This paper concerns aliasing removal methods during the shadow displaying. Method of shadow mapping, its principles, procedure and mainly its drawbacks in the form of aliasing development are described. For the removal of this undesirable phenomenon, several aliasing suppressing methods are described - Percentage Closer Filter, Variance Shadow Map, Convulotion Shadow Map, Exponential Shadow Map a Bilateral Filter. I conclude my work with a proposal and implementation of a demonstrative application, which demonstrates the implemented results adequately. Also, the comparison of individual methods on the basis of their quality and computational demands is included.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la stabilisation par rétroaction des systèmes quantiques ouverts soumis à des mesures imparfaites en temps continu. Tout d'abord, nous introduisons la théorie du filtrage quantique pour décrire l'évolution temporelle de l'opérateur de densité conditionnelle représentant un état quantique en interaction avec un environnement. Ceci est décrit par une équation différentielle stochastique à valeurs matricielles. Deuxièmement, nous étudions le comportement asymptotique des trajectoires quantiques associées à des systèmes de spin à N niveaux pour des états initiaux donnés, pour les cas avec et sans loi de rétroaction. Dans le cas sans loi de rétroaction, nous montrons la propriété de réduction de l'état quantique à vitesse exponentielle. Ensuite, nous fournissons des conditions suffisantes sur la loi de contrôle assurant une convergence presque sûre vers un état pur prédéterminé correspondant à un vecteur propre de l'opérateur de mesure. Troisièmement, nous étudions le comportement asymptotique des trajectoires de systèmes ouverts à plusieurs qubits pour des états initiaux donnés. Dans le cas sans loi de rétroaction, nous montrons la réduction exponentielle de l'état quantique pour les systèmes N-qubit avec deux canaux quantiques. Dans le cas particulier des systèmes à deux qubits, nous donnons des conditions suffisantes sur la loi de contrôle assurant la convergence asymptotique vers un état cible de Bell avec un canal quantique, et la convergence exponentielle presque sûre vers un état cible de Bell avec deux canaux quantiques. Ensuite, nous étudions le comportement asymptotique des trajectoires des systèmes quantiques ouverts de spin-1/2 avec les états initiaux inconnus soumis à des mesures imparfaites en temps continu, et nous fournissons des conditions suffisantes au contrôleur pour garantir la convergence de l'état estimé vers l'état quantique réel lorsque le temps tend vers l'infini. En conclusion, nous discutons de manière heuristique du problème de stabilisation exponentielle des systèmes de spin à N niveaux avec les états initiaux inconnus et nous proposons des lois de rétroaction candidates afin de stabiliser le système de manière exponentielle. / In this thesis, we focus on the feedback stabilization of open quantum systems undergoing imperfect continuous-time measurements. First, we introduce the quantum filtering theory to obtain the time evolution of the conditional density operator representing a quantum state in interaction with an environment. This is described by a matrix-valued stochastic differential equation. Second, we study the asymptotic behavior of quantum trajectories associated with N-level quantum spin systems for given initial states, for the cases with and without feedback law. For the case without feedback, we show the exponential quantum state reduction. Then, we provide sufficient conditions on the feedback control law ensuring almost sure exponential convergence to a predetermined pure state corresponding to an eigenvector of the measurement operator. Third, we study the asymptotic behavior of trajectories of open multi-qubit systems for given initial states. For the case without feedback, we show the exponential quantum state reduction for N-qubit systems with two quantum channels. Then, we focus on the two-qubit systems, and provide sufficient conditions on the feedback control law ensuring asymptotic convergence to a target Bell state with one quantum channel, and almost sure exponential convergence to a target Bell state with two quantum channels. Next, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of trajectories of open quantum spin-1/2 systems with unknown initial states undergoing imperfect continuous-time measurements, and provide sufficient conditions on the controller to guarantee the convergence of the estimated state towards the actual quantum state when time goes to infinity. Finally, we discuss heuristically the exponential stabilization problem for N-level quantum spin systems with unknown initial states and propose candidate feedback laws to stabilize exponentially the system.

