[pt] O presente estudo analisa a implementação de um curso de inglês nas escolas públicas da rede municipal do Rio de Janeiro, através de um convênio entre a Prefeitura do Rio e uma escola de línguas. Os objetivos consistem em analisar diferentes olhares que a parceria entre o público e privado imprimem ao curso. O arcabouço teórico se estabelece a partir da ordem sócio-discursiva, interacional e ideológica do discurso. As orientações vêm do dialogismo de Bakhtin, da polifonia de Ducrot, da concepção de footing de Goffman e da perspectiva de discurso de Foucault. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa; o corpus é constituído de documentos do convênio e de dados de entrevistas individuais, com representantes da parceria, e de grupo, com os alunos. Os dados analisados indicam vozes em contraponto. A voz institucional privada avalia de forma positiva o convênio e traz o discurso da responsabilidade social, no âmbito do foco de alunos carentes, e o discurso pedagógico na vertente comunicativa. As vozes institucionais públicas oscilam entre os sacrifícios que o convênio traz em sua implementação e as mudanças na estrutura de participação de responsabilidades na parceria. As vozes privada e pública são dissonantes, sobretudo em relação ao público alvo, os alunos carentes, e aos critérios de seleção e de acesso ao curso oferecido. A relevância da pesquisa se traduz pela possibilidade de trazer reflexões sobre o ensino de inglês no contexto escolar, em um espaço híbrido de vozes e discursos entre o público e o privado. / [en] This study focuses on the implementation of an English course in public schools in Rio de Janeiro municipality by means of an agreement between Rio de Janeiro City Hall and a language school. The study aims to analyze different views the private and the public sectors may hold in relation to this project. The theoretical framework is based on three discourse approaches: the socio-discursive, the interactional and the ideological. The data are analysed according to the Bakhtinian dialogism, the polifony in Ducrot, the notion of footing in Goffman, and the Foucaultian discourse perspective. The corpus of this qualitative-interpretative research includes the Documents of the Contract, individual and focal group interviews with both students and the representatives of the language school. The analysis of the data reveals voices in dissonance. The voice form the private institution appraises the project positively. It advocates the social responsibility issue towards the unprivileged children and the communicative approach for foreign language teaching. Voices from the public sector, however, hesitate between the constraints faced during the project implementation and the responsibilities of the participants involved in the project. In addition, voices from the private and the public sectors seem to dissonate especially in relation to the unprivileged children and the selection criteria to include them in the course. The relevance of this work lies on the possibility to raise issues and foster further discussion upon English language teaching within a municipal public school context, which is seen here as a hybrid locus of voices and discourses between the public and the private sectors.

CARNEIRO, Monica Fontenelle. Dos manuais didáticos à compreensão do aprendiz: a relevância da metáfora no ensino-aprendizagem de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE). 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-28T14:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_MFCARNEIRO.pdf: 2489098 bytes, checksum: 497db8c9d204e4ca9cdbf8e223d35dcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-09-30T16:45:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_MFCARNEIRO.pdf: 2489098 bytes, checksum: 497db8c9d204e4ca9cdbf8e223d35dcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T16:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_MFCARNEIRO.pdf: 2489098 bytes, checksum: 497db8c9d204e4ca9cdbf8e223d35dcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Based on the fact that teaching/learning methods and approaches developed in previous centuries haven`t focused on metaphor and taking into account how important it has become to the teaching/learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), this study investigates the role of metaphor as an element which can favor this process.This investigation not only describes the treatment which is given to it in sets of books used in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses, but also evaluates if the instruction on metaphoric mappings and image schemas which belong in the figurative language contribute to a better understanding on the learner`s part. First, it presents the traditional view of metaphor, which emphasized logic and abstraction, in opposition to the experiential view, which considers metaphor an instrument of cognitive organization and production. This concept is based on Lakoff and Johnson`s (1980, 1999) Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, as well as on Grady`s (1997a) important contributions. The methods used in the documental investigation (which examines the approach in the sets of books), and those