, foram empregados dados pré-existentes de ensaios hidrodinâmicos conduzidos no início e no final da operação, com biorreator alimentado com solução-traçador na forma de degrau a vazões de 4,6 L/dia e 2,3 L/dia. Foram considerados os modelos de dispersão de pequena e grande intensidade bem como o modelo de tanques agitados em série. Quanto às simulações numéricas, foi usado o software de CFD (fluidodinâmica computacional)COMSOL Multiphysics ® 4.3b.As curvas DTR obtidas via simulação e com base nos modelos para reatores não ideais foram confrontadas com as curvas obtidas experimentalmente. Para o reator operando com vazão de 2,3 L/dia, nenhum dos modelos propostos mostrou-se adequado quanto ao final da operação, em razão da incapacidade em representar o surgimento de picos de concentração que podem estar associados ao acúmulo de biomassa no interior do biorreator, mas também ao tipo de traçador utilizado para a realização do experimento. As demais curvas DTR sugerem que o reator em questão aproxima-se do tipo pistonado. O simulador CFD representou de forma bem adequada os dados experimentais em comparação com resultados obtidos a partir dos modelos para reatores não ideais. A simulação numérica de biorreatores para tratamento de efluentes mostrou-se, pois, capaz de fornecer informações mais detalhadas e precisas, geralmente úteis a engenharia do processo. Adicionalmente, foi implementado um simulador com base no método de Boltzmann em rede (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM) capaz de simular escoamento laminar bidimensional em regime permanente no interior de um canal. No escopo de uma linha de pesquisa em simulação LBM de biossistemas agroindustriais, trata-se de um esforço inicial quanto à simulação LBM da hidrodinâmica de biorreatores para tratamento de efluentes em geral. / Resulting from sugarcane juice distillation, vinasse is a by-product from ethanol industry. Despite its widespread use as fertirrigation at crops, direct deposition of vinasse into soils has raised environmental issues. Alternatively, it may undergo anaerobic treatment, which is very attractive in view of energy recovery as biogas while preserving vinasse quality as biofertilizer. Among anaerobic treatment systems, fixed-bed reactors come forward due to their operational stability. Their comprehensive modeling is prone to be complex so that the study of fluid flows prevailing inside is fundamental. Accordingly, the goal of this work was to numerically analyze and simulate the hydrodynamics within a particular upflow fixedbed reactor, namely anaerobic packed bed reactor. In general, results from simulations were compared with experimental counterparts as well as against results from well-known single-parameter models for non-ideal reactors. Existing data from hydrodynamic tests were then used, concerning operation at both start-up and shut-down and bioreactor stepwise feeding with tracer solution flow at 4,6 L/day and 2,3 L/day. Non-ideal reactor models comprised either low or high-dispersion together with continuous stirred-tank reactor model while COMSOL Multiphysics ® 4.3b CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software was employed for simulations. Retention time distribution (RTD) curves from simulations and from model calculations were compared to experimental ones. For operation at 2,3 L/day flow, no models proved to be suitable as far as shut-down operation is concerned, due to biomass accumulation inside the bioreactor. Remaining RTD curves suggested that reactor behavior resembles plug-flow type. Compared to non-ideal reactor models, CFD simulations proved to properly reproduce experimental data while being able to provide detailed and accurate information for process engineering towards effluent treatment. Furthermore, a numerical simulator was implemented as based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in order to deal with two-dimensional steady-state laminar flow inside a channel. As part of research work on LBM simulation of agroindustrial biosystems, aforesaid simulator contributed to LBM simulation of hydrodynamics within bioreactors for wastewater treatment in general.