Dans ce travail, nous étudions la répartition des chiffres des nombres premiers. Bourgain (2015) a obtenu une formule asymptotique pour le nombre de nombres premiers avec une proportion$c > 0$ de chiffres préassignés en base 2 ($c$ est une constante absolue non précisée).Nous généralisons ce résultat à toute base $g \geq 2$ et nousdonnons des valeurs explicites pour la proportion $c$ en fonction de $g$. En adaptant, développant et précisant la stratégie introduite par Bourgain dans le cas $g=2$, nous présentons une démonstration détaillée du cas général.La preuve est fondée sur la méthode du cercle et combine des techniques d’analyse harmonique avec des résultats sur les zéros des fonctions $L$ de Dirichlet, notamment une région sans zérotrès fine due à Iwaniec.Ce travail s'inscrit aussi dans l'étude des nombres premiers dans des ensembles << rares >>.Nous étudions également la répartition des << chiffres >> (au sens de Dartyge et S\'ark\"ozy) de quelques suites remarquables dans le contexte des corps finis. Ce concept de << chiffre >> est à la base de la représentation des corps finis dans les logiciels de calcul formel.Nous étudions des suites variées comme les suites polynomiales, les générateurs ou encore les produits d'éléments de deux ensembles assez grands. Les méthodes développées permettent d'obtenir des estimations explicites très précises voire optimales dans certains cas. Les sommes d'exponentielles sur les corps finis jouent un rôle essentiel dans les démonstrations.Les résultats obtenus peuvent être reformulés d'un point de vue plus algébrique avec la fonction trace qui est très importante dans l'étude des corps finis. / In this work, we study the distribution of prime numbers' digits. Bourgain (2015) obtained an asymptotic formula for the number of prime numbers with a proportion $c > 0$ of preassigned digits in base 2 ($c$ is an absolute constant not specified). We generalize this result in any base $g \geq 2$ and we provide explicit admissible values for the proportion $c$ depending on $g$.By adapting, developing and refining Bourgain's strategy in the case $g=2$, we present a detailed proof for the general case.The proof is based onthe circle method and combines techniques from harmonic analysis together with results onzeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions, notably a very sharp zero-free region due to Iwaniec.This work also falls within the study of prime numbers in sparse ``sets''.In addition, we study the distribution of the ``digits'' (in the sense of Dartyge and S\'ark\"ozy) of some sequences of interest in the context of finite fields. This concept of ``digits'' is fundamental in the representation of finite fields in computer algebra systems. We study various sequences such as polynomial sequences, generators as well as products of elements of two large enough sets.Our methods provide very sharp explicit estimates which are even optimal in some cases.Exponential sums over finite fields play an essential role in the proofs.Our results can be reformulated from a more algebraic point of view with the trace function which is of basic importance in the study of finite fields.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’étude de la stabilité des systèmes à commutation qui évoluent sur un domaine de temps non uniforme en introduisant la théorie des échelles de temps. On s’intéresse essentiellement aux systèmes dynamiques linéaires à commutation définis sur une échelle de temps particulière T = P{tσk ,tk+1} = ∪∞k=0[tσk , tk+1]. Le système étudié commute entre un sous-système dynamique continu sur les intervalles ∪∞k=0[tσk , tk+1[ et un sous-système dynamique discret aux instants ∪∞k=0{tk+1} (à temps discret) avec un pas discret qui varie dans le temps. Dans une première partie, des conditions suffisantes sont données pour garantir la stabilité exponentielle de cette classe de systèmes à commutation. Ensuite, des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes de stabilité sont données en déterminant une région de stabilité exponentielle. Dans une deuxième partie, la stabilité de cette classe des systèmes à commutation avec des perturbations nonlinéaires a été traitée en utilisant des majorations de la solution, puis en introduisant l’approche de la fonction de Lyapunov commune. La troisième partie est consacrée au problème du consensus en présence d’interruptions de transmission d’informations où le système multi-agent en boucle fermée peut être représenté comme un système à commutation par une combinaison de modèles de systèmes linéaires à temps continu et de systèmes linéaires à temps discret. / This thesis deals with the stability analysis of switched systems that evolve on non uniform time domain by introducing the time scale theory. We are interested mainly in dynamical linear switched systems defined on particular time scale T = P{tσk ,tk+1} = ∪∞k=0[tσk, tk+1]. The studied system switches between a continuous-time dynamical subsystem on the intervals ∪∞k=0[tσk, tk+1[ and a discrete-time dynamical subsystem on instants ∪∞k=0{tk+1} (a discrete time) with a time-varying discrete step. In a first part, sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the exponential stability of this class of switched systems. Then necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are given by determining a region of exponential stability. In the second part, the stability of this class of switched systems with nonlinear uncertainties, is treated using majoration of the solution, and after that by introducing the approach of a common Lyapunov function. The third part is devoted to the consensus problem under intermittent information transmissions where the closed-loop multi-agent system can be represented as a switched system using a combination of linear continuous-time and linear discrete-time systems.

