Com a instauração do regime militar no Brasil em 1964 e a decretação do Ato Institucional no. 2 (AI-2) em 1965, os civis que cometiam crimes contra a Segurança Nacional passaram a ser julgados pela Justiça Militar. O presente estudo analisa os processos políticos movidos contra a Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária (VPR), no período de 1969 a 1971, principalmente aqueles que se referem ao seu principal líder Carlos Lamarca. Trata-se da compreensão das facetas da Justiça Militar, buscando apreender na lógica dos textos dos processos seus objetivos e significado histórico. Sendo que a atuação da Justiça revelou-se extremamente complexa, no julgamento dos militantes de uma das principais organizações de esquerda que empreendeu a luta armada contra o regime. A pesquisa abordou a relação entre a administração da Justiça e o Estado, os mecanismos de repressão denunciados nos tribunais, como a tortura, desaparecimento e mortes de militantes e as irregularidades na aplicação da legislação. A figura emblemática de Carlos Lamarca que permeia todas as fases dos processo, o perfil dos réus e da organização, as formas de atuação e estratégias adotadas pelos representantes do Ministério Público e advogados de defesa. O enfoque centrou-se no rigor da Justiça em defesa da Segurança Nacional e na repressão judicial como parte das práticas repressivas do regime, em que legalidade e ilegalidade não se separavam. / With the instauration of the military government in Brazil, in 1964, and the Institutional Act no. 2 (IA-2), in 1965, the civilians who committed crimes against national security started facing trials in the Military Justice. The following study analizes the political processes moved against the "Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária" (PRV - Popular Revolutionary Vanguard), between 1969 and 1971, particulary those concerning its main leader, Carlos Lamarca. It deals with the comprehension of the many aspects of Military Justice, trying to learn, in the logic of the processes texts, its goals and historical meaning. The acts of the Justice revealed themselves as being extremely complex while judging the active members of one of the main left organizations that fought the Military Government. This research treated subjects like the relation of Justice and State, the repression mechanisms denounced in court, like torture, kidnapping and the killing of militants, and the irregularities in the applications of the law. It also deals with the emblematic figure of Carlos Lamarca, who appears during the whole process, the profile of defendants and their organization, the ways and strategies of both the Public Ministry ( who acted as Prosecutor) and the defense lawyers. The attention focused on the rigorous way the justice acted in defense of the national security, and in the judicial repression as a part of the repressive acts of State, where legal and illegal were very similar.

A cidade de Nova Ponte, no Triângulo Mineiro, teve sua área urbana totalmente inundada pelas águas da Usina Hidrelétrica de Nova Ponte, e sua população reassentada em uma nova cidade construída a três quilômetros da antiga. O trabalho busca levantar as questões sociais, econômicas, políticas e culturais, no processo dessa transferência e de sua transformação urbana. Diagnosticar os caminhos percorridos por esta sociedade, através do levantamento de questões de apropriação do espaço, a relação entre as esferas públicas e privadas, dando significado à memória em espaços cotidianos distintos, mas correlacionados. Questiona sobre o fazer arquitetônico e a história, a relação entre a idéia de sujeito e lugar, no momento em que os projetos hidrelétricos seriam o suporte para novas experimentações arquitetônicas, a partir de uma velha cidade condicionada à esfera doméstica e dominada pelas relações de produção pré-capitalistas. Considerando a relação entre o investimento de capital no processo de construção do urbano, a intervenção do Estado, aliado a setores de capital, e a organização das forças sociais em Nova Ponte, através da fundação de sindicatos e movimentos populares na luta pela nova cidade. / The recent brazilian history has revealed the conflict between development interest such as the barrage construction and the population settled in areas designated to be flooded. However, it has shown a progress in the way of dealing, which allows an interaction of the parts aiming their social realities. The electrical sector traditional practice used to expropriate with as indemnity payment, being diagnosed potentials impacts that could cause family disturbance, loss of identity, social exclusion, and so on. The case study of Nova Ponte town, located in Triângulo Mineiro, which had its whole urban area submerged by the barrage water in order to construct the hydro electrical power plant of Nova Ponte and the arise of a new town, discuss how this change questions the community cultural identity, since this population wish they would keep the relationships and the customary habits like in the old town.