used in the semi-experimental one (which investigates if metaphor favors the learner`s understanding), as well as all the proceedings used to obtain and analyze the specific data are then described. Following that, the results are presented and discussed / Considerando que os métodos e abordagens desenvolvidos ao longo dos séculos pouco exploraram a metáfora e reconhecendo a sua importância no processo de ensino/aprendizagem de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE), este estudo investiga esse seu papel como elemento facilitador, tanto descrevendo o tratamento que lhe é dado nos manuais didáticos, quanto analisando se a instrução sobre mapeamentos metafóricos e esquemas imagéticos pertinentes à linguagem figurada contribui para uma melhor compreensão do aprendiz. Este trabalho apresenta inicialmente a visão clássica da metáfora, que priorizou a lógica e a abstração, contrapondo, a essa perspectiva, a visão experiencialista, que considera a metáfora instrumento de organização e produção cognitiva. Essa visão tem como base a Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual, de Lakoff e Johnson (1980, 1999) e as valiosas contribuições de Grady (1997a). A metodologia adotada em cada uma das duas investigações: a documental (que examinou a abordagem nos manuais didáticos) e a semi-experimental (que tem o seu foco na análise do papel da metáfora como facilitadora da compreensão do aprendiz de língua estrangeira), assim como todos os procedimentos adotados para obtenção e análise dos dados são, então, descritos. Em seguida, os resultados são apresentados e discutidos

[pt] O estudo tem por foco o processo de reflexão sobre minhas aulas de inglês no Ensino Médio de uma Escola Estadual, no município do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo consiste em mostrar meus entendimentos e dos próprios alunos sobre a falta de motivação em relação às aulas, no segundo semestre de 2009, e as mudanças iniciadas em 2009, com continuidade no primeiro e segundo semestres de 2010. A abordagem teórica e metodológica insere-se no âmbito da Prática Exploratória e dos conceitos que orientam a Narrativização da Experiência, com utilização do diário da professora-pesquisadora e de redações escolares como instrumento de pesquisa reflexiva, que possibilitam a construção da análise através de uma postura teórica que articula evidencialidade, modalidades do discurso, construção do self e narrativa. A pesquisa é de ordem qualitativa e interpretativista. Os diários foram produzidos em dois momentos: o primeiro, em 2009.2; o segundo, durante o ano letivo de 2010. Em ambas as fases, seguindo os princípios da Prática Exploratória, entende-se a escrita reflexiva como ação para compreender. A análise dos dados centra-se na construção do self emocional, reflexivo e agentivo, a partir de estratégias de evidencialidade, manifestas em atitudes epistemológicas relatadas e nos eventos de experiência. Os entendimentos alcançados indicam uma revisão e ressignificação dos sistemas de crenças tanto do professor quanto dos alunos, ambos mais interessados e produtivos. A articulação entre estratégias de evidencialidade e posicionamentos de selves em narrativas de experiência profissional foi muito significativa para uma melhor reflexão do professor sobre a sua prática. / [en] This research focuses on the reflexive process I undertook about my English classes in a Public High School, in Rio de Janeiro. The study aims at showing my own and my students understandings about the lack of motivation during my classes, in the second semester of 2009, and about the changes that began in 2009 and that continued through the first and second semesters of 2010. This is a qualitative and interpretative research, whose theoretical and methodological framework is based on the principles of Exploratory Practice and on the concepts associated with the Narrativization of Experience. The diaries were written in two different moments: the first one in the second semester of 2009 and the second one, during 2010. In both phases, reflexive writing is understood as action for understanding. The teacher s diary and the student s compositions, which are considered as instruments of reflexive research, were analyzed through evidentiality, modality in discourse, and construction of self. The analysis focuses on the construction of emotional, reflexive and agentive self as projected through a reportive epistemological stance. The study indicates not only a review and a ressignification of the teacher s as well as the students belief systems, both becoming more interesting and productive. Articulating evidentiality with positioning in narratives of experience was extremely significant for this dissertation as well as for the teacher in her practice.