Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-15T15:32:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_DEN_Carlas_122.pdf: 1649911 bytes, checksum: 3c46dfc313ce6d3711a8cd608003ebe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T15:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_DEN_Carlas_122.pdf: 1649911 bytes, checksum: 3c46dfc313ce6d3711a8cd608003ebe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / CNPq / A respiração do solo é um parâmetro sensível a variações nos fatores ambientais e pode ter efeitos sobre a mudança climática global, por sua contribuição no aumento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico. Embora importante, há pouco conhecimento em termos de variação sazonal da quantidade de CO2 emitido nos diferentes tipos e coberturas de solo do Brasil, principalmente na região semiárida nordestina. Nesta região, o corte da vegetação nativa de Caatinga para lenha e sua substituição por pastagens e campos agrícolas, aliados a longos períodos de estiagem, provocam acentuada degradação do solo. Esta degradação modifica os fluxos de trocas de gases pela aceleração ou retardamento dos processos de formação e/ou decomposição da matéria orgânica, por estar frequentemente exposto à ação dos agentes climáticos. A respiração do solo foi medida pelos métodos de Absorção Álcali (AA) e de Analisador de Gás Infravermelho (IRGA), em uma área de Caatinga e uma de pastagem no Agreste Meridional Pernambucano. Foi determinada a relação da respiração do solo com umidade volumétrica e temperatura do solo, ao longo do ciclo sazonal. As medidas da respiração do solo com o IRGA mostraram maior sensibilidade à variação sazonal que as com método de AA. Utilizando o IRGA, as médias da respiração do solo na Caatinga foram cerca de 20% superiores à respiração na área de pastagem. As emissões de CO2 na época seca foram 47% e 63% menores que na época chuvosa nas áreas de caatinga e pastagem, respectivamente. No período chuvoso, os valores do coeficiente metabólico (qCO2) foram maiores que no período seco. A umidade do solo foi positivamente correlacionada com a respiração, enquanto a temperatura foi negativamente correlacionada, tanto nas áreas de caatinga quanto nas de pastagem. Embora o aumento da temperatura possa favorecer a atividade dos microrganismos, a correlação negativa pode ter ocorrido porque na estação seca causou redução na umidade do solo. / Soil respiration is a sensitive parameter to changes in environmental factors and can influence global climate change, for its contribution to the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Although important little is known in terms of seasonal variation in the amount of CO2 emitted in different types and soil coverage in Brazil, mainly in the northeastern semi-arid region. In this region, cutting the Caatinga native vegetation for firewood and its replacement by pastures and farmland, combined with long periods of drought, has caused severe soil degradation. Soil respiration was determined by the Alkali Absorption (AA) and the Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)methods in one Caatinga and one pasture area in the Agreste region of Pernambuco state. The relationship of soil respiration with soil moisture and temperature were determined throughout the seasonal cycle. Soil respiration measured by the gas analyzer infrared (IRGA) method showed higher sensitivity to seasonal variation than by the Alkali Absorption (AA) method. Using IRGA, respiration in the Caatinga was about 20% higher than in the pasture area. CO2 emissions during the dry season were 47% and 63% lower than in the rainy season in the Caatinga and pasture areas, respectively. In the rainy season, metabolic coefficient (qCO2) values were higher than in the dry season. Soil moisture was positively correlated with respiration, while temperature was negatively correlated., in both Caatinga and pasture areas. Although temperature may favor soil microorganism activity, the negative correlation may have occurred because it reduced soil humidity in the dry season.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar a ocorrência de esquistossomose e a distribuição dos focos de transmissão em dois municípios, Aparecida e Roseira, com características sócioambientais distintas, localizados no Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, e comparar os dados entre si e com os obtidos nos últimos dez anos. Fatores ambientais, climáticos, demográficos e sociais foram identificados e associados ao perfil da doença. Dados epidemiológicos relativos à esquistossomose foram obtidos a partir dos relatórios da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN) e índices pluviométricos e de temperatura foram organizados a partir da plataforma de coleta de dados da Escola de Especialistas de Aeronáutica. A análise dos coeficientes de prevalência, entre 1995 e 2004, mostrou queda do número de casos nos dois municípios. Intensa pressão de urbanização foi observada, tendo sido identificados como urbanos 100% dos casos de Aparecida, e 