Orientador: Cristiane Alexandra Lázaro / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivo realizar um estudo aprofundado das funções exponenciais e logarítmicas, conteúdo programático para o ensino médio e, em particular, a primeira série. Tal proposta deve-se ao fato de subsidiar o trabalho docente e também de grande parte da classe discente dos dias de hoje encontrar muitas dificuldades de aprendizagem na área de exatas em geral. Com a preocupação em relação a qualidade de ensino ofertada nos dias atuais e, de acordo com os currículos estaduais e base nacional comum curricular (BNCC), propomos a realizar um estudo bibliográfico sobre o tema e aplicar sequências didáticas abordando o assunto com alunos da primeira série do ensino médio. De maneira diversificada, fazendo uso das tecnologias e materiais concretos disponíveis na unidade de ensino a qual pertence a turma, realizamos um trabalho minucioso a fim de diagnosticar as principais defasagens de aprendizagem, as maiores dificuldades, e identificar em tais alunos qual seria a melhor forma de oferecer, de fato, um método eficiente em busca de uma aprendizagem significativa. As atividades propostas foram adaptadas levando em consideração as particularidades e ritmos de aprendizagem de cada aluno, nos preocupando também com a inclusão social, em como atender alunos com dificuldades extremas, o que é de grande desafio para os profissionais da educação nos dias de hoje. Com o presente trabalho oferecemos aos discentes a oportunidade de adquirir conhecimentos básicos para o seu dese... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Moala / Abstract: This work presents a study of probabilistic modeling, with applications to survival analysis, based on a probabilistic model called Exponential Geometric (EG), which o ers great exibility for the statistical estimation of its parameters based on samples of life time data complete and censored. In this study, the concepts of estimators and lifetime data are explored under random censorship in two cases of extensions of the EG model: the Extended Geometric Exponential (EEG) and the Generalized Extreme Geometric Exponential (GE2). The work still considers, exclusively for the EEG model, the approach of the presence of covariates indexed in the rate parameter as a second source of variation to add even more exibility to the model, as well as, exclusively for the GE2 model, a analysis of the convergence, hitherto ignored, it is proposed for its moments. The statistical inference approach is performed for these extensions in order to expose (in the classical context) their maximum likelihood estimators and asymptotic con dence intervals, and (in the bayesian context) their a priori and a posteriori distributions, both cases to estimate their parameters under random censorship, and covariates in the case of EEG. In this work, bayesian estimators are developed with the assumptions that the prioris are vague, follow a Gamma distribution and are independent between the unknown parameters. The results of this work are regarded from a detailed study of statistical simulation applied to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de modelagem probabilística, com aplicações à análise de sobrevivência, fundamentado em um modelo probabilístico denominado Exponencial Geométrico (EG), que oferece uma grande exibilidade para a estimação estatística de seus parâmetros com base em amostras de dados de tempo de vida completos e censurados. Neste estudo são explorados os conceitos de estimadores e dados de tempo de vida sob censuras aleatórias em dois casos de extensões do modelo EG: o Exponencial Geom étrico Estendido (EEG) e o Exponencial Geométrico Extremo Generalizado (GE2). O trabalho ainda considera, exclusivamente para o modelo EEG, a abordagem de presença de covariáveis indexadas no parâmetro de taxa como uma segunda fonte de variação para acrescentar ainda mais exibilidade para o modelo, bem como, exclusivamente para o modelo GE2, uma análise de convergência até então ignorada, é proposta para seus momentos. A abordagem da inferência estatística é realizada para essas extensões no intuito de expor (no contexto clássico) seus estimadores de máxima verossimilhança e intervalos de con ança assintóticos, e (no contexto bayesiano) suas distribuições à priori e posteriori, ambos os casos para estimar seus parâmetros sob as censuras aleatórias, e covariáveis no caso do EEG. Neste trabalho os estimadores bayesianos são desenvolvidos com os pressupostos de que as prioris são vagas, seguem uma distribuição Gama e são independentes entre os parâmetros desconhecidos. Os resultad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Childbearing is often associated with employment interruptions in women’s careers. Since 2005, the German federal government has implemented childcare reforms aiming at expanding the suitable infrastructure for children under the age of three, which should facilitate and accelerate the return to employment. The reforms have been a paradigm shift, because they show a shift from a traditional breadwinner family model to a dual earner-carer model. Despite federal leadership in childcare reforms, the characteristics of the care infrastructure in Germany vary by state and over time, which may contribute to