[pt] Água de produção consiste de uma das principais preocupações ambientais relacionadas à produção de petróleo. Substâncias húmicas (SH) são naturalmente formadas durante a humificação de matéria orgânica por microorganismos, apresentando uma série de propriedades, dentre essas, a de captura de grande parte dos íons metálicos. O presente trabalho teve com o objetivo principal avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de SH no tratamento da água de produção, considerando a utilização de três diferentes compostos húmicos (HMC). Em relação ao tempo para a completa coagulação/floculação, observou-se uma variação em função da concentração utilizada, para todos os três casos de HMC. HMC-3 apresentou os menores intervalos de tempo, além de interface bem definida e sobrenadante final de aspecto límpido. Os resultados do teor de bário, após adição das HMC, mostram a redução do valor inicial em todos os casos, sendo que a maior redução para 4mL do HMC- 1. Ensaios realizados com as algas detectaram tanto um aumento da clorofila quanto das áreas médias das algas na presença de água de produção, sendo este mais acentuado quando também da presença de HMC-3. Os resultados mostraram ser factível o uso de substâncias húmicas em tratamentos que envolvam uma etapa de cogulação/floculação e confirmam a capacidade das SH de reter espécies metálicas como o bário. Nos ensaios com algas, teve-se forte indicativo da contribuição positiva da presença da água de produção para seu crescimento, especialmente da água de produção com SH. Estes resultados reafirmam o grande potencial do uso das SH em tratamentos ambientais. / [en] Produced water consists in one of the biggest environmental concerns related to oil production activities. Humic Substances (HS) are naturally formed during the humification organic residues by microorganisms and present several properties, amongst them, the ability to bind great part of the metal ions. The present work objectifies the avaluation the viability of the use of HS in the treatment of produced water, consideraing three different humic compounds (HMC-1, 2 e 3). In relation to the time for complete coagulation/floculation, a variation of the times as a function of the concentration of HS was observed, in all three cases. HMC-3 presented the shortest times, well defined interface and supernatant of clear aspect. The results of barium content, after HMC addition, clearly present the reduction of the initial values. The biggest reduction being obtained by 4 mL HMC-1. Tests algae detected an increase in the chlorophyll, as well as in the algae average areas, being this effect was even more accentuated in the presence of HMC-3. The results of the test show the possibility of HS use in treatments which involve a coagulation/floculation step nad confirm the HS capacity to bind metal species such as barium. The tests with algae strongly indicates the positive contribution of the presence of produced water to its growth, especially in the case of the produced water with HS. These results reaffirm the great potential of the use of HS in environmental treatments.

A local integrated pulp and paper Kraft mill had come under pressure from the local communities and mill personnel to reduce the odours that were perceived to be generated at the Farm Dams and irrigation farm situated adjacent to the mill. The typical odours associated with Kraft mills are due to the generation of four reduced sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl-mercaptan (CH3SH), dimethyl-sulphide (CH3)2S and dimethyl-disulphide (CH3)2S2. These compounds are collectively referred to as Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) components which are generated as a direct result of the Kraft pulping and chemical recovery process. These components can either be in the gaseous or aqueous phase depending on the characteristics of the effluent. Gaseous and aqueous TRS profiling of the mill indicated that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) was the main odour component generated and emitted from the Clarifiers and the Treated Effluent Transfer Sump (TETS) at the effluent treatment plant. The hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emission levels were affected by process upsets, sludge removal frequencies, chemical composition of the effluent, Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) activity, pH and temperature fluctuations. Treatment options such as pH control using slaked lime, dosing of biocides, addition of biomodifiers and/or a sulphate reduction inhibitor were investigated. The use of slaked lime, Ca(OH) 2, for pH control was not practical due to continuous pH fluctuations, increasing the pH would increase the scaling tendencies of the effluent and would also affect the soil cation-anion exchange properties of the irrigated farm land. The use of non-oxidising biocides was effective in reducing SRB activity between 99.2% and 99.8% at dosages between 4 mg/l and 25 mg/l. However, the use of biocides was not considered as a long term treatment option due to the various disadvantages such as the stability of the biocides at fluctuating pH and temperatures, half-life, environmental accumulation, toxicity and costs. The aqueous H2S level was reduced by 79% using different combinations of biomodifiers (nitrates, nitrites, molybdenum). Increasing the dosages of the biomodifiers (> 500mg/l) would be required to increase the reduction of H2S levels by more than 79%. The increased dosages would significantly increase the cost of the treatment programme. The accumulation of nitrates, nitrites and molybdenum could affect the