74% dos casos em Roseira. Os indivíduos na faixa etária de 21 a 25 anos foram os mais atingidos e quanto ao sexo, a predominância foi entre os do sexo masculino. Com relação ao contato com águas naturais, os locais mais citados foram: áreas de várzeas, rio Paraíba do Sul, valetas. Foram identificadas e comparadas, em dois momentos no decorrer do estudo, 1995 e 2004, as áreas consideradas de risco para transmissão da esquistossomose, analisando-as quanto às alterações ambientais ocorridas e verificando-se potenciais focos ainda existentes. Associação entre prevalência da doença e índices pluviométricos e de temperatura não foi significativa. A redução dos casos de esquistossomose podem estar associados a: mudança de hábitos da população, mecanização da cultura de arroz, mudança no tipo de lavoura e substituição da lavoura por pastagens. Apesar da melhoria das condições de saneamento básico, ambos os municípios continuam com potencial de transmissão da esquistossomose. / This study had as objectives: to verify the occurrence of schistosomiasis and the distribution of the transmission foci in two cities, with distinct social and environmental characteristics, Aparecida and Roseira, located in the Valley of the Paraíba river, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and to compare the data between them and with the ones obtained in the last ten years. Environmental, climatic, demographic and social factors were identified and associated to the profile of the disease. Epidemiological data related to schistosomiasis were obtained from the reports of the Superintendence for the Control of Endemic Diseases (SUCEN) and the meteorological conditions, related to rain fall and temperature, were organized from the data collection platform of the of School for Aeronautic Specialists. The analysis of the prevalence coefficients, between 1995 and 2004, showed fall in the number of cases in both municipalities. Intense urbanization pressure is observed, having been identified as urban 100% of the cases from Aparecida, and 74% of the cases from Roseira. The male group was more infected than female, and the age group of 21 to 25 years old was the most infected one. With relation to the contact with natural waters, the most cited places were: holm and drains areas and the Paraíba do Sul river. Some risk areas were identified and compared at two moments during the study, 1995 and 2004, and than analyzed according to environmental alterations. The occurrence of schistosomiasis does not seem to be associated to the rain fall nor temperature variations. The reduction of schistosomiasis cases can be associated to: changing on population habits, mechanization of the rice culture, changing on the type of farming or substitution for pasture areas. Despite the improvement of the basic sanitation conditions, both cities continue to have potential for schistosomiasis transmission.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a influência de fatores ambientais na ocorrência e a distribuição espaço-temporal de cladóceros marinhos em uma região estuarina rasa localizada junto a uma área de manguezal. Ao longo do período de julho de 2004 a junho de 2005, foram realizadas amostragens do zooplâncton durante as marés enchentes de sizígia em duas estações de coletas localizadas na Praia Dura, município de Ubatuba, SP. As amostragens foram realizadas em triplicatas por meio de arrastos horizontais utilizando-se uma rede cônica com fluxômetro acoplado para se determinar o volume de água filtrada e, o zooplâncton amostrado foi imediatamente fixado em formol 4% neutralizado. Concomitantemente às amostragens foram tomados dados dos fatores ambientais temperatura, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) da água. Foram observadas três espécies de cladóceros marinhos. A espécie Penilia avirostris foi a dominante e ocorreu ao longo de todo período amostral. As espécies Pseudevadne tergestina e Pleopis polyphemoides foram menos freqüentes, mas a última apresentou variação temporal sazonal ocorrendo nos meses de inverno e primavera. A ocorrência de P. polyphemoides correlacionou-se negativamente com o fator temperatura e positivamente com o fator oxigênio dissolvido. Tanto os fatores abióticos como as abundâncias das espécies não diferenciaram entre as estações de amostragens (Teste t; sempre p > 0,05). A Análise de Componentes principais revelou que as espécies P. avirostris, P. tergestina e P. polyphemoides formaram um agrupamento sendo que 60% da variância das espécies amostradas é explicada pelo fator oxigênio dissolvido. / The aim of the present study is to analyse the occurrence and the horizontal-temporal distribution of marine cladocerans in a shallow estuarine region associated to a mangrove forest, and to verify the possible influence of environmental factors on the temporal variation of the species. In the period from July 2004 to June 2005, zooplankton samples were taken during the flood tide of sizygia in two sampling stations located on Praia Dura estuary, Ubatuba city, SP. The samples were