Ce mémoire propose une analyse des enjeux éthiques et politiques à l’œuvre dans les crises des réfugié.es à l’aune de l’éthique féministe du care. Il présente une critique épistémologique des approches prédominantes en philosophie politique libérale : en raison d’un manque de considérations empiriques, ces approches créent des angles morts et invisibilisent certain.es enjeux vécus par les réfugié.es. De plus, la philosophie politique libérale n’offre pas les outils normatifs adéquats pour établir une responsabilité envers les réfugié.es. Face à ce double constat, je propose que l’éthique du care peut contribuer à remédier à ces problèmes. D’une part, grâce à la notion de responsabilité relationnelle, on peut montrer en quoi les citoyen.nes et États du Nord global ont la responsabilité de venir en aide aux populations déplacées. D’autre part, l’analyse contextuelle des enjeux quotidiens et incarnés préconisée par cette théorie éthique permettra d’éviter de reproduire certains angles morts dans nos enquêtes philosophiques. Cela permettra ultimement de mieux identifier et comprendre les injustices reproduites par les crises des réfugié.es et les meilleures façons d’y remédier. / This thesis offers an analysis of the ethical and political issues at play in contemporary refugee crises in the light of the feminist ethics of care. It presents a methodological critique of the predominant approaches in liberal political philosophy: due to a lack of empirical considerations, it tends to hide concrete issues experienced by refugees. Moreover, liberal political philosophy does not offer adequate normative tools to establish responsibility for refugees. In light of this, I argue that the ethics of care can help to overcome these problems. On the one hand, through the notion of relational responsibility, it can show that citizens and states in the global North have a responsibility to help displaced populations. On the other hand, the ethics of care preconizes a contextual analysis of everyday and embodied issues: this will avoid reproducing blind spots in our philosophical inquiries. This will ultimately allow us to better identify and understand the injustices reproduced by refugee crises, as well as the steps needed to remedy them.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beruht auf der Beobachtung, dass in der Geflüchtetenarbeit (GA) vor allem Frauen aktiv sind und stellt die Frage, welche Rolle Geschlecht in der GA spielt und wie die weiblichen Ehrenamtlichen ihre Arbeit mit den Geflüchteten erfahren. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Wahrnehmung von Unterschiedlichkeit und Gemeinsamkeit. Ein dritter Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Strategien, die weibliche Ehrenamtliche einsetzen, um Differenz in der Arbeit mit Geflüchteten zu überwinden. Das erste Paper analysiert zwei quantitative Studien mit deutschen Ehrenamtlichen in der Geflüchtetenhilfe. Es zeigt, dass GA als eine Form von „Care Work“ verstanden werden kann, die von Care-Ethik beeinflusst ist. An zweiter Stelle ergab die Analyse, dass vor allem weibliche Freiwillige ihr Engagement auch als gesellschaftspolitischen Einsatz gegen Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassismus sahen. Somit argumentiert das Paper, dass GA entgegen traditionellen Annahmen in der Forschungsliteratur eine Form von politischer Partizipation von Frauen darstellt. Das zweite Paper konzentriert sich auf die direkte Beziehung mit Geflüchteten und basiert auf 22 qualitativen Interviews mit weiblichen Ehrenamtlichen. Sozialpsychologischen Annahmen folgend, dass eine gemeinsame Identität zur Verringerung von Vorurteilen beiträgt, zeigt es auf, wie die Studienteilnehmerinnen Verbundenheit mit Geflüchteten herstellten. Demgegenüber betonen poststrukturalistische, postkoloniale und feministische Theorieansätze die Bedeutung von Differenz, die Konstruktionen von Gemeinsamkeit immer wieder durchschneidet. Schließlich führt das dritte Paper den politischen Care-Ansatz und die Herausforderung durch Differenz zusammen und legt dar, wie weibliche Ehrenamtliche in der GA Differenz mithilfe care-ethischer Grundsätze zu Integration aushandeln. Das Paper bezieht sich auf Care-Ethik, die auf Beziehungen und Verantwortung als zentralen ethischen Maximen beruht und entwickelt die Idee einer ‚caring integration‘. / In German refugee support work (RSW), women comprise the majority of the volunteers. Therefore, this PhD project focuses on the experiences, motivations and attitudes of female volunteers in RSW from three angles. Apart from investigating the role of gender in RSW, it studies constructions of sameness and difference and how the female volunteers resolve the latter in their daily work. The first paper analyses two quantitative studies on German volunteers in RSW. It first establishes that RSW can be conceptualised as a form of care work influenced by care ethics, which potentially forms one motive for women to be drawn to volunteering. Secondly, female volunteers also interpret their voluntary care work politically and employ it as a tool to speak out against racism and right-wing mobilisation. The paper thus demonstrates that contrary to traditional assumptions in the literature, RSW constitutes a form of political participation for women and argues that care and politics are not mutually exclusive. The second paper takes a closer look at the actual experience of female volunteers in RSW based on 22 qualitative interviews. Following social-psychological ideas of a common identity facilitating prejudice reduction, the paper first illustrates how the volunteers form bonds with refugees. However, in a second step it employs poststructural, feminist and postcolonial theory to demonstrate how difference continually intersects and disrupts these constructions of sameness. Finally, the third paper argues that female volunteers in RSW negotiate difference by following a care-ethical approach to integration. Based on the feminist ethics of care which centres on relationships and responsibility, the paper develops the theme of a ‘caring integration’. In addition, it investigates to what extent this notion can be found in the actual practice of female volunteers in refugee support work relying both on the quantitative and qualitative data.