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-26T19:51:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNMA.pdf: 39682521 bytes, checksum: 232e6ea0cb601b07a4f025f8efa4e8b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-02T18:42:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNMA.pdf: 39682521 bytes, checksum: 232e6ea0cb601b07a4f025f8efa4e8b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-02T18:42:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNMA.pdf: 39682521 bytes, checksum: 232e6ea0cb601b07a4f025f8efa4e8b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T18:49:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNMA.pdf: 39682521 bytes, checksum: 232e6ea0cb601b07a4f025f8efa4e8b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / The aim of this work is to verify if and to what extent the pragmatic aspects of grammar (pragmalinguistics) are covered in some units of an English Language Teaching textbook used in Brazil. We also aim to delineate the role of grammar in this material and, based on the analyzed units, present reflections on the possibilities of contributing to the teaching-learning of pragmalinguistics. We consider the proposal of the material as we verify the activities according to theories that approach grammar as a skill (BATSTONE, 1994 and LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2003), pragmatics (KASPER and ROSE, 2001) and principled materials development (TOMLINSON, 2010, HARWOOD, 2010). It is observed that the present textbook does not approach pragmalinguistics. Instead, it focuses on grammar as product. Due to this factor, learners are not presented with opportunities to reflect upon language usage. / O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se, e em caso afirmativo como, os aspectos pragmáticos da gramática (pragmalinguística) são contemplados em um livro didático de inglês como LE comercializado internacionalmente e utilizado no Brasil. Objetivamos também retratar o papel designado à gramática neste material e apresentar reflexões sobre possibilidades de contribuir com o ensino-aprendizagem de pragmalinguística, a partir das unidades analisadas. Analisamos a proposta apresentada pelo livro estudando as atividades propostas à luz das teorias que postulam o ensino de gramática como habilidade (BATSTONE, 1994, LARSENFREEMAN, 2003), a pragmática (KASPER e ROSE, 2001) e o desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos baseados em princípios (TOMLINSON, 2010, HARWOOD, 2010). Observamos que o material didático analisado não apresenta o ensino da dimensão pragmalinguística, focando o ensino da dimensão da forma e não possibilitando que os aprendizes, apenas com o suporte do material didático, sejam incentivados a refletir acerca do funcionamento da língua.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In today's technologized and literate society, scientific literacy has been increasingly developing the social function of preparing citizens to act in the most diverse spheres of social life (SANTOS, 2007, p. 480). We understand that scientific literacy refers to the individual‟s capacities of reading, writing, comprehending and expressing points of view (Idem, p. 478), using scientific and technological knowledge in their own life (ULHÔA; GONTIJO; MOURA, 2008, p. 8). Considering the scientific literacy relevance in the current globalized society, the present work has as objective to investigate how the popularization process of language science discourse is constituted in textbooks of English as a foreign language (EFL). We consider science popularization (SP) as the recontextualization of scientific knowledge in the mass media (TV documentary, e-journal, for example) to a non-specialized audience (MYERS, 2003). The corpus of analysis is composed by six sections entitled Reading Beyond the Words from the Prime collection which were selected based on the themes citizenship and human values, according to the Textbooks Guide - TNP 2012 of Modern Foreign Language (BRASIL, 2011). The analysis of the sections is based on guiding questions about some current concepts in the field of EFL: 1) language as genre; 2) reading as critical literacy; and 3) scientific literacy. We adopt Critical Genre Analysis approach (MEURER, 2002; BHATIA, 2004, 2010; MOTTA-ROTH, 2006) which considers the conditions of production, distribution and consumption of texts to the analysis and interpretation of the social practice constituted in a certain genre (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008a, p. 362). The results indicate that there is a perspective of language as discursive genre, for the relation text-context is present in the reading activities. The conception of reading is interactive and critical literacy perpasses some stages of reading, mainly pre-reading and post-reading activities. In relation to the while-reading stage, however the activities give space to critical literacy and interactive reading, they could have a more focused formulation on the relation among text, discursive and social practice. Scientific literacy is also timidly explored, but there is an attempt of defining some concepts of language science by means of resources such as intertextuality and semantic relations, besides activities which explore scientific knowledge when questioning, for example, about the producers, methods and products of science. Generally, there is an attempt of recontextualizing the discourse of language science in the analyzed textbooks. Thus, the language teacher plays the role of agent in the implementation of teaching towards the promotion of scientific literacy in the field of