Au regard de l’étendue de la violence domestique qui s’exerce à l’encontre des femmes, l’élimination de celle-ci constitue un enjeu contemporain majeur. Le droit international des droits de l’Homme s'avère fondamental dans ce combat. Cependant, de nombreuses critiques se sont élevées à son égard, lui reprochant d’être inadapté, notamment au regard de la ghettoïsation des préoccupations féminines en droit international. Pourtant, la lutte contre cette violence a pris de l’ampleur, comme en témoigne l’adoption d’instruments divers qui énoncent des principes et valeurs et renforcent le poids de ces derniers par le biais de mécanismes de suivi. Ces efforts sont toutefois insuffisants, souffrant parfois d’une application déficiente au niveau national et de la pérennité des dimensions culturelles. Le droit international des droits de l’Homme s’est donc efforcé de condamner les violences en s’appuyant sur d’autres ressources, notamment la réinterprétation de divers droits, comme celui de ne pas être discriminé. Par ailleurs, les condamnations émanant d’instances s’adressent certes aux Etats mais n’en constituent pas moins un instrument efficace de lutte, l’Etat tenant un rôle essentiel dans la pérennisation des rôles sexospécifiques et des relations de pouvoir dans nos sociétés. Enfin, d’autres facteurs ont également permis des avancées considérables, comme l’apparition du concept de diligence requise dont il résulte qu’un Etat sera tenu pour responsable de la nuisance causée par des individus privés s’il n’a pas employé les moyens nécessaires et appropriés pour protéger les victimes, enquêter et poursuivre les responsables afin d’accorder une réparation adéquate. / The elimination of domestic violence against women constitutes a major contemporary issue due to its continued extent in modern society. Fundamental to this fight is the role of international human rights law. Nonetheless, numerous voices have criticised it, blaming it of being inappropriate, partly due to the ghettoization of women issues in international law. However, this fight has gathered more importance in recent years as the adoption of various texts testifies. These are fundamental as they formulate principles and values and strengthen their weight by the establishment of monitoring mechanisms. These efforts are nevertheless insufficient as they sometimes suffer from an inadequate application at the national level and from the persistence of cultural dimensions which are at the origin of the entrenchment of this violence. However, international human rights law has endeavoured to condemn this violencethrough the help of other means, such as the reinterpretation of various rights; for example,the right not to be discriminated against. In addition, the condemnations by courts are directlyaddressed to State authorities but nevertheless represent an efficient instrument to fight against this type of violence as the State plays an active role in the establishment and the perpetuation of gender inequalities and of power relations in our societies. Other factors have also enabled substantial progress, such as the appearance of the concept of due diligence.This means that the State will be considered responsible for private acts if it has not employed necessary and appropriate means to protect victims, to investigate and to prosecute those who are responsible.

