Distributed stream-based applications manage large quantities of data and exhibit unique production and consumption patterns that set them apart from general-purpose applications. This dissertation examines possible ways of creating more efficient memory management schemes. Specifically, it looks at the memory reclamation problem. It takes advantage of special traits of streaming applications to extend the definition of the garbage collection problem for those applications and include not only data items that are not reachable but also items that have no effect on the final outcome of the application. Streaming applications typically fully process only a portion of the data, and resources directed towards the remaining data items (i.e., those that dont affect the final outcome) can be viewed as wasted resources that should be minimized. Two complementary approaches are suggested: 1. Garbage Identification 2. Adaptive Resource Utilization Garbage Identification is concerned with an analysis of dynamic data dependencies to infer those items that the application is no longer going to access. Several garbage identification algorithms are examined. Each one of the algorithms uses a set of application properties (possibly distinct from one another) to reduce the memory consumption of the application. The performance of these garbage identification algorithms is compared to the performance of an ideal garbage collector, using a novel logging/post-mortem analyzer. The results indicate that the algorithms that achieve a low memory footprint (close to that of an ideal garbage collector) perform their garbage identification decisions locally; however, they base these decisions on best-effort global information obtained from other components of the distributed application. The Adaptive Resource Utilization (ARU) algorithm analyzes the dynamic relationships between the production and consumption of data items. It uses this information to infer the capacity of the system to process data items and adjusts data generation accordingly. The ARU algorithm makes local capacity decisions based on best-effort global information. This algorithm is found to be as effective as the most successful garbage identification algorithm in reducing the memory footprint of stream-based applications, thus confirming the observation that using best-effort global information to perform local decisions is fundamental in reducing memory consumption for stream-based applications.

In the past years solid state disks have developed drastically and are now gaining increased popularity compared to conventional hard drives. While hard disk drives work predictable, transparent SSD routines work in the background without the user’s knowledge. This work describes the changes to the everyday life for forensic specialists; a forensic investigation includes data recovery and the gathering of a digital image of each acquired memory that provides proof of integrity through a checksum. Due to the internal routines, which cannot be stopped, checksums are falsified. Therefore the images cannot prove integrity of evidence anymore. The report proves the inconsistence of checksums of SSD and shows the differences in data recovery through high recovery rates on hard disk drives while SSD drives scored no recovery or very poor rates.

The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2018-03-05T19:34:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreiza Dantas.pdf: 767550 bytes, checksum: a7b7f8d0112aa8c2aedb9b5ec9696fa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T19:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreiza Dantas.pdf: 767550 bytes, checksum: a7b7f8d0112aa8c2aedb9b5ec9696fa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / One of the main problems of today's society is the high production of urban waste. The main cities of Brazil find it difficult to dispose of this material in the soil. Thus, the present study had as objectives: to investigate the practice of selective garbage collection, its difficulties, benefits and improvements, and check what the consumer does with the garbage, study the collectors, the city of São Bernardo do Campo, and the conditions of reuse of what was collected by them, because there are materials that do not have a market for recycling. For this, the concepts of Brandalise et al. (2014) due to environmental education, Bernardo and Ramos (2016) due to the selective collection, Demajorovic et al. (2014) due to the reverse logistics, Baptista (2015) due to the cooperative of collectors. As for the method for the elaboration of this work, a quantitative approach was adopted, based on the theory of Godoi et al. (2010), the data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, 8 interviewees were interviewed, 4 interviewees have a direct relationship with the recycling chain, and 4 interviewees, who are consumers, who have no relation to the chain in question. It was found in the study that there is an indication that the level of consciousness needs to increase, although people know the existence and importance of garbage collection, the practice does