With its starting point in social and community building activities of everyday life, this project seeks a complex understanding of a former industrial site in Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri - its past, present and possible futures. Critical and participatory mappings, speculations, policy making and small-scale interventions are part of the produced material that circulate around the feminist ethics of care, and how it can inform a socially aware architectural practice. The site, a celebrated regeneration project, produces an interstice in relation to the more controlled urban fabric surrounding it. It is more open to diverse modes of occupation and use, accommodating activities and groups that otherwise have a hard time to make a space for themselves in the city. I argue that a feminist ethics of care enables designers and involved participants to make a complex engagement with places. Care can help us to redefine the role of the architect and to alter architectural practice. In the 1980:s Carol Gilligan introduced care as an attached way of human connection, requiring listening and understanding differences and needs. In this light, I define a design practice where sustainability is understood in relation to responsibility and actions oriented towards other people. Urban caring is about carefully seeing and using what is here; the small-scale and subtle that might go unnoticed in planning/architectural projects. My proposals contain how to read, care-fully observe, interpret and act - as an urban-caretaker. Among the design proposals and methods are: critical mapping as a central participatory task, a manual of care as part of the mapping and from an intimate understanding of the site, a series of design tests -strategies, policy making and small-scale interventions- , a manifesto that suggests ways for this knowledge to be transferred to other sites, and the interactive map a care-full companion. Urban caring offers an open-ended process, enabling the site to develop in a number of directions. My role has not been to over-determine what the outcome might be, but instead to facilitate tools of enabling positive change toward possible futures. / Projektet strävar efter en komplex förståelse av ett före-detta industriområde i Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri. Det handlar om nya sätt för arkitekter och planerare att arbeta med en känslig plats: att ta hand om existerande egenskaper och villkor, platsens historier och möjliga framtider, samt inte minst de viktiga roller som sociala och samhörighetsskapande vardagsaktiviteter spelar i Norra Sorgenfri idag. Tesen som jag driver är att en feministisk omsorgsetik (ethics of care på engelska) kan möjliggöra ett hållbart engagemang med en plats, mer specifikt här ett industriområde med ett rikt småskaligt kulturliv, och på så sätt forma en socialt ansvarstagande urban praktik. Norra Sorgenfri är ett hyllat urbant utvecklingsprojekt och utgör ett ”mellanrum” i relation till den omgivande mer kontrollerade stadsstrukturen. Platsen är mer öppen för olika användningssätt och ackommoderar aktiviteter och grupper av människor som annars kan ha svårt att göra sin röst hörd i staden.  Med hjälp av konceptet care (omsorg) kan arkitektens roll och arkitekturfältet omdefinieras till att bli mer inkluderande och deltagande i samhällsförändringar. På 1980-talet introducerade feministiska etikern Carol Gilligan omsorg som ett mer empatiskt sätt att relatera till andra människor, med fokus på lyssnande och förståelse för skillnader och behov. I detta ljus definierar jag en arkitekturpraktik där hållbarhet förstås utifrån ansvar och handlingar gentemot andra människor.  Urban caring handlar om att omsorgsfullt se och använda det som finns här; det småskaliga och subtila som riskerar att gå obemärkt förbi i arkitektur- och planeringsprojekt. Mina förslag innehåller metoder för att läsa, omsorgsfullt observera, tolka och agera – som en urban caretaker. Bland förslagen finns: kritiska kartläggningar som ett centralt sätt att arbeta med deltagandeprocesser, en omsorgsmanual (manual of care) som en del av kartläggningen och utifrån en ingående förståelse av platsen, en serie av designtest – strategier och småskaliga interventioner, ett manifest som föreslår hur kunskapen från detta projekt kan överföras till andra platser, och den interaktiva kartan en omsorgsfull följeslagare (care-full companion).