EFL, because language plays the role of mediator in learning other types of knowledge. / Na atual sociedade letrada e tecnologizada, o letramento científico vem desempenhando, de maneira crescente, a função social de preparar o cidadão para atuar nas mais diversas esferas do convívio social (SANTOS, 2007, p. 480). Entendemos que o letramento científico diz respeito às capacidades do indivíduo de ler, escrever, compreender e expressar pontos de vista (Idem, p. 478), utilizando o conhecimento científico e tecnológico no próprio cotidiano (ULHÔA; GONTIJO; MOURA, 2008, p. 8). Considerando a relevância do letramento científico na atual sociedade globalizada, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como se dá o processo de popularização do discurso da Ciência da Linguagem em livros didáticos (LDs) de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE). Consideramos popularização da ciência (PC) como a recontextualização do conhecimento científico na mídia de massa (documentário televisivo e revista eletrônica, por exemplo) para uma audiência não especializada naquela área científica (MYERS, 2003). O corpus de análise é composto por seis seções Reading Beyond the Words da coleção Prime que foram selecionadas segundo as temáticas cidadania e valores humanos, conforme o Guia de Livros Didáticos - PNLD 2012 de Língua Estrangeira Moderna (BRASIL, 2011). A análise das seções parte de perguntas norteadoras sobre alguns conceitos correntes na área de ILE: 1) linguagem como gênero discursivo; 2) leitura como letramento crítico; e 3) letramento científico. Adotamos a Análise Crítica de Gênero (MEURER, 2002; BHATIA, 2004, 2010; MOTTA-ROTH, 2006) que considera as condições de produção, distribuição e consumo de textos para a análise e interpretação da prática social constituída em um determinado gênero (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008a, p. 362). Os resultados indicam que há uma visão de linguagem enquanto gênero discursivo, pois a relação texto-contexto está presente nas atividades de leitura. A concepção de leitura é a interativa e o letramento crítico perpassa algumas etapas de leitura, principalmente a pré-leitura e a pós-leitura. Em relação à etapa de leitura propriamente dita, embora as atividades ofereçam abertura para o letramento crítico e a leitura interativa, elas poderiam ter uma formulação mais focada na relação entre texto, prática discursiva e prática social. O letramento científico também é timidamente explorado, mas há uma tentativa de definir alguns conceitos da Ciência da Linguagem por meio de recursos, como a intertextualidade e as relações semânticas presentes ao longo das seções, além de atividades que exploram o conhecimento científico ao questionar, por exemplo, acerca dos produtores, métodos e produtos da ciência. De modo geral, há uma tentativa de recontextualização do discurso da Ciência da Linguagem nos LDs analisados, mas ela não abrange as atividades como um todo. Desse modo, o professor de línguas desempenha o papel de agente na implementação de um ensino com vistas à promoção do letramento científico na área de ILE, visto que a linguagem desempenha o papel de mediadora na aprendizagem de outros conhecimentos.

The Swedish school has grown multicultural due to the recent years' migration and globalization of society. This place higher demands on the school's responsibility to educate students who are accepting and understanding towards each other, no matter their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. With application of postcolonial theory and its features; alterity, identity and racial prejudice to C.N Adichie's novel Americanah, it is argued that the inclusion of postcolonial literature in the EFL classroom may help students in developing an understanding for democratic values, and in exploring their roles in a diverse environment.

Oral proficiency plays a crucial part in mastering the English language. It is, because of that, heavily debated among professors and teachers. Among teachers, uncertainty prevails regarding how oral proficiency should be taught and assessed. This qualitative study aims to raise awareness of how teachers define, understand, and experience oral proficiency in the upper secondary EFL classroom. Furthermore, this study seeks to analyze teachers’ conflicting perceptions regarding the assessment process along with what problems they encounter and how they solve these problems. Four EFL teachers from three schools in the south of Sweden lay the foundation for the study. Semi-structured interviews were used as the method of data collection in order to gain insights from the teachers’ reflections. The data of the interviews were analyzed with the help of the grounded theory approach. Adopting this theory, the results of the study show that the four EFL teachers had general difficulties understanding the terms assessment and oral proficiency. While one teacher viewed oral proficiency as a two-fold challenge, another stated that in order to get a good grade, good discussion abilities are vital. When assessing students’ oral proficiency, the teachers focused on different features such as pronunciation, fluency, variation, interaction, content, and vocabulary.