different employment-interruption lengths. The study at hand evaluates Germany’s recent childcare reforms regarding the impact on maternal employment by examining relationships between childcare-characteristics -namely quality and availability- and mothers’ employment interruptions. A piecewise-constant exponential model is used to capture the cross-state and over time differences in childcare and their impact on the timing of women’s return to employment within the first three years after birth of their first child. The study uses individual data from the Pairfam 10.0 study and childcare indicators, which are collected by the federal and state’s statistical bureaus. The risk population includes 927 first-time mothers who gave birth between March 2006 and March 2018. Within this period, 525 first-time mothers return to employment within the first three years after childbirth.   A significant positive effect of the childcare reform on maternal employment is revealed. Both the availability expansion and the quality improvements are associated with earlier returns to employment, establishing both institutional and cultural effects of childcare policies. An educational gradient of the effect of childcare quality on maternal employment was tested, but the results were not significant.

IntroStat was designed to meet the needs of students, primarily those in business, commerce and management, for a course in applied statistics. IntroSTAT is designed as a lecture-book. One of the aims is to maximize the time spent in explaining concepts and doing examples. The book is commonly used as part of first year courses into Statistics.

In introductory biology, college students are taught to predict how populations will grow and change over time by using population growth models. These models are commonly represented as mathematical equations. However, students consistently struggle when math and biology concepts intersect in the classroom, and these struggles lead to suboptimal understanding of how mathematical population models are designed and used. Education literature suggests that students may struggle with population modeling because of math anxiety, the high cognitive load of the task, and the lack of scaffolding for abstract concepts. In our study, we sought to improve student mastery modeling exponential growth, logistic growth, and Lotka-Volterra predator-prey interactions through using pictorial diagrams in modeling pedagogy. We predicted that these diagrams would reduce the amount of triggered math anxiety, lower the cognitive load of the task through reducing element interactivity, and allow for a more scaffolding for abstract symbols through a pictorial representation bridge. To test the effectiveness of population diagrams, we created two versions of a population modeling lesson plan: one version taught using diagrams then equations, while the other taught using purely equations. We also designed practice and assessment questions that tested calculation and model-building ability. We assessed math anxiety, scientific reasoning ability, and math ability at the beginning of the semester and state anxiety, effort of tasks, and difficulty of tasks during each lesson. Over 200 students from a non-major biology course were randomly assigned to each group, and all were given a pre-assessment, four lessons, a practice test, and a unit test on population modeling. Our findings show that while the addition of pictorial models to the traditional pedagogy did not have a significant effect on exponential and logistic growth model mastery, students that were exposed to predator-prey diagrams were more able to create a new model for a three-level predator-prey interaction than students that were only given traditional pedagogy. In addition, students who were exposed to predator-prey interaction diagrams before they derived equations reported a lower cognitive load than students who were only exposed to equations. Although diagrams were not a more helpful calculation tool for students than traditional equations, using population diagrams before to equation derivation may help improve student mastery of growth model creation.

This thesis is an attempt at studying quantum coherence effects coupled via plasmons. After introducing the quantum coherence in atomic systems in Chapter 1, we utilize it in Chapter 2 to demonstrate a new technique of detection of motion of single atoms or irons inside an optical cavity. By taking into account the interaction of coherences with surface plasmonic waves excited in metal nanoparticles, we provide a theoretical model along with experimental data in Chapter 3 to describe the modification of Raman spectra near metal nanoparticles. We show in chapter 4 that starting from two emitters, coupled via a plasmonic field, the symmetry breaking occurs, making detectable the simultaneous existence of the fast super-radiance and the slow sub-radiance emission of dye fluorescence near a plasmonic surface. In Chapter 5, we study the photon statistics of a group of emitters coupled via plasmons and by the use of quantum regression theorem, we provide a theoretical model to fully investigate the dependence of photon bunching and anti-bunching effects to the interaction between atoms, fields and surrounding mediums.