The dissertation examines the ethics of staff in perioperative care. The aim was to analyze the errors that occur during surgery, to determine the participants in perioperative care who commit these mistakes, and to analyze the reasons why these errors occur. The theoretical part deals with the concept of security from different perspectives of patient safety in surgery, and the international guidelines that direct it. The situation in the Czech Republic in terms of care for patient safety in surgery is also described. One chapter deals with the autor's internship in operating rooms in Sweden. Using the results of observations, the empirical part of the dissertation analyzes the actual behaviour of staff in perioperative care during surgery against the binding documents that ensure safe perioperative care. It also sets out the reasons that lead to non-compliance of health and safety regulations in perioperative theatres. In conclusion, I suggest steps that would help to improve the situation. Key words Perioperative care, safety, security, pacient pafety, medical ethics, nursing ethics

Integrity, a significant concept in western ethics, emphasises the idea of the Self being an integrated whole, consistent with itself and moral obligations. Contemporary frameworks such as the Inner Development Goals (IDG, 2019) reflect the importance of integrity in promoting sustainability. While the humanistic understanding of integrity has become widely accepted, its traditional notion presents challenges in managing sustainability both theoretically and practically. This research attempts to discover how it might be possible to conceptualise personal integrity differently. I explore how the perception, comprehension, and experience of integrity is transforming within the realm of sustainability together with sustainability professionals working in Sweden and Denmark and posthumanist thinkers with the help of postqualitative inquiry. The concept of integrity is examined within organisational dynamics, specifically concerning the relations between professionals and their organisations. Drawing inspiration from Donna Haraway's concepts of ‘staying with the trouble’ and ‘tentacular thinking’, as well as the posthuman notion of care, I delve into the complex moral experience of my interlocutors who find themselves closely aligned with the posthuman paradigm. At the same time, organisations mainly approach the organisational roles of sustainability professionals within the conventional business-as-usual narrative.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av abortvård i den offentliga vården i provinserna Neuquén och Río Negro, Argentina. Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor som arbetar i primärvården möter kvinnor i behov av abort men på grund av den restriktiva lagstiftningen beror vården som erbjuds på den enskilda sjukvårdspersonalen. Abort är olagligt i Argentina, med några få undantag, och även om sjukvårdspersonal är skyldig att erbjuda eftervård vid abort så är illegala aborter den vanligaste orsaken till mödradödlighet i landet. Metod: En kvalitativ studiedesign med semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sju sjuksköterskor, som valdes genom ändamålsenligt urval. Insamlad data analyserades genom Philip Burnards metod för innehållsanalys.Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier; Relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient, Betydelsen av stöd och kunskap för att vårda, Sjuksköterskans inställning till abort och förebyggande metoder och Upplevelsen av hinder i abortvården. Varje kategori delades in i två underkategorier. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet av för- och eftervård vid abort skiljde sig åt beroende på deras bakgrund, arbetsplats och inställning till abort. Flera sjuksköterskor kände sig begränsade av den restriktiva lagstiftningen, brist på kunskap och stöd från kollegor. Genom att utbilda sig själva och skapa nätverk med annan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal så kunde många av sjuksköterskorna erbjuda vård till kvinnor i behov av abort eller eftervård. / Aim: The aim of the study was to illuminate the experiences of registered nurses attending women in pre- and/or post-abortion care in the public health sector in the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro, Argentina.Background: Nurses working in primary care are receiving women in need of abortion but due to the restrictive law the care provided depends on the individual health professional. Abortion is illegal in Argentina with few exceptions and even though health professionals in the public health sector are obliged to provide post-abortion care clandestine abortion is the major cause of maternal mortality. Methods: A qualitative research design involving semi-structured interviews with seven nurses selected by purposive sampling. The collected data was analyzed using the method of content analysis outlined by Philip Burnard.Results: Four categories emerged from the analysis; Nurse-patient relationship, Nurses approach to abortion and preventive measures, Significance of support and knowledge in providing care and Experiencing obstacles in abortion care. Each category was divided into two subcategories. Conclusion: The nurse’s experiences of pre- and post-abortion care varied due to their background, workplace and attitude on abortion. Several nurses felt limited by the restrictive law and lack of knowledge and support from co-workers. However by educating themselves and creating networks with other health professionals many nurses were accompanying women in need of abortion or post-abortion care.