soil texture, cation-anion exchange capacity, permeability, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and nutrient availability. A more environmentally friendly and cost effective treatment was found using sodium nitrate (biomodifier) together with AQ (sulphate reduction inhibitor). The continuous dosing of 50 mg/l sodium nitrate together with 4 mg/l AQ would be effective in reducing the average aqueous H2S levels (40 mg/l) by at least 92%. This treatment would also be compatible with aeration or oxidation procedures to further increase the removal of H2S to achieve an aqueous H2S level of <1 mg/l. Aeration or oxidation would also increase the dissolved oxygen and COD levels, increase the inhibition of SRB activity and oxidise any reduced sulphur. The dosing of sodium nitrate and AQ to control the generation of H2S is not patented in South Africa. It can, therefore, be used to treat the Kraft mill effluent without violating any intellectual property rights in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc(Applied Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

The enormous rate of increase in waste generation across the world is a serious threat to the future generation, if not handled properly, due to the creation of health hazards and global warming. This was awakened many engineers and researchers to find an appropriate solution for efficient management of waste. The land filling of the waste is the most widely adopted method for its disposal, whose efficiency mainly depends on the engineered barrier system in place. Though possessing many limitations, clay liner solely or along with Geo-membrane is often used to avoid ground and surface water contamination. The thickness of the liner of a given breakthrough time depends on the transport rates of the selected contaminants. To estimate the transport rate of any given contaminant, it is necessary to understand the different migration processes of contaminants through the liner material. It was observed from the literature that, the transport rate of contaminants mainly depends on Dispersion coefficient (D) and Distribution coefficient (K) which are the main contaminant transport parameters. The amount of contaminant transport through the liner system for a desired time period is thus estimated from these contaminant transport parameters using the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE). The unregulated open dumps are another cause of serious environmental problem, where the contaminants are free to migrate in any direction through the underground soil. The percolation rate and the accumulation of leachate increase during the rainy season, which picks up more contaminants from the waste and thus the threat of the leachate increases. The leachate normally migrates in vertical and lateral directions, causing contamination of ground and surface water resources, and hence, there is a need to estimate the transport rates of contaminants in the porous media. These transport rates are not only useful for designing barrier systems, but also useful to find a suitable remediation technique for the removal of contaminants from a contaminated site. Thus, determination of transport rate is very important in effective waste management systems. Most of the researchers have obtained the contaminant transport parameters through the column tests to simulate one dimensional flow. Often, it is a lengthy process and there is a need to find an easy and effective method of determining these parameters which can reduce the time and effort. Generally, the metallic contaminants such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) which are most hazardous are considered for the contaminant migration studies. In the present study, the transport rates of two heavy metals Copper and Zinc through locally available Black Cotton soil and Red soil were studied. Column experiments were conducted to simulate the field conditions under two types of test conditions i.e., Constant and Decreasing source concentrations. For Black Cotton soil as the hydraulic conductivity was very less and was taking a long time for achieving complete breakthrough, the soil sectioning method was used to get the depth versus concentration. The soil sectioning method involves the determination of pore water concentration of any given contaminant in different sections of the soil column. The depth versus concentration profile can serve as the same purpose as that of complete column test after breakthrough. The column experiments can be done only up to a relative concentration (C/C0) of about 0.2 instead of 0.8 or more. The soil samples were compacted to different densities to know the effect of density on transport parameters. The Black Cotton Soil samples were compacted to 0.76-0.97 times of maximum dry density and Red Soil samples were compacted to 0.81-0.98 times of maximum dry density. The samples were compacted to lesser densities to reduce the experimentation time. The transport parameters for field densities can be determined by setting „Forecast Trend Lines‟ to the density versus dispersion coefficient and density versus distribution coefficient plots. The contaminant transport was modeled by various methods i.e., Analytical, Semi-analytical, Explicit Finite Difference and Implicit Finite Difference methods. These models can be extended to predict the contaminant migration through soil liners constructed with similar soils. During the lifetime of a landfill, it may be subjected to both constant and decreasing source concentration conditions and thus the contaminant transport parameters determined by both constant and