collected in triplicates through horizontal hauls using a planktonic conic net with a fluxometer attached to determine the filtered water volume and, the sampled zooplankton was immediately preserved with 4% neutral formaldehyde solution. Simultaneously with the sampling, temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the water were measured. In the laboratory, subsamples were taken from the original collected samples and the zooplankton were analised under a stereomicroscope. So, the marine cladocerans were identified at species level and quantified. The zooplankton abundance was expressed by individuals per cubic meter. Three marine cladocerans species were registered in the Praia Dura estuary. Penilia avirostris was the dominant species and appeared throughout of the year. Pseudevadne tergestina and Pleopis polyphemoides were the less frequent species, but this later showed a seasonal variation occurring in the spring and summer months. The occurrence of P. polyphemoides presented negative correlationship with the temperature and a positive correlationship with the dissolved oxygen. The abiotic factors and the species abundances didnt show any statistical difference between the sampling stations (always p > 0,05). The Component of principal Analysis presented that the species P. avirostris, P. tergestina and P. polyphemoides, had organized as an group, being 60% of the variance was explained by the dissolved oxygen.

Introdução: Várias espécies de culicídeos são vetores de patógenos que causam graves doenças em humanos e outros animais. Objetivos: Investigar a presença e distribuição espacial de insetos vetores na Cidade Universitária, zona Oeste - São Paulo e os fatores ambientais associados a sua ocorrência. Metodologia: A área de estudo foi a Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (CUASO), que foi dividido em quatro partes. As coletas com ovitrampas e adultraps foram realizadas de dezembro de 2013 a novembro de 2014, mensalmente foram sorteados dez pontos de coleta por área, em cada área foram instaladas dez ovitrampas e dez adultraps. As coletas com aspirador ocorreram de janeiro a dezembro de 2014 e mensalmente foram sorteados dois pontos por área para realização das aspirações, totalizando oito pontos de coletas por mês, resultando em 120 minutos/mensal. Todo material coletado foi levado ao Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP para análise. Resultados: De maneira geral as variáveis ambientais influenciaram na presença dos culicídeos coletados. O índice de densidade de ovos sofreu influência significativa da temperatura, enquanto que a pluviosidade afetou mais significativamente a presença do adulto. Em relação à aspiração Culex quinquefasciatus foi a espécie predominante em todas as coletas, seguida de Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti. Porém apenas Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti apresentaram correlação significativa com as variáveis climáticas. Conclusão: a presença de culicídeos vetores na Cidade universitária foi expressiva praticamente o ano inteiro, tornando esse local um meio propício para propagação de várias arboviroses, necessitando um monitoramento constante da presença desses vetores. / Introduction: Several species of culicidae are vectors of pathogens that cause serious diseases in humans and other animals. Objectives: To investigate the presence and spatial distribution of vector insects in Cidade Universitária, Oeste - São Paulo and the environmental factors associated with its ocurrence. Methodology: The study area was the University City Armando de Salles Oliveira (CUASO), which was divided into four parts. The collections with ovitraps and adultraps were carried out from December 2013 to November 2014, monthly there were drawn ten collection points per area, in each area were installed ten ovitraps and ten adultraps. The collections with eletric aspirators (12V battery) occurred from January to December 2014 and monthly there were drawn two points per area to make the aspirations, totaling eight collection points per month, resulting in 120 minutes / month. All collected material was taken to the Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health of the Faculty of Public Health of USP for analysis. Results: In general the environmental variables influenced the presence of culicids collected. The egg density index was significantly influenced by temperature, while rainfall affected the adult presence more significantly. Regarding aspiration Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant species in all collections, followed by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. However, only Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti showed a significant correlation with climatic variables. Conclusion: the presence of culicids insects in the University City was expressive practically all year round, making this place a propitious medium for the propagation of several arboviruses, necessitating a constant monitoring of the presence of these vectors.