Com a instauração do regime militar no Brasil em 1964 e a decretação do Ato Institucional no. 2 (AI-2) em 1965, os civis que cometiam crimes contra a Segurança Nacional passaram a ser julgados pela Justiça Militar. O presente estudo analisa os processos políticos movidos contra a Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária (VPR), no período de 1969 a 1971, principalmente aqueles que se referem ao seu principal líder Carlos Lamarca. Trata-se da compreensão das facetas da Justiça Militar, buscando apreender na lógica dos textos dos processos seus objetivos e significado histórico. Sendo que a atuação da Justiça revelou-se extremamente complexa, no julgamento dos militantes de uma das principais organizações de esquerda que empreendeu a luta armada contra o regime. A pesquisa abordou a relação entre a administração da Justiça e o Estado, os mecanismos de repressão denunciados nos tribunais, como a tortura, desaparecimento e mortes de militantes e as irregularidades na aplicação da legislação. A figura emblemática de Carlos Lamarca que permeia todas as fases dos processo, o perfil dos réus e da organização, as formas de atuação e estratégias adotadas pelos representantes do Ministério Público e advogados de defesa. O enfoque centrou-se no rigor da Justiça em defesa da Segurança Nacional e na repressão judicial como parte das práticas repressivas do regime, em que legalidade e ilegalidade não se separavam. / With the instauration of the military government in Brazil, in 1964, and the Institutional Act no. 2 (IA-2), in 1965, the civilians who committed crimes against national security started facing trials in the Military Justice. The following study analizes the political processes moved against the "Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária" (PRV - Popular Revolutionary Vanguard), between 1969 and 1971, particulary those concerning its main leader, Carlos Lamarca. It deals with the comprehension of the many aspects of Military Justice, trying to learn, in the logic of the processes texts, its goals and historical meaning. The acts of the Justice revealed themselves as being extremely complex while judging the active members of one of the main left organizations that fought the Military Government. This research treated subjects like the relation of Justice and State, the repression mechanisms denounced in court, like torture, kidnapping and the killing of militants, and the irregularities in the applications of the law. It also deals with the emblematic figure of Carlos Lamarca, who appears during the whole process, the profile of defendants and their organization, the ways and strategies of both the Public Ministry ( who acted as Prosecutor) and the defense lawyers. The attention focused on the rigorous way the justice acted in defense of the national security, and in the judicial repression as a part of the repressive acts of State, where legal and illegal were very similar.

A cidade de Nova Ponte, no Triângulo Mineiro, teve sua área urbana totalmente inundada pelas águas da Usina Hidrelétrica de Nova Ponte, e sua população reassentada em uma nova cidade construída a três quilômetros da antiga. O trabalho busca levantar as questões sociais, econômicas, políticas e culturais, no processo dessa transferência e de sua transformação urbana. Diagnosticar os caminhos percorridos por esta sociedade, através do levantamento de questões de apropriação do espaço, a relação entre as esferas públicas e privadas, dando significado à memória em espaços cotidianos distintos, mas correlacionados. Questiona sobre o fazer arquitetônico e a história, a relação entre a idéia de sujeito e lugar, no momento em que os projetos hidrelétricos seriam o suporte para novas experimentações arquitetônicas, a partir de uma velha cidade condicionada à esfera doméstica e dominada pelas relações de produção pré-capitalistas. Considerando a relação entre o investimento de capital no processo de construção do urbano, a intervenção do Estado, aliado a setores de capital, e a organização das forças sociais em Nova Ponte, através da fundação de sindicatos e movimentos populares na luta pela nova cidade. / The recent brazilian history has revealed the conflict between development interest such as the barrage construction and the population settled in areas designated to be flooded. However, it has shown a progress in the way of dealing, which allows an interaction of the parts aiming their social realities. The electrical sector traditional practice used to expropriate with as indemnity payment, being diagnosed potentials impacts that could cause family disturbance, loss of identity, social exclusion, and so on. The case study of Nova Ponte town, located in Triângulo Mineiro, which had its whole urban area submerged by the barrage water in order to construct the hydro electrical power plant of Nova Ponte and the arise of a new town, discuss how this change questions the community cultural identity, since this population wish they would keep the relationships and the customary habits like in the old town.

För att ta reda på hur ett verk kan framhäva sin egen fiktionalitet och hur ett verk kan förhålla sig till andra texter gjorde jag en närläsning och tolkning av Fight Club. Syftet med undersökningen var att försöka undersöka verkets pedagogiska möjligheter att matcha och utmana elevernas litterära och allmänna repertoar, med fokus på textens möjligheter att göra motstånd mot förhållningssättet att läsa litteratur som empirisk avbildning av verkligheten, samt hur jag som pedagog kan använda detta verk för att illustrera hur den som fiktiv text skapar sin betydelse genom sitt förhållande till andra texter och klassiska teman. Det som jag fick fram, var bl.a. att genom sin opålitlige berättare och luckor i texten så framhävde Fight Club sin egen fiktionalitet. Tillsammans med dess tendenser och intertextuella relationer så vill jag hävda att Fight Club utgör ett lämpligt läromedel och stöd i att forma kritiska och estetiska läsare