decreasing tests will be useful to estimate the optimum thickness of soil liner. The disposal of waste solutions and sludges by industries has led to problems with the contamination of both soil and groundwater. Much research work has not been carried out in the past for the remediation of contaminated soils in India. Thus an attempt has been made to study in detail the different remediation techniques on various contaminated soils. Three heavy metal contaminated soils were studied with two remediation techniques i.e., Soil washing and immobilization. As a case study, Zinc contaminated soil was collected from Hindustan Zinc Limited located near Udaipur in Rajasthan State, India and column leach tests were conducted on this soil with different leaching solutions to study the efficiency of the soil washing technique. The leaching solutions used for removing zinc from this soil were 0.1N HCl, 0.1N EDTA, 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA and 0.1N FeCl3. It was found that 0.1N FeCl3 was more efficient to remove zinc from this soil. The removal efficiency was also high with 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA solution. The transport rates were determined by matching the theoretical elution curves with experimental elution curves. The contaminant transport for column leach tests was modeled using analytical solution based on the Leaching Mass Ratio approach. These transport rates are useful to estimate the rate of treatment as well as the amount of flushing solution required to remove Zinc knowing the area of contamination and in-situ soil conditions. One of the potential sources of soil and ground water contamination with toxic metal ions is Effluent Treatment Plant sludge (ETP Sludge). The efficiency of soil washing technique was also studied on ETP Sludge using five leaching solutions i.e., distilled water, 0.1N HCl, 0.1N EDTA, 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA and 0.1N FeCl3. ETP sludge was collected at a filter press, KIADB industrial area, Doddaballapur, Bangalore. The removal efficiencies of these leaching solutions for removal of different metal ions (Copper, Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Cadmium, Lead and Chromium) were studied. The highest removal efficiencies were observed with 0.1N FeCl3 and 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA. The transport rates of different metals were determined which will be useful to estimate the quantity of leaching solution required in the field to remediate this sludge using soil washing technique. Even though soil washing technique is more effective than immobilization, for less permeable soil with more clay content, it is not a cost effective method. In such cases immobilization technique can be used to remediate the contaminated soil. The immobilized metals will not migrate through soil to groundwater and will not give adverse environmental hazards in their treated state. In the present study, immobilization technique was studied on two materials, (i) contaminated soil from open dump and (ii) ETP Sludge. The contaminated soil was collected from an open dump located at the Bingipura dumping yard, Bangalore and was tested for the presence of heavy metal ions. The efficiency of treatment to immobilize the metals was studied with different additives. The chemical agents with which can decrease the solubility product will be effective to immobilize the metal ions. The stabilizing agents used for treating these materials were lime water, NaOH and cement. These stabilizing agents were selected after preliminary batch tests. Since most of the heavy metals in soils become less mobile with increase in pH, the lime water / NaOH was added to the soil/sludge to adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.0, 8.5 and 10.0. The cement: soil ratios used were, 1:100 (pH=6. 8), 1:50 (pH=8. 1) and 1:25 (pH=9. 8) by weight. Leaching tests were conducted on the amended soils to know the long term efficiencies of the chemical agents for immobilizing the metal ions. The work carried out in this thesis is presented in different chapters as given below: For the design of the liner system, it is necessary to know the different contaminant transport processes, the determination of their rates and modeling. For remediation of contaminated soil, it is required to find the suitable remediation technique based on the amount and type of pollutants, the type of soil and other geological conditions. The detailed information about sources of heavy metals, effects of heavy metal contamination on health and the environment, contaminant transport processes, methods of determining transport rates, and different modeling techniques for contaminant transport are explained in Chapter 1. The Background information along with the scope and objectives of this study are presented in this chapter. The extensive review of literature related to column experiments, various solutions to Advection-Dispersion Equation, and different remediation techniques to treat the contaminated soil, is also presented in this chapter. Chapter 2 gives detailed information about various materials and methods used in this study. The characteristics of soils used in the present study and preparation of different chemical solutions were explained. The experimental procedures of batch tests, column tests and soil sectioning to determine the contaminant transport parameters were given in detail. The experimental procedures that are required for assessing the efficiency of soil washing technique i.e., Batch leach tests and column leach tests were also explained. The laboratory assessment of