Background and Purpose: People living with SCI (PLWSCI) have to cope with various challenges when they return home after institutionalized rehabilitation, especially with integrating back into and participating in their communities. To date no study has been conducted in South Africa to empirically measure community integration or to evaluate factors affecting the community integration of PLWSCI. The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing the community participation of PLWSCI after rehabilitation. Methodology: A cross-sectional, analytical research design employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. Data collection: Phase one: Participants were identified from the databases of two rehabilitation centers, and the snow balling technique. Data were collected by implementing: the socio-demographic and injury profile (SDIP), the Return to Normal Living Index (RNLI), the Spinal Cord Injury Measure – version II (SCIM II) and the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors – short form (CHIEF-SF). Phase two: In-depth face to face interviews were conducted with a purposely selected sample group from participants of phase one of the study to determine how participants perceive their community participation. Data Analysis: Phase one: Data were analyzed using version 17 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 17). Descriptive statistics, T- tests, Pearson productmoment correlation coefficients and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons, was done to examine demographic characteristics and participants’ community participation. Data from Phase 2 was subjected to data-reducing procedures using qualitative techniques. Results – Phase One One hundred and sixty PLWSCI (134 males and 26 females) from the Tshwane metropolitan area participated in this phase of the study. The participants were predominantly young, male, unemployed and single and their major cause of SCI was road traffic accidents, which accounted for 71% of the injuries. The participants’ satisfaction with their community participation was generally low, only 20% expressed satisfaction with their community participation. Satisfaction with community participation was significantly associated with the participants’ race, level of education, employment, educational qualifications, years of living with SCI, level of SCI, health complications, perceived health status, functional ability and perceived environmental factors such as physical (structural and geographic) barriers and lack of transport. Results – Phase 2 Fifteen PLWSCI participated in interviews. Two themes influencing participation were identified from the interview transcripts: Personal factors (coping skills, rehabilitation experience, future aspirations, personal needs, psycho-emotional issues and meaningful use of time) and Environmental factors (attitudes of others, social support and accessibility issues). Conclusion The results of the two phases revealed that community participation of PLWSCI was mainly related to three major categories of factors: personal factors, disability-related factors and environmental factors. Satisfaction with community participation was greater in participants who had been living with SCI for longer periods, had more years of basic education, were not black Africans, lived in suburbs, and were employed. A positive outlook on life and engagement in creative activities during free time enhanced community participation. Disability-related factors included level of SCI, functional ability and perceived general health influenced satisfaction with community participation. Community participation was greater in participants who experienced fewer environmental barriers. “Attitudes of members of society”, “accessibility of the environment” and “social support” influenced the participants’ satisfaction with community participation. A framework for facilitating community participation of PLWSCI was developed. Strategies to be implemented by various multi-sectoral stakeholders to enhance community participation are proposed.p> / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Physiotherapy / Unrestricted

Abstract Date:                         2020 June 08 Level:                        Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution:                School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors:                   David Kuwa                                   Sajjad Ahmed                                  (87/01/12)                                      (88/01/03) Title:                         Return it or not?                                  How informed e-commerce customers are in relation to environmental effects caused by e-purchase returns. Tutor:                       DAVID FREUND Keywords:                E-commerce, Returns and return policies, Customer behaviour, Environmental factors Research question:                   How informed are e-commerce customers regarding negative environmental impacts of e-commerce returned goods? Aim & Purpose:        To understand the environmental effects caused by E-commerce purchase returns and research on how informed the E-commerce consumers in Sweden are on these effects in subject to their buying and returning behaviour. Method:         Qualitative research method approach is used where focus groups are organized and discuss with the help of semi-structured discussion questions   Conclusion:   Online buyers concentrate more on the return policy a company gives, and many will utilize the free policies to order goods impulsively, just to later make returns of the extra goods that they do not require. They found using e-commerce to return goods to be very beneficial. This is as a result of little knowledge of the environmental effects caused by goods returns. Given ample information by retailers, (which many consumers suggest is necessary), customer could practice more caution in making order returns.