not always match what people say about being aware and knowledge about the existence of the law that deals with this. Another piece of information relates to the public power, which needs to act with more expression and commitment to the environment, due to the manipulation of information and knowledge that can cause an increase in environmental awareness in society, on the structuring of the city to receive And to work selective collection of garbage, regarding the application of the PNRS law, as a form of prevention of natural resources, To be proactive in the activities of collectors' cooperatives in relation to private sector companies, there is a high concern with the production of waste versus what is collected for recycling, it is also concerned with the destination and the return of this material to the productive chain. That the law may charge applications of responsibilities and punish possible noncompliance regarding the environmental context. However, the more one invests in the prevention of environmental resources, the smaller the occurrences to public health. / Um dos principais problemas da sociedade atual é a alta produção de lixo urbano. As principais cidades do Brasil encontram dificuldades para dispor esse material no solo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: investigar a prática da coleta seletiva de lixo, suas dificuldades, benefícios e melhorias, assim como verificar o que o consumidor faz com o lixo, estudar os catadores, a prefeitura de São Bernardo do Campo e as condições de reaproveitamento do que foi coletado por eles, em razão de haver materiais que não possuem mercado para a reciclagem. Para tanto, foram utilizados os conceitos de Brandalise et al. (2014) em função da educação ambiental, Bernardo e Ramos (2016) em função da coleta seletiva, Demajorovic et al. (2014) em função da logística reversa, Baptista (2015) em função da cooperativa de catadores. Quanto ao método para a elaboração desse trabalho foi assumida uma abordagem qualitativa, com base na teoria de Godoi et al. (2010), os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, foram oito pessoas entrevistadas, sendo que quatro entrevistados possuem relação direta com a cadeia produtiva da reciclagem e os outros quatro entrevistados são consumidores, que não possuem relação com a cadeia em questão. Constatou-se no estudo que há indicação que o nível de consciência precisa aumentar, embora as pessoas saibam da existência e da importância da coleta de lixo, a prática nem sempre condiz com o que as pessoas dizem de ter consciência e conhecimento sobre a existência da lei que trata disso. Outro dado apurado diz respeito ao poder público, que precisa atuar com mais expressão e compromisso com o meio ambiente, em virtude da manipulação da informação e do conhecimento que podem causar um aumento na conscientização ambiental na sociedade, sobre a estruturação da cidade para receber e trabalhar a coleta seletiva de lixo, quanto à aplicação da lei da PNRS, como forma de prevenção dos recursos naturais, ser proativo na atuação das cooperativas de catadores em relação às empresas do setor privado. Existe uma alta preocupação com a produção de lixo versus o que é recolhido para a reciclagem, preocupa-se também com a destinação e o retorno desse material para a cadeia produtiva, que a lei possa cobrar aplicações de responsabilidades e punir possíveis descumprimentos referentes ao contexto ambiental. Contudo, quanto mais se investe na prevenção dos recursos ambientais, menores serão as ocorrências à saúde pública.

No description available.

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Buda_JoseFrancisco_D.pdf: 7168261 bytes, checksum: b9f15e39a51e5f756266765a99ec4830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A Política Nacional de Resíduos (PNRS), instituída pela Lei nº 12305 de 02 de agosto de 2010 e regulamentada pelo Decreto n° 7.404 de 23 de dezembro de 2010, apresenta a importância do tripé entre Poder Público, Empresas e Sociedade na gestão dos resíduos sólidos, incentivando a participação das cooperativas de catadores de material reciclável no processo de recebimento/coleta, triagem, enfardamento e comercialização dos materiais, como também pode-se destacar a importância que estas desempenham na inclusão social e geração de renda. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar efeitos causados pela PNRS, nas condições e no ambiente de trabalho das cooperativas, as mudanças ocorridas nas relações com as empresas e sociedade quanto ao volume e qualidade dos resíduos recebidos, e com os órgãos municipais. Foram pesquisadas as cooperativas conveniadas com a Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, onde estas responderam um formulário que levantou as variáveis: ambientais e sanitárias, econômicas, institucionais, infraestrutura e de saúde e segurança no trabalho. Foram entrevistados os presidentes das cooperativas, pois estes são os cooperados mais antigos e alguns até participarão na redação da lei. Foi possível assim retratar as condições das cooperativas e também conclui-se assim que a PNRS se configura como modeladora de