immobilization efficiency through leaching test was explained briefly. The analytical and numerical solutions used for this study were discussed in detail. This chapter also includes a method of prediction of breakthrough curves from the incomplete column test data. The contaminant transport parameters of metal ion Copper in two locally available soils i.e., Black cotton soil and Red soil were determined by various techniques i.e., Analytical (using MATLAB v7 software), semi-analytical (using POLLUTE v7 software), Explicit Finite Difference Method with two software tools (MATLAB v7 and M.S.EXCEL 2010), Implicit Finite Difference method with three schemes (BTCS, UPWIND & CRANK NICOLSON) using two software tools (MATLAB v7 and M.S.EXCEL 2010). Modifications were done in the spreadsheet solution of non-reactive solute available from the literature to incorporate the retardation factor as the solutes used in this study are reactive in nature. These results are presented in Chapter 3. The contaminant transport parameters determined for different test conditions (constant and variable source concentrations) and for different densities of soil are reported in this chapter. Determination of transport rates corresponding to maximum dry density using trend lines and preparation of design charts to estimate the thickness of the liner are also discussed in this chapter. The contaminant transport parameters were also determined for metal ion Zinc in the same soils with the same techniques as that of Copper and the migration rates were compared for both the ions. These models and comparative results are presented Chapter 4. It was observed that with increase in density, the dispersion coefficient decreases and Distribution coefficient increases. It was also found that the dispersion coefficient of Black Cotton Soil was lower than that of Red Soil whereas the distribution coefficient of Black Cotton soil is much higher than that of Red Soil. Further, it was observed that the dispersion coefficient of Copper was less than that of Zinc whereas the distribution coefficient of Copper was higher than Zinc. The design of liner thickness, based on transport rates of Zinc is briefly discussed in this chapter. A case study has been explained for the remediation of Zinc contaminated sandy soil using soil washing technique. The undisturbed soil samples collected from four locations of waste disposal site of Hindustan Zinc Limited located near Udaipur in Rajasthan State of Western India were assessed to find the suitable leaching solution and number of pore volumes for the effective removal of Zinc from this soil. The chelates/ solvents used for this soil were 0.1N HCl, 0.1N EDTA, 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA and 0.1N FeCl3. The contaminant transport parameters were also determined from the column leach tests based on the Leaching Mass Ratio approach and the results are presented in Chapter 5. From the experimental study it was observed that 0.1N FeCl3 and 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA are the most suitable leaching solutions to treat this soil. The Chapter 6 contains the sludge analysis of an industrial ETP sludge, column leach test results of this sludge with different leaching solutions, removal efficiencies of different solutions used and the transport rates of different contaminants. The leaching solutions used for this sludge were distilled water, 0.1N HCl, 0.1N EDTA, 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA and 0.1N FeCl3. It was observed that 0.1N FeCl3 and 0.1N HCl+0.1N EDTA are the most suitable leaching solutions to treat this sludge. Other solutions have also removed the contaminants by more than 50%, but the number of pore volumes required to leach out the contaminants was high. The order of removal efficiencies of different solutions is presented below: 0.1N FeCl3 > 0.1N HCl + 0.1N EDTA > 0.1N EDTA > 0.1N HCl > distilled water. The transport rates of different contaminants (Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb and Cr) were determined using analytical solution and are presented in this chapter. These transport rates are useful to estimate the quantity of leaching solution required in the field to remediate the sludge using soil washing technique. A contaminated soil collected from an open dump site within Bangalore city and ETP Sludge were analyzed to know the efficiency of immobilization/ solidification technique of remediation using three chemical agents lime, NaOH and cement. The soil samples were mixed with different proportions of these chemicals to adjust the pH of the mixtures to 7.0, 8.5 and 10.0. Leaching tests were conducted on the modified soils to know the long term efficiency of these chemical agents to immobilize the contaminants and these results are discussed in Chapter7. The results showed that highest immobilization efficiencies can be achieved with lime for this contaminated soil and cement is the most suitable chemical agent to treat this sludge. The immobilization efficiencies of different stabilizing agents for various metals were studied and the results analyzed. The Chapter 8 includes the major observations and conclusions of the present research work which will be useful for Geotechnical and Geo-environmental engineers to estimate the transport rates of contaminants, to design the soil liners, to assess the efficiency of soil washing technique to remediate the contaminated soil, to estimate the quantity of leaching solution required in the field for soil washing and to find the suitable chemical agent for remediating the contaminated soil by immobilization technique.