Like a large part of western Europe also from the Czech landscape is dramatically disappearing amphibians. This negative trend occurred due to several factors, some of which is undoubtedly the most significant loss of suitable breeding areas. During the years 2009 and 2010 I monitored a total of 31 tanks in a part of the former districts of Liberec, Jablonec nad Nisou and Semily, in which were multiplied frog (Rana temporaria) and toad (Bufo bufo). On these localities I've watched a few environment variables, which I assume that may affect the successful development of amphibians from egg stage to metamorphosis. The success of development, I determined by counting congeries in the spring and then finding the number of tadpoles in the tank survived the conversion. The results of multiple linear regression shows that the developmental stages of brown frog react negatively to the increasing altitude and increasing the number of eggs per unit area of the tank. On the contrary, they thrive better in larger, at least partially shaded tanks, which are subject to fluctuations in water level. For toad are suitable not very deep, partially shaded tanks, with a stable water level, vegetation and aquatic vegetation free shores. Also managed to find the eggs and tadpoles of toads react negatively to the...

Bakgrund: Uppsatsen har sitt teoretiska och empiriska fokus på investeringsprocessen. Utifrån detta ska studien redogöra för hur miljömässiga faktorer integreras i investeringsprocessen. Det saknas idag djupa och omfattande redogörelser för hur miljö kan beaktas genom investeringsprocessen. Därför undersöker uppsatsen investeringsprocessen i ett antal utvalda företag, där extra vikt läggs vid hur miljö avspeglas i processen. Vidare är även företagens tillämpning av traditionella investeringskalkyler en del i vad som undersöks. Ambitionen är att på ett vägledande sätt beskriva hur miljömässiga faktorer på ett balanserat sätt kan integreras i investeringsprocessen.  Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att bidra med kunskap för att öka förståelsen för hur miljömässiga faktorer integreras i investeringsprocessen. Studien avser därutöver utveckla en empiriskt testad modell för hur miljömässiga faktorer integreras i investeringsprocessens olika faser.  Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie på sex svenska företag inom tre olika branscher. Till studien hör en omfattande litteratursökning med utgångspunkt i huvudsak två avhandlingar. Data samlades in genom 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet analyserades sedermera genom de fem stegen för analys av kvalitativ data. Slutsats: Studiens slutsatser är att miljömässiga faktorer integreras i flera av investeringsprocessens faser. Tillvägagångssättet för integrering av miljömässiga faktorer kretsar kring fyra teman; kvantifiering, kriterier, lagkrav och kongruens mot miljömässiga strategier och mål. Samtliga teman finns med både i initieringsfasen och i bedömningsfasen, med undantag för kvantifiering som är ett strikt tema för bedömningsfasen. Vidare har kvantifiering framförallt teoretiska förankring medan kriterier i den här studien enbart har empirisk förankring. Studien har avslutningsvis resulterat i en modifierad modell för hur miljömässiga faktorer integreras i investeringsprocessens olika faser. / Background: This thesis has its theoretical and empirical focus on the investment process. Based on this, the study will account for how environmental factors are integrated in the investment process. There is currently a lack of deep and comprehensive accounts of how the environment can be taken into account through the investment process. Therefore, the thesis examines the investment process in a number of selected companies, where emphasis is placed on how environmental factors are considered in the process. Furthermore, companies' application of traditional capital budgeting techniques is also a part of the empirical study. The ambition is to, in a guiding way, describe how environmental factors can be integrated in the investment process. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how environmental factors are integrated in the investment process. The study also aims to develop an empirically tested model for how environmental factors are integrated in the various phases of the investment process. Method: This thesis is a qualitative interview study of six Swedish companies in three different industries. The study includes an extensive literature search based on two dissertations. Data were collected through 15 semi-structured interviews. The material was later analyzed through the five steps for analysis of qualitative data. Conclusion: The conclusions of this thesis are that environmental factors are integrated into several phases of the investment process. The approach to integrating environmental factors revolves around four themes; quantification, criteria, legal requirements and congruence with environmental strategies and objectives. All themes are included in both the initiation phase and the integrating phase, with the exception of quantification, which is only emphasised in the integrating phase. Furthermore, quantification has primarily theoretical grounding, while criteria only have empirical grounding. The study has finally resulted in a modified conceptual model for how environmental factors are integrated into the various phases of the investment process.

