Professional development of a man in a social content is like a process that lasts all his life. There are tasks that are solved in a primary level. That is why pupils of this level are considered to be as a lower professional orientation purposive group. Pupils of this educational level project themselves in a distance perspective and they have professional expectations. A professional expectation is a very important parameter of a social maturity. This is a part of social expectation of a person, a hopeful expectancy of self-realization in a distant perspective. People hope to perform actions that help to reach a goal (a desired occupation). The content of professional expectation depends on mentality, experience and politeness. They are inspired by a social environment, which surrounds a pupil, their parents’ and close people’s profession, mass and media, and especially TV that pays a special attention to politicians, businesspersons, stars of art and sport. The facts of the empirical research confirm basic differences of professional expectation between children of a village and a city, between boys and girls. However, there were no differences between children of a full and partial family. Mostly primary pupils are going to be teachers, doctors, police officers, singers, builders, shop assistants, drivers, hairdressers, basketball players, mechanics, football players, managers and farmers. The facts of the research revealed that professional expectations of primary... [to full text]

Nuteistų asmenų resocializacija – viena iš diskutuotinų mūsų šalies problemų. Lietuva pagal nuteistų asmenų statistinius rodiklius tarptautinėse suvestinėse užima vieną iš pirmų pozicijų (Kiškis, 2006). Kriminogeninės statistikos duomenimis, nuo 2004 m. palaipsniui mažėja nuteisiamų asmenų skaičius. Tačiau, kaip teigia G.Sakalauskas (2006), sumažėjęs nuteistų asmenų skaičius palyginti su kitomis Vidurio Europos valstybėmis, išlieka pakankamai didelis. Pastaruoju metu mokslinėje edukologinėje literatūroje diskutuojama apie resocializacijos fenomeną (Merkys, Ruškus, Juodraitis, 2002; Kvieskienė, 2005). Pravartu atsižvelgti į Kanados, Skandinavijos ir kt. šalių pažangią konkrečios srities patirtį, kuri palengvintų nuteistų asmenų resocializacijos ir prevencijos procesą. Griežtesnėms bausmių normoms pristatoma lygiagreti laisvės atėmimo bausmių reabilitacijos alternatyva – socialinė reabilitacija arba resocializacija, kaip visateisio piliečio ugdymas, reikalinga nuteisto asmens maksimaliam funkcionavimui, naudingumui, vertingumui tiek sau pačiam, tiek šeimai, tiek ir visuomenei.Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės patvirtintoje Nuteistųjų ir asmenų, paleistų iš laisvės atėmimo vietų, socialinės adaptacijos 2004–2007 metų programoje (Žin., 2004, Nr. 23-709), numatyta iki 2008 metų pradžios nuosekliai ir kompleksiškai įgyvendinant nuteistųjų ir asmenų, paleistų iš laisvės atėmimo vietų, resocializacijos politiką ir laikantis tęstinumo principo, mažinti nusikaltimų ir jų pasikartojimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Social integration of the convicts and people discharged from the institutions of imprisonment is one of the negotiable issues in our country. Re-socialization phenomenon has been widely discussed in recent scientific educology references following the advanced experience of such countries as Canada, Scandinavia etc. This experience would make the convicts’ reintegration process easier and it would prevent criminality, especially the repeated one. According to European experience, the more convicts there are in the society, the higher the level of criminality is: the spread of psychosocial vices starts in the society and in the course of time it is more difficult to control it. Existing re-socialization system of the convicts and people discharged from the institutions of imprisonment in Lithuania is not adequate. The aim of the work is to reveal the convicts’ re-socialization expectations. The task is: 1) to provide legal, psychological, pedagogical aspects of the convicts concept; 2) to describe the re-socialization state of the convicts with reference to scientific and empirical research data; 3) to reveal the convicts’ educational needs. The survey objective is the convicts’ re-socialization expectations. Survey results from the European Communities initiative Equal program implementation project "Crossroad: Coalition for Strengthening Equal Possibilities in the Labour Market" have been used in this article. The target group of the survey is 113 convicts... [to full text]

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This project is the first step in a long line of research that will examine the impact of status on information exchange in small groups of medical professionals. Specifically, we employ the expectation states theory and observable power and prestige methodology to develop a coding scheme and live coding methodology that is attuned to the unique status organizing process in interprofessional medical teams. This paper begins with an explanation of the shortcomings in current research that examines medical teams. We then discuss the conceptual development of the coding scheme and methodology. Next, we establish reliability between live coders and between the transcript coders. We conclude by employing our coding scheme to examine how occupational status (physician vs. nurse) operates in medical teams, and find that our scheme possesses both criterion and face validity. Future steps include increasing our sample size to have more statistical power in detecting status differences and dropping some items from the coding scheme to increase reliability.