L’objectif de cette étude est de recycler du slurry, suspension silicatée, utilisé dans le domaine de l’électronique lors du polissage. Deux applications de polissage sont étudiées : le polissage silicium et le polissage tungstène. Pour ces deux applications, une caractérisation physico-chimique des slurries en amont et en aval du procédé de polissage a mis en exergue une importante dilution du slurry par de l’eau déionisée destinée au rinçage des wafers : une collecte ségrégée a ainsi été mise en place. Le procédé d’ultrafiltration permet une reconcentration de la silice. Toutefois ce procédé ne permet pas la récupération des composés dissous du slurry, qui restent pourtant essentiels au polissage et d’autant plus pour l’application tungstène : un ajustement chimique est donc développée avant réutilisation du slurry ainsi retraité. Pour le slurry tungstène, la matrice chimique étant plus complexe, deux types d’ajustement ont été testés dont les proportions ont été optimisées par une méthode de plans d’expériences.Concernant le slurry silicium, un prototype industriel a été installé et les résultats de polissage sont similaires au slurry POU sur un nombre significatif de plaques. La qualification industrielle a été réalisée. Ce prototype permet d’atteindre les objectifs de diminution de 30% de la consommation de slurry et de 40% des volumes d’effluents rejetés vers station d’épuration. / The chemical and mechanical polishing is a costly step in the process of microelectronic chips manufacturing. This study aims for recycle the silicate suspension named slurry by membrane processes. Both polishing applications are studied: the silicium and the tungsten polishing. A physical and chemical characterization before and after polishing process shows an important dilution of slurry by deionized water used for wafers rinsing. From CMP machine, a collect segregation of a concentrated effluent is realised by a diverter valve. Ultrafiltration has been chosen to reconcentrate silica but does not permit to recover the chemical compounds of the slurry which are essential to the polishing mainly to the tungsten application. Thus, retreatment process includes a collect segregation at the CMP outlet to decrease the dilution factor of slurry, an ultrafiltration step to concentrate silica and a chemical adjustment step. About tungsten application, the chemical media is more complex and two types of adjustment have been led. Firstly, a mix of POU and retreated slurry has been tested and secondly, an experiment of design with three important compounds of the slurry has been tested. Most CMP parameters are obtained in industrial specifications with the mix of POU and retreated slurry.Concerning the silicium slurry, an industrial prototype is installed and polishing results are similar to the original slurry for a significant wafers number. The industrial agreement is obtained. This prototype allows reaching a 30% decrease of slurry consumption and a 40% decrease of waste waters.

[pt] A extinta mineradora Cia. Mercantil e Industrial Ingá era responsável por grande parte da produção de zinco no país. Após decretada sua falência, em 1998, sua área permaneceu abandonada por mais de 10 anos. Durante essa década, insumos e resíduos foram armazenados e dispostos de forma inadequada, gerando um dos maiores passivos ambientais já vistos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Sua barragem de rejeito, construída sem qualquer impermeabilização de base, continha aproximadamente 430.000 m3 de efluente com altas concentrações de zinco (824 mg/l) e cádmio (2,9 mg/l). Além do risco de contaminação das águas subterrâneas, a possibilidade de ruptura do dique desta barragem era cada vez mais evidente, principalmente durante as temporadas de chuva. Em 2004, a PUC-Rio foi contrada pela Massa Falida para assumir a área e propor medidas emergenciais para a remediação do passivo ambiental. Em 2008, a universidade desenvolveu um sistema de tratamento de efluente líquido, que conseguiu aumentar o volume tratado por mês, passando de 24.000 m3/mês para 160.000 m3/mês, eliminando o risco de ruptura do dique. O sucesso desse sistema deu origem a este trabalho. O propósito desta dissertação foi desenvolver o conceito do sistema utilizado na remediação ambiental da Cia. Mercantil e Industrial Ingá, dando origem a um projeto piloto compacto e eficiente, capaz de se adequar a diferentes tipos de efluentes. / [en] After bankruptcy in 1998, a major Brazilian zinc producer – Cia. Mercantil e Industrial Ingá – industrial site was abandoned for about ten years. As a result, raw materials and industrial waste were disposed in an inappropriate way for one decade, creating one of the biggest environmental liabilities in the State of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil. The company s waste dam contained around 430.000 m3 of effluent with high concentrations of zinc (824 mg/l) and cadmium (2,9 mg/l), even though it was not conveniently sealed. Besides de risk of contamination of underground reservoirs of water, the possibility of a dam breakdown became evident, especially during the raining seasons. In 2004, the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) was hired by the authority Massa Falida – legally responsible for managing the assets and liabilities of the bankrupted company – to propose urgent measures to repair the environmental damages caused by the mining company. In 2008, The Catholic University team developed a liquid effluent treatment system which increased the previous treatment capacity from 24.000 m3/month to 160.000 m3 /month. This increase eliminates any risk of a dam breakdown. Based on this important achievement, the present work intends to develop and systematize the conceptual approach applied to the Cia. Mercantil e Industrial Ingá case, in order to give birth to a compact e efficient pilot project, capable to be adjusted to different types of effluents.