M.A. (Latin) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

This thesis examines the establishment and development of the worship of the emperor and his family members in the Latin West, tracing specifically the cult of those who were officially deified at Rome and received the title of divus or diva. It seeks to answer three questions: 1. Does uniformity of cult practices and priestly titles increase or decrease over time 2. What prompted change in cult practice (reflected in priestly titles) and how was this change managed? 3. What factors influenced the choices made by communities throughout the Latin West concerning these cults? It addresses these questions through a number of specific case studies. It begins with a study of how the practice of deification (consecratio) was established and how it developed within the city of Rome. It then examines priestly titles associated with the cult of the divi/divae in three groups of provinces: the Gauls, the Spains, and the provinces of North Africa. Finally, it discusses the spread of the worship of the divi/divae throughout the empire by examining the Augustales (and other variations on this title) and the priests responsible for overseeing cult to individual divi/divae. The evidence discussed is primarily epigraphical but is supplemented with numismatic, archaeological and literary evidence where it is available. This thesis addresses a number of hypotheses concerning Rome’s role in the development of cult in the Latin West, principally, that cult was imposed on communities in the provinces by the centre, that the establishment of cult was based on a series of models and adopted in similar ways throughout the provinces, and that the coloniae were responsible for bringing Roman culture and religion to the peregrine communities. It argues that even though some provincial cults were established through direct intervention from members of the imperial family, it was still up to the communities themselves to oversee cult practice and finance the cult. In the case of civic cult, there is little to no evidence of involvement from the centre. Civic cult was established by local initiative and did not originate in the coloniae and spread to other communities. Instead, it tended to arise in peregrine communities (and municipia) from the earliest development of this cult (as well as some coloniae) as individual communities sought to forge a connection with the imperial family and find their place within, and in connection to, the Roman Empire.

My diploma thesis deals with socialist realism. I have demonstrated that the content of this term has been changing regarding the political situation and it was loosely replacing the term folk art in historical texts. I have proved that the opinions of experts on socialist realism differ and a clear definition of the term socialist realism does not probably exist. The lack of definition of socialist realism was used to manipulate the artistic community. The thesis helped me to defend the proposition that the Communist Party has supervised and influenced the operation of the film industry even before the February coup in 1948 by the Ministry of Information, where a communist Václav Kopecký was in the lead. Interventions into films and purges of film workers were made already in the immediate postwar period. The main cultural-political directive on cinematography from April 1950, which should have provided a faster enforcement and obligatory effect of socialist realism, aimed to increase the film production. My thesis has shown that this directive, together with the bureaucratic way of approving films, disputes within the Communist Party, changes in film authorities and slow work of creative teams, contributed to an unprecedented crisis in the film production and to a fatal failure to meet the plan in the following year. In my thesis, I have proved that the film The Emperor and the Golem fully complies with two out of three principles of socialist realism. I have labeled the principle that requires truthfulness and historical concreteness as partly met. From my analysis, it can be concluded that this historical comedy has all the features that are required from the works of socialist realism.

Charles I, King of Spain, or Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerful ruler in Europe since Charlemagne. With a Germanic background, and speaking French, Charles became King of Spain in 1516. Yet secondary sources and available sixteenth century Spanish sources such as Spanish Royal Council records, local records of Castro Urdiales in Castile, and Charles's correspondence show that he continued the policies of his predecessors in Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. He strove to strengthen his power and unify Spain and his empire using Castilian strength, a Castilian model of government, Roman law, religion, his strong personality, and a loyal and talented bureaucracy. Charles desired to be another Charlemagne, but with his base of power in Spain.

Ma thèse constitue une étude du règne de Constantin IX Monomaque, un souverain qui a régné au milieu du XIe siècle, une période charnière de l’histoire byzantine. Les spécificités du règne sont multiples. Ancien exilé devenu empereur grâce à son mariage avec l’impératrice Zoé, Constantin Monomaque n’a eu de cesse de se créer une légitimité pour asseoir sa domination et conforter son trône. L’empereur a réussi avec brio à se constituer un réseau de fidèles avant son avènement et a su, par la suite, l’étoffer en ralliant de nombreuses familles aristocratiques et un grand nombre de fonctionnaires du palais. Pourtant, le pouvoir de l’empereur bien que consolidé a subi de nombreuses épreuves : les deux plus grandes révoltes militaires depuis près d’un demi-siècle, le peuple de Constantinople de plus en plus remuant, les complots palatiaux, … En dépit de ces difficultés, Constantin IX a réussi un exploit au cours de ce siècle si périlleux pour les détenteurs de la pourpre, mourir au pouvoir et de causes naturelles. Monomaque fut un empereur bâtisseur, lançant de grands chantiers aussi bien au sein de l’Empire qu’à l’étranger. La vie culturelle de cette période fut particulièrement riche, puisque plusieurs des grands intellectuels de l’histoire byzantine ont servi l’empereur et ont bénéficié de ses faveurs. Longtemps perçu comme un empereur hostile à l’armée, Constantin Monomaque fut bien au contraire un empereur militaire de premier plan, assurant son devoir en défendant l’Empire. Il fut aussi un des plus grands empereurs diplomates que l’Empire a connu, une politique visant à favoriser la paix aux frontières en désarmant les ennemis ou pour éviter d’en susciter. / My Ph. D. is a study of the reign of Constantine IX Monomachos, a ruler who ruled in the middle of the 11th century, a pivotal period in Byzantine history. The specificities of the reign are multiple. A former exile who became emperor thanks to his marriage to empress Zoe, Constantine Monomachos has never ceased to create a legitimacy to establish his domination and consolidate his throne. The emperor brilliantly succeeded in building up a network of faithful before his advent and subsequently succeeded in strengthening it by rallying many aristocratic families and a large number of officials of the palace. Yet, the power of the emperor, although consolidated, suffered many hardships: the two greatest military revolts in nearly half a century, the people of Constantinople increasingly restless, palatial plots, … Despite these difficulties, Constantine IX achieved a feat during this century so dangerous for the holders of imperial purple, die in power and from natural causes. Monomachos was a builder emperor, launching major projects both within the Empire and abroad. The cultural life of this period was particularly rich, since many of the great intellectuals of Byzantine history served and benefited from the emperor's favours. Long perceived as an emperor hostile to the army, Constantine Monomachos was on the contrary a first-rate military emperor, performing his duty by defending the Empire. He was also one of the greatest diplomatic emperors the Empire has ever known, a policy aimed at promoting peace at the borders by disarming enemies or avoiding creating them.