This thesis examines feminist commodity networks through an ethnographic case study of QVWC SHOP in Melbourne, Australia. The work is built through an emic perspective on the understanding of selling, producing, and buying through the QVWC SHOP. The emic perspective is also connected to the larger systems, such as social networks and community building. QVWC SHOP is a store focusing on selling locally made items by women, including cis, trans and nonbinary. QVWC SHOP is part of the Queen Victoria Women’s centre in Melbourne, which is a non-profit building that rents space for different organisations for women’s needs. The centre is also an important cultural space, organizing events and exhibitions around the year. In 2020, the Women’s centre opened the QVWC SHOP, that they promote as a feminist shop selling goods made by women, for women. The focus in this thesis is on understanding how the shop builds a community for the women involved with the store, reflect over what feminist commodities are and what it means to be a producer, employee, or consumer at the QVWC SHOP. The reflections are built through data from participant observation and semi-structured interviews with interlocutors from the field, as well as relevant theoretical works. Furthermore, themes of care, sustainability, attachment, and solidarity are all important in the work. Overall, this thesis focuses on the processes of creating social networks and community building in the context of a feminist shop.

The dissertation examines the ethics of staff in perioperative care. The aim was to analyze the errors that occur during surgery, to determine the participants in perioperative care who commit these mistakes, and to analyze the reasons why these errors occur. The theoretical part deals with the concept of security from different perspectives of patient safety in surgery, and the international guidelines that direct it. The situation in the Czech Republic in terms of care for patient safety in surgery is also described. One chapter deals with the autor's internship in operating rooms in Sweden. Using the results of observations, the empirical part of the dissertation analyzes the actual behaviour of staff in perioperative care during surgery against the binding documents that ensure safe perioperative care. It also sets out the reasons that lead to non-compliance of health and safety regulations in perioperative theatres. In conclusion, I suggest steps that would help to improve the situation. Key words Perioperative care, safety, security, pacient pafety, medical ethics, nursing ethics

Titel: Direktörer i diadem - En studie kring hur genusroller och stereotyper påverkarkarriärvägar och ledarskap inom företagsvärlden Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Vilma Brommels och Josephine Bäcklund Handledare: Monika Wallmon Datum: 2024 – januari Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska uppfattningar och förväntningar som ställs på män och kvinnor i ledande positioner inom företagsvärlden, med särskilt fokus på hur dessa uppfattningar och förväntningar är rotade i och påverkas av genusroller enligt Social role-teorin samt Edgar Scheins Karriärankarteori. Metod: Blandad metodansats, kombinerade både kvalitativa och kvantitativa tekniker, med tyngd i den kvalitativa delen. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom både enkäter och intervjuer med tio individer som besitter en ledande position. Resultat och slutsats: Studien understryker att kvinnor i högre utsträckning än män upplever behovet av att hävda sig och kämpa mer på arbetsplatsen. Detta bekräftar hur sociala förväntningar och stereotyper skapar en miljö där kvinnor känner sig tvungna att överprestera för att uppnå samma nivå av erkännande som män. Studien belyser hur homosocialitet (tendensen att välja personer som liknar en själv) spelar en stor roll i rekryteringsprocessen. Detta fenomen bidrar till att män oftare väljs till ledande positioner, vilket förstärker könsskillnader i ledarskap. Studien visar att kvinnor behöver kräva mer i lön och inte dra sig för förhandlingar. Löneskillnader mellan könen uppfattas som omotiverade och orättvisa eftersom kvinnor erbjuds mindre lön för samma arbete. Det framkom att kvinnor tenderar att dra sig mot ankaret “sense of service” medanmän drar sig mot ankaret “lifestyle”. Detta kan spegla och förstärka traditionella könsspecifika förväntningar som påverkar yrkesval och karriärutveckling. Studien erbjuder en djupgående analys av hur genusroller och stereotyper påverkar karriärvägar och ledarskap inom företagsvärlden, med särskilt fokus på könsrelaterade förväntningar, löneskillnader och karriärankares påverkan. Dessa insikter är kritiska för att förstå och utmana de rådande normerna som bidrar till könsskillnader i ledarskap och yrkesutveckling. Examensarbetets bidrag: Ger ett teoretiskt bidrag genom att kombinera Edgar Scheins Karriärankarteori med Social role-teorin, vilket ger en fördjupad förståelse av samspelet mellan könsroller och drivkrafter i karriärutveckling. Praktiskt bidrar studien med insikter för ledarskap och personalutveckling, genom att visa hur organisationer kan skapa mer inkluderande arbetsmiljöer som tar hänsyn till könsrollers påverkan på karriärval, vilket i sin tur kan leda till ökad arbetsnöjdhet och produktivitet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Rekommenderar att utforska skillnaderna och likheterna i karriärval mellan chefer och medarbetare genom ett mer omfattande urval. En sådan studie kan ge en djupare insikt i hur karriärankare påverkar könsfördelningen i ledande befattningar. Föreliggande forskningsdesign, som kombinerar Karriärankarteorin med Social role-teorin, är robust och lämpar sig väl för fortsatt testning i större studier. Föreslår