Expectations and perceptions of expectations for the role of Head Nurse were investigated in four teaching hospitals of McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Head Nurses, nurses, Directors of Nursing, and doctors were respondents. The study examined three questions: What are the expectations held for the Head Nurse within groups? Are there differences in expectations held for the Head Nurse across groups? Are there differences between expectations of nurses and doctors for the Head Nurse, and Head Nurse perceptions of expectations of nurses and doctors? / Factor analysis was performed on responses of Head Nurses, nurses, and doctors separately. Expectations within groups were determined by frequencies, means, and standard deviations. Differences in expectations between groups were tested by chi-squares. / Conceptualizations of the Head Nurse as manager, clinician, patient care co-ordinator, and teacher were supported. Five factors, identified as doctor's helper, clinical leader, communication link, determiner of quality of care, and manager, accounted for 67 to 82% of variance in all groups. All groups agreed that the Head Nurse should be a determiner of quality of care given. Significant differences in expectations between groups were found in regard to the Head Nurse as doctor's helper, and clinical leader, and in regard to other activities related to patients, staff, and the unit. Head Nurses tended to overestimate nurse expectations for the Head Nurse, and underestimate doctor expectations for the Head Nurse.

Darbo objektas: vartotojų lūkesčių tenkinimas. Darbo tikslas: atskleisti rekreacinių paslaugų vartotojų lūkesčių tenkinimą Marijampolės mieste Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Paaiškinti rekreacinių paslaugų vartotojų lūkesčių teorinę sampratą. 2. Apibūdinti rekreacinių paslaugų pasireiškimo principus ir formas. 3. Nustatyti vartotojų lūkesčius ir jų pasitenkinimo lygį gaunant rekreacines paslaugas. Darbo metodai: Mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketavimas, aprašomoji analizė. Darbo raktiniai žodžiai: rekreacija, vartotojai, lūkestis, pasitenkinimas. Darbo išvados: 1. Kalbant apie vartotojų pasitenkinimo lygį rekreacinėmis paslaugomis galima teigti, jog tai priklauso nuo siūlytojo elgesio ryšiu su vartotojo lūkesčiais. Tai žmogaus jaučiamas malonumas arba nusivylimas atsirandantis lyginant gautą produktą naudą su tuo, ko tikėtasi. Jei gauta nauda neatitinka lūkesčių – vartotojas būna nepatenkintas, jei nauda viršija lūkesčius – vartotojas yra labai patenkintas ir sužavėtas. Vartotojų lūkesčius formuoja penki veiksniai, kurių svarbiausias yra darbuotojų elgesys. 2. Apibūdinant rekreacijos principus ir formas teigiama, kad rekreacijai yra naudojami šalies turimi ištekliai – žemė, kraštovaizdis, kapitalas, statiniai ir kt. Naudojant šiuos išteklius yra kuriamos rekreacijos formos. Jos gali būti labai įvairios – švietėjiška veikla, šokiai, sportas, muzika, žaidimai, kelionės. Kiekvienas žmogus modeliuoja savo rekreaciją individualiai. Rekreacija taip pat gali būti aktyvi bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object: consumer‘s expectations. The aim: to disclose the consumer‘s expectations in Marijampole. The objectives: 1. To provide the theoretical concept of consumer‘s expectations using recreational services. 2. To describe recreational services principles and forms. 3. To investigate consumer‘s expectations and satisfaction with getting recreational services. The methods: literature analysis, questionnaire, analysing the narrative. The keywords: recreation, consumers, expectations, satisfaction. The findings: 1. In terms of consumer satisfaction of recreational services can be said, that it depends on the conduct of the offeror‘s relationship with the consumer‘s expectations. This is the feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing the benefits of the product to what expected. If the benefits do not meet expectations the consumer is not satisfied, if the benefits exeed the expectations – the customer is very satisfied and impressed. Consumer expecations shaped by five factors, the mots important is the behavior of employees. 2. Describing a form and principles can be said that for recreation are using country‘s available resources – land, landscape, buildings, etc. People are using these resources to create an individual form of recreation. It can be very different – educational activities, dances, sport, music, games, travels. Recreation also can be actine or passive. Recreational principles associated with the time for recreational activities duration... [to full text]

This study utilizes the 10th-12th-grade panel from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NEIS:88) to examine the gender-gap in educational expectations. The study uses regression analysis to determine whether background, academic, social, and career variables affect educational expectations differently for males and females and whether these differences can explain the gender-gap in educational expectations. Socio-economic status and having professional career aspirations have stronger effects on educational expectations for males. However, no significant sex differences were found in the effects of academic ability and achievement, parents' expectations, or peer engagement on students' educational expectations. The results also indicate that females have higher educational expectations because they have higher academic ability and achievement; parents and peers have higher expectations for them, and they are more likely to have professional career aspirations than their male peers. / Department of Sociology

Strategic innovation networks are formed to through collaboration and joint activities fuel the innovation performance and economic growth for the network members and the regions they are based in and their presence has been more and more common in recent times. Many studies have been made to explore the relations between the innovation performance and the network structure and some has suggested commitment as an intermediate variable. The effect of expectations on joining such network and especially the fulfillment of those expectations has however not been studied. This study explores, on the network level, the relationship between expectation gap, structure, commitment and innovation performance. A questionnaire was sent to all members of three Swedish strategic innovation networks in different industries and regions to collect data to check the relations. The result gives support to the results from previous studies with regard to relationship between network structure, commitment and innovation performance. Furthermore it indicates there is a negative relation between expectation gap and both network structure and commitment. The results of this can help network actors realizing the importance of managing expectations rather than experiencing the negative effects if they are not fulfilled.