This exploratory study examined the different tourism market development strategies that tourism Multinational Corporations (MNCs) implement in their operations in African host countries. It empirically investigated the existence of any relationships between tourism MNCs’ market development strategies and the “Needs and Expectations of African host countries.” Also, it investigated the influences of external environmental factors on tourism MNCs’ tourism market strategic choice. Its sample population were top management executives of tourism MNCs‘ with operations in the African market. The unit of analysis was the corporation. The sample frame was an exhaustive list of tourism MNCs with operations in the African region. The initial sample size was 106 tourism MNCs’ executives. Thirty-seven of them responded to a mail in survey questionnaire. Two of the questionnaires were discarded due to numerous missing data. Thus, there were 35 usable questionnaires for data analysis, which is a response rate of 33%. The study results identified relationships between the integration of Multinational Corporations’ (MNCs) tourism market development strategies with the needs and expectations of developing African host countries, and their successful performance in those host countries in terms of growth in operations and profitability. It revealed that significant differences exist among the market development strategies on the factors of needs and expectations of African host countries. The significant factors were community participation, local entrepreneurship, and job and national security. Also, the economic development factor was observed to be partially significant. This study also identified free trade economy in the African host countries as a significant factor on the influence of external environment. The framework of this study is embedded in the underlying theories of international strategic management, international business, international development, and needs and expectations. The study’s final conceptual model depicts the significant factors of African host countries’ needs and expectations, the tourism market development strategies, an integration of the two concepts and the resultant tourism MNCs successful performance. This research study investigated MNCs in all sectors of the tourism industry. And the findings have shown that for the tourism MNCs to be successful in their African host countries, they should be sensitive to the identified sectors, namely economic development, community participation, local entrepreneurship, and job and national security measures. Also, they should exert more efforts in exploring African free trade economies for their business locations in the region. / Ph. D.

"May 2015" A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Occupational Therapy. Typescript Project Advisor : Max A. Ito Participation in social roles and daily activities is considered a primary outcome for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and thus is an important focus of pediatric therapy. The purpose of this study was to describe the participation patterns of children ages 2 to 6 years with CP, investigate how gross motor impairment affects participation, and identify those family and environmental factors that may influence participation in daily activities and social roles. A convenience sample of 51 children with CP between the ages of 2 and 6 years and their parents completed this study. Parents completed four standardized instruments: the Assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H), the Impact on Family Scale, The Child and Adolescent Scale of Environment, and the Child Health Conditions Questionnaire, which measured participation, family burden, the environment, and associated conditions respectively. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which family and environmental factors explained participation in daily activities and social roles while controlling for gross motor impairment (GMFCS), associated conditions and age. The findings of this study suggest that very young children with CP experience substantial restrictions across 10 of 11 domains of participation. Parents report greater environmental barriers, associated health conditions and impact on family as GMFCS levels increase. Gross motor impairment, associated health conditions, and age accounted for 65% of the variance in participation. The environment and family factors did not contribute significantly to the model. For the children in this study, intrinsic factors accounted for most of the variance in participation.