Teachers with or without special training encounter dyslexic students daily. As such, these teachers need to have tools for these encounters. One hundred seventy-two teachers took part anonymously in an online survey. This paper looks closely at the following: the multi-sensory approach, extra-classroom groups, the impact of motivation and how to motivate students, and the social implications of dyslexia in a classroom situation and what can be done about them. This paper also includes the so-called special stipulations, a part of the Swedish school ordinance that allows a teacher to omit criteria when grading a student under specific circumstances. The survey showed that there is a myriad of different aids being used and that there are many different views on the special stipulations, some positive and some critical. Finally, one of the most important findings shown by the study is that there is a general lack of knowledge about the impact of the opacity of English orthography. / Lärare med eller utan särskild utbildning möter elever med dyslexi dagligen, och behöver därmed verktyg för dessa bemötanden. Etthundrasjuttiotvå lärare deltog anonymt i en online undersökning. Den här uppsatsen tittar närmre på följande: det multi-sensoriska tillvägagångssättet, grupper utanför klassrummet, hur bristen på motivation påverkar elevernas inlärning och hur man kan motivera dem. Även möjliga sociala konsekvenser dyslexi kan ha i en klassrumssituation och vad man kan göra åt dem diskuteras. Till sist ingår även undantagsbestämmelsen, även känd som PYS-paragrafen. Den är en del av den svenska skolförordningen och tillåter en lärare att bortse från enstaka kursmål när det kommer till betygssättning under särskilda omständigheter. Undersökningen visade att det finns ett stort antal hjälpmedel som används, och många olika tankar om undantagsbestämmelsen, en del positiva, andra kritiska. Slutligen så visar min undersökning att det finns en brist på kunskap om den låga transparensen hos den engelska ortografins påverkan.

The aim of this study was to find out how Utbildningsverket’s (UR) pedagogical material, belonging to two miniseries aimed at upper secondary school, use top-down- and bottom-up strategies to teach listening comprehension. For this purpose, a case study method was used where the materials worked as the case to be studied. Furthermore, the approaches that were used for this study were based on taxonomies established by previous research: First, a taxonomy of strategies for listening comprehension illustrated by Graham and Santos (2015). Secondly, a taxonomy relating to listening types, illustrated by Field (2009). With these taxonomies and the English 5 syllabus, the materials were studied as a qualitative case study. The results show that the two criteria in the English 5 syllabus, which relate to strategies, are addressed within the teacher’s guide of both miniseries. Moreover, My English Mistakes and The Great Debate, both implicitly instruct students to use various strategies. The results also show that the top-down strategies are overrepresented in frequency but less varied in listening type variation. However, the strategies that are instructed are not explained or motivated in the materials.

This essay analyses John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars (2012) with a theoretical approach of reader-response theory to show how the potential interpretations of the gaps in the novel make it a relevant choice of literary work for EFL education. The essay also examines whether the concept of gaps can be used as a tool in literary analysis. The concept of gaps stem from Wolfgang Iser’s ideas on the individual reader, which in turn is one of the perspectives, together with Stanley Fish’s interpretative communities, from which the gaps found in The Fault in Our Stars are analysed. The results are connected to a list of criteria, created by applying the criteria of English syllabuses for upper secondary school by the Swedish National Agency for Education to a revised version of Janice Bland’s list of what constitutes a good literary work for the classroom. The result is that The Fault in Our Stars covers difficult and relatable topics and emotions, which enables productive discussions that challenge students’ world views and help develop their interpretative skills. The findings also show that the novel bears literary complexity, with its prevalent use of metaphors and similes, as well as clear intertextuality with typically canonical works. The analysis also shows how the concept of gaps are an effective tool for interpretation in literary analysis. In conclusion, The Fault in Our Stars is a suitable and comprehensive choice of YA literature in the upper secondary school EFL classroom.