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This dissertation addresses the role of recipe writing in the culture and development of empiricism in Spain over the course of the long sixteenth century. In 1516, Charles of Habsburg was named King of Spain, and began his project to consolidate and extend Spanish rule, picking up where his grandparents, Isabel and Ferdinand, left off. While the Iberian Monarchy attempted to control empirical practice and knowledge of the natural world by way of its administrative institutions, Europe was developing a bit of a recipe habit. Across sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe, there was an surge in readership of recipe books, manuals, books of secrets, and artes, as well as any other book containing recipes (including natural histories). Much like today, there was a rich culture of recipe writing and exchange. When it came to household affairs such as cooking, toiletries and cosmetics, cleaning, and pharmaceuticals, most people had their own practices, and many were also willing to share their tested recipes with others. As I argue in this dissertation, local experimentation and the exchange of said knowledge took place among heterogenous networks of practitioners across Habsburg Spain. While the Crown was influenced by these practices and often appropriated them as well, it was not the only force behind the empirical turn in the history of science and medicine in Spain. Rather, local practitioners and cohorts of experimenting nobles and laypeople alike all played a role in the turn toward experimentation as scientific method.

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這篇論文聚焦在考察戰國秦漢文本中的黃帝形象，而非其人之真實事蹟。從戰國到秦漢，黃帝具有多元的形象。作者試圖探詢的問題如下：戰國秦漢文本的黃帝形象為何？這些形象如何演變？演變發生的原因何在？期望這一研究能夠促使我們反思相關歷史的一個起點。 　　黃帝在血緣與文化方面的重要性，長時間以來都是中國民族主義史學中的重點。不過，並不是每一種黃帝形象都得到歷史學家同等的關注。純從現代人的角度進行研究，可能使研究者忽略，或扭曲另一個時代的人對黃帝形象的想像。本篇論文的目的即在全面探索黃帝在戰國秦漢政治、文化、民生、信仰中的多元角色及其受重視的程度。 　　戰國秦漢時期，人們對黃帝已經推崇備至。然而，當時人對黃帝形象的認識卻和今日有著微妙的差異。舉例來說，古人以黃帝為共祖的行為，除了表示血緣上的聯繫之外，也可能根基於當事人在所屬情境下，對歷史的解釋與認同感。作為聖王，黃帝受到學者讚揚與統治者效法；但是對於其人之成就與發明，仍然處於眾說紛紜的狀態。當時人的日常生活與信仰可能時常接觸黃帝之名，但其形象並不統一，有時甚至相互矛盾的。令人好奇的是，這些不一定都彼此吻合的形象，卻又不約而同地給予了黃帝正面的評價。 　　環繞黃帝形象的爭議並不罕見，尤其是在漢代。學者與朝廷對於整理與過濾相關史料的工作有過許多嘗試，《史記‧五帝本紀》是其中的代表之一。儘管當時學者可能有不同看法，由於能夠跨越大、小傳統之間的界線，多元形象對傳播黃帝故事或許是有利的。 / This thesis is a study of the images of Yellow Emperor in the texts from Warring States to Han, not his true deeds. The author tries to inquire following questions: what images of Yellow Emperor were depicted in texts of that period, how did those images change, and why did those changes happen. I hope that this study could eventually cause me reflex our understanding of relevant historical subjects. Since the turn of twentieth century, the positions of Yellow Emperor in the genealogy of kinship / culture have been one of the major concerns of Chinese national historians. However, not all kinds of images were concerned equivalently. Besides, those images of Yellow Emperor in ancient Chinese texts were sometimes neglected, or even distorted by modern historians according to their contemporary needs. Consequently, I try to rediscover the images of Yellow Emperor in the ancient Chinese texts as it were and try to explore their political, social, cultural, and religious implications in their own term. Though the images of Yellow Emperor had already enjoyed high profile from Warring states to Han dynasty, they were different from the modern popular knowledge and were shaped in different historical contexts. For example, the image as a common ancestor of ancient people is a fabrication / construction based upon the different needs of historical explanation and family identity. The images as a sage king, though admired by ancient scholars, imitated by ancient rulers, never reached consensus. People in that era might highly appraise his images in daily and religious life, but those images were far from consistent. Interestingly, though inconsistent they were, they gave him positive evaluations. Disputes about images of Yellow Emperor were not rare, especially in Han Period. Scholars and royal court kept on trying to rearrange and filter the historical status of Yellow Emperor. One of the representative works is the “Basic Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝本紀)” by Ssuma Chien (司馬遷). However, those versatile and vivid images could not be regulated, by royal court or by scholars, into a unified one, they were able to stride over the barrier between grand and little tradition, and help to spread those legends of Yellow Emperor.