HIV/AIDS is an urgent health issue in many areas of the world, particularly in Africa. In addition to reaching pandemic status, HIV/AIDS is also being elevated to the level of a security threat. While this is occurring both nationally and internationally, the United Nations is leading this securitization attempt. The UN has been able to engage in this attempt as it is the most influential international organization and the leading norm promoting organization. Securitization is an analytic process that traces how issues become identified and understood as security threats. This concept originated within the Copenhagen school of security studies, and this is the framework that this paper relies on to analyze the connection between HIV/AIDS and security. The connection between HIV/AIDS and security is now widely internalized, accepted and even promoted by national governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. However, the successful securitization of HIV/AIDS has yet to be fully explored, understood, or tested. This paper undertakes this task, and relies on the Copenhagen process of securitization to trace the security discourse initiated from the UN, down through four selected case studies. It identifies which of the key Copenhagen requirements for securitization have been met, and which have not been met, ultimately leading to the conclusion that the United Nations prompted a successful internal securitization and an unsuccessful external securitization. This paper concludes that the current Copenhagen school process of securitization is flawed and is inadequate for studying today’s emerging non-traditional threats. In particular, it is unable to trace the securitization of HIV/AIDS as a result of stringent and unrepresentative criterions. It attempts to move forward by offering a rationale and direction to begin updating the Copenhagen process of securitization.

HIV/AIDS is an urgent health issue in many areas of the world, particularly in Africa. In addition to reaching pandemic status, HIV/AIDS is also being elevated to the level of a security threat. While this is occurring both nationally and internationally, the United Nations is leading this securitization attempt. The UN has been able to engage in this attempt as it is the most influential international organization and the leading norm promoting organization. Securitization is an analytic process that traces how issues become identified and understood as security threats. This concept originated within the Copenhagen school of security studies, and this is the framework that this paper relies on to analyze the connection between HIV/AIDS and security. The connection between HIV/AIDS and security is now widely internalized, accepted and even promoted by national governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. However, the successful securitization of HIV/AIDS has yet to be fully explored, understood, or tested. This paper undertakes this task, and relies on the Copenhagen process of securitization to trace the security discourse initiated from the UN, down through four selected case studies. It identifies which of the key Copenhagen requirements for securitization have been met, and which have not been met, ultimately leading to the conclusion that the United Nations prompted a successful internal securitization and an unsuccessful external securitization. This paper concludes that the current Copenhagen school process of securitization is flawed and is inadequate for studying today’s emerging non-traditional threats. In particular, it is unable to trace the securitization of HIV/AIDS as a result of stringent and unrepresentative criterions. It attempts to move forward by offering a rationale and direction to begin updating the Copenhagen process of securitization.

A ‘religion means Christianity’ equivalence seem to be predominant within the academic publications on religion and film. If a ‘philosophical’ film does not fit within the Christian doctrine, secular philosophies are usually applied to it. This paper tries to do a Buddhist analysis of the film Fight Club (David Fincher, 1999). The Yogacara Buddhist doctrine is used as a base for the thematic analysis, its vocabulary is applied on the narrative progression of the films protagonist. Structure: The paper starts with an introduction on how Buddhism came about through the life story of the Buddha, and then goes deeper into the Buddhist doctrine of thought. It concludes by using Yogacara Buddhist theories and vocabulary in a thematic analysis of the film Fight Club.

<p>A ‘religion means Christianity’ equivalence seem to be predominant within the academic publications on religion and film. If a ‘philosophical’ film does not fit within the Christian doctrine, secular philosophies are usually applied to it. This paper tries to do a Buddhist analysis of the film Fight Club (David Fincher, 1999). The Yogacara Buddhist doctrine is used as a base for the thematic analysis, its vocabulary is applied on the narrative progression of the films protagonist. Structure: The paper starts with an introduction on how Buddhism came about through the life story of the Buddha, and then goes deeper into the Buddhist doctrine of thought. It concludes by using Yogacara Buddhist theories and vocabulary in a thematic analysis of the film Fight Club.</p>