även att utforska interaktionen mellan omsorgsetikens principer och ledarskap samt karriärsutveckling. En fortsatt studie kan inkludera teoribas kring "Ethics of Care", som betonar relationella och situationsanpassade tillvägagångssätt. Ett särskilt fokus bör läggas på hur omsorgsetik kan påverka karriärsavancemang och könsdynamik inom olika professionella sammanhang, vilket skulle berika förståelsen och bidra till utvecklingen av mer inkluderande arbetsmiljöer. / Title: Directors in Diadems - A Study on How Gender Roles and Stereotypes Affect Career Paths and Leadership in the Corporate World Level: Student thesis, Final Assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Vilma Brommels and Josephine Bäcklund Supervisor: Monika Wallmon Date: 2023 - January Aim: The aim of this study is to explore perceptions and expectations placed on men and women in leading positions within the corporate world, with a particular focus on how these perceptions and expectations are rooted in and influenced by gender roles according to Social role theory and Edgar Schein's career anchor theory. Method: Mixed method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques, with an emphasis on the qualitative part. A mixed-method approach has been employed, and the empirical data have been collected through both surveys and interviews with tenindividuals holding leadership positions. Results and conclusions: The study emphasizes that women, to a greater extent than men, feel the need to assert themselves and fight harder in the workplace. This confirms how social expectations and stereotypes create an environment where women feel compelled to overperform to achieve the same level of recognition as men. The study highlights how homosociality (the tendency to choose individuals similar to oneself) plays a significant role in the recruitment process. This phenomenon contributes to men being more often chosen for leadership positions, reinforcing gender differences in leadership. The study addresses that women generally need to demand higher salaries and not shy away from negotiations. Gender pay gaps are unmotivated and unfair since womenare offered a lower salary for the same work. It was found that women tend to gravitate towards the career anchor "sense of service," while men lean towards "lifestyle". This may reflect and reinforce traditional gender-specific expectations that influence career choices and development The study provides an in-depth analysis of how gender roles and stereotypes affect careerpaths and leadership within the corporate world, with special focus on gender-related expectations, wage disparities, recruitment biases, and the impact of career anchors. These insights are critical for understanding and challenging the prevailing norms that contribute to gender differences in leadership and professional development. Contribution of the thesis: Provides a theoretical contribution by combining Edgar Schein´s career anchor theory with Social role theory, offering a deeper understanding of the interplay between gender roles and motivations in career development. Practically, the study contributes insights for leadership and personnel development, by demonstrating how organizations can create more inclusive work environments that consider the impact of gender roles on career choices, which in turn can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity. Suggestions for future research: Recommends exploring the differences and similarities in career choices between managers and employees through a more extensive selection. Such a study could provide deeper insight into how career anchors affect gender distribution in leadership positions. The existing research design, which combines career anchor theory with Social role theory, is robust and well-suited for continued testing in larger studies. Also suggests exploring the interaction between the principles of care ethics and leadership as well as career development. A continued study could include a theoretical basis around "Ethics of Care," which emphasizes relational and situationally adapted approaches. Particular focus should be placed on how ethics of care can impact career advancement and gender dynamics within various professional contexts, which would enrich understanding and contribute to the development of more inclusive work environments.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay is to contribute to an understanding of how ethical theories manifest in the political debate in Sweden, where the focus is on the debate on surrogacy. This to contribute with an understanding of the relation between ethics and politics. The purpose will also be to contribute with and understanding of the potential differences in the use of the concept “freedom” in the political discourse in Sweden. The ethical theories that was part of this paper where consequentialism, deontological ethics and ethics of care. In order to answer this questions, propositions regarding the subject of surrogacy from all the parties who are represented in the Swedish parliament where analyzed.  During this paper I discovered that all three of the ethical theories where manifested in motions from every party and in all the different positions in the matter, regarding surrogacy, even if the arguments differed. When it came to how the concept “freedom” was used, there were no clear pattern regarding which party who used it in a certain way. However, I could see that arguments related to negative freedom were mostly used as the head arguments while arguments related to positive freedom was more used to back up the head arguments. There were also no clear pattern regarding how the concept of freedom was used in relation to the parties’ respective position on surrogacy.