Loss of Control (LOC) accidents are a major threat for aviation, and contribute the highest risk for fatalities in all aviation accidents. The major contributor to LOC accidents is pilot spatial disorientation (SD), which accounts for roughly 32% of all LOC accidents. A pilot experiences SD during flight when the pilot's expectation of the aircraft's state deviates from reality. This deviation results from a number of underlying mechanisms, such as distraction, failure to monitor flight instruments, and vestibular illusions. Previous researchers have developed computational models to understand those mechanisms. However, these models are limited in scope as they do not model the pilot's knowledge of the aircraft dynamics. This research proposes a novel model to predict the best-possible-pilot-expectation of the aircraft state given vestibular and visual cues. The proposed model uses a Model-Based Observer (MBO) as the infrastructure needed to establish an “expert pilot”. Expert pilots are known to form an internal model of the operated system through training and experience, which allows the expert to generate better internal expectations of the system states. Pilots' internal expectations are enhanced by the presence of information fed through the pilots̕ sensory systems. Thus, the proposed model integrates pilot's knowledge of the system dynamics (i.e. an aircraft model) with a continuous vestibular sensory model and a discrete visual-sampling sensory model. The computational model serves to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SD during flight and provide a quantitative analysis tool to support flight deck and countermeasure designs.

Šiandien visuomenė labai pasitiki švietimu. Visas vaikų ugdymo problemas užkrauna pedagogams, ko neturėtų būti. Pedagogai nėra pajėgūs vieni visapusiškai ugdyti vaikų, šiuo atveju ugdyti ir profesinei veiklai. Prie pedagogo ugdymo turėtų prisijungti tėvai, visuomenė ir valstybė, nors šiai dienai tai yra labai sunku įgyvendinti. Tėvai ugdydami savo vaikus profesinei veiklai taip pat turi lūkesčių kaip ir patys vaikai ir neretai bando juos įgyvendinti. Remiantis S. Kregždės (1988), L. Jovaišos (1999) tyrimais galime daryti išvadą, kad Lietuvoje yra sukurtas teorinis pamatas, kurio dėka galima toliau plėtoti karjeros pasirinkimo metodus, ugdymą profesinei veiklai. Tyrimo objektas – tėvų, auginančių 5-6 metų vaikus, lūkesčiai ugdant juos profesinei veiklai. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti tėvų, auginančių 5-6 metų vaikus, lūkesčius ugdant juos profesinei veiklai. Tyrimo metodologija. Tyrime remtasi L. S. Gottfredson ir D. E. Super asmenybės profesinės veiklos raidos teorijomis, bei D. H. Pink šiuolaikinės karjeros koncepsija (Lego karjera). Tyrimo metodai. 1. Teoriniai: mokslinės literatūros analizė. 2. Empiriniai: anketinė apklausa. 3. Statistinė duomenų analizė (pirminiai duomenys apdoroti SPSS ir Microsoft Exel kompiuterinėmis programomis). Tyrimo imtis ir organizavimas. Tyrime dalyvavo 210 Šiaulių ir Mažeikių rajonų tėvai, auginantys 5-6 metų amžiaus vaikus. Gauti rezultatai. Tyrimas patvirtino darbo pradžioje iškeltą hipotezę, jog tikėtina, kad tėvų, auginančių 5-6 metų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Today's society reposes a great trust in education. It offloads all problems of children education on educators, what should not be so. The educators are not able to educate each child comprehensively, in this case, also to educate for their vocational activities. Parents, society and the state should associate with the educators in the education, although for this day, it is very difficult to implement that. In career education, the parents have expectations as well as their children themselves and often try to implement them. Based on the studies of S. Kregždė (1988), L. Jovaiša (1999), we may conclude that Lithuania has developed a theoretical foundation, which makes it possible to develop further the methods of career choice and career education. The subject of the research is the career education expectations of parents growing children of 5-6 years old. The aim of the research is to examine the expectations of parents growing children of 5-6 years in their career education. Methodology of the research: The research has been based on the self-concept theories of career development of L. S. Gottfredson and D. E. Super and the concept of modern career (Lego career) of D. H. Pink. Methods of the research. 1. Theoretical: analysis of scientific literature. 2. Empirical: a questionnaire survey. 3. Statistical data analysis (the primary research data have been processed by means of SPSS and Excel computer programs) Scope and organization of the research: 210 parents... [to full text]