novos paradigmas sociais, dentre os quais se destacam os princípios de responsabilidade social compartilhada e que as mudanças comportamentais pretendidas pelo documento legal não deverão ser obtidas de forma rápida, mas sim de forma gradual em avanços sucessivos. A aceleração deste processo somente será dada com o incremento da fiscalização e do apoio do poder público à questão da reciclagem, o que garantirá a efetividade da lei / Abstract: The National Waste Policy (PNRS), established by Law No. 12305 of August 2, 2010 and regulated by Decree No. 7,404 of December 23, 2010, shows the importance of the tripod between Government, the Companies and Society in waste management solid, encouraging the participation of waste pickers cooperatives in the receiving process / collection, sorting, baling and marketing of materials, but also can highlight the importance they play in the social inclusion and income generation. This research aimed to evaluate effects caused by PNRS under the conditions and in the work environment of cooperatives, changes in relationships with business and society about the size and quality of the waste received, and municipal agencies. The cooperatives were surveyed with the city of São Paulo City Hall, where they answered a form that lifted the variables: environmental, sanitary, economic, institutional, infrastructure, health and safety at work. We interviewed the presidents of cooperatives, as these are the oldest cooperative and some even participate in drafting the law. It was this possible to portray the conditions of cooperatives and concluded as soon as the PNRS is configured as shaping of new social paradigms, among which stand out the principle of shared social responsibility, required behavioral changes by the legal document should not be obtained quickly, but gradually in successive advances. The acceleration of this process will only be given to increasing the supervision and government support to the issue of recycling, which will ensure the effectiveness of the law / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Computer systems now run drastically different workloads than they did two decades ago. The enormous advances in hardware power, such as processor speed, memory and storage capacity, and network bandwidth, enable them to run new kinds as well as a large number of applications simultaneously. Software technologies, such as garbage collection and multi-threading, also reshape applications and their behaviors, introducing more challenges to system resource management. However, existing general-purpose operating systems do not provide adequate support for these modern applications. These operating systems were designed over two decades ago, when garbage-collected applications were not prevalent and users interacted with systems using consoles and command lines, rather than graphical user interfaces. As a result, they fail to allow necessary coordinations among resource management components to ensure consistent performance guarantees. For example, garbage-collected applications cannot adjust themselves to maintain high throughput under dynamic memory pressure, simply because existing virtual memory managers do not collect and expose enough information to them. Furthermore, despite the increasing demand of supporting co-existing interactive applications in desktop environment, resource managers (especially memory and disk I/O) mostly focus on optimizing throughput. They each work independently, ignoring the response time requirements that the CPU scheduler attempts to satisfy. Consequently, pressure on any of these resources can significantly degrade application responsiveness. In order to deliver robust performance to these modern applications, an operating system has to coordinate its resource managers (e.g., CPU, memory, and disk I/O), as well as cooperate with resource managers in the user space, such as the garbage collector and the thread manger. To support garbage-collected applications, we present CRAMM, a system that enables them to predict an appropriate heap size using information supplied by the underlying operating system, allowing them to maintain high throughput in the face of changing memory pressure. To support highly interactive workloads, we present Redline, a system that manages CPU, memory, and disk I/O in an integrated manner. It uses lightweight specifications to drive CPU scheduling and to coordinate memory and disk I/O management to serve the needs of interactive applications. Such coordination enables it to maintain responsiveness in the face of extreme resource contention, without sacrificing resource utilization. We also show that Redline can be used to support response time sensitive multi-threaded server applications. Our experiences and extensive experiments show that we can coordinate resource managers, both inside and outside the operating system, efficiently without destroying the modularity of the existing system. Such coordination prevents resource managers from working at cross purposes, and dramatically improve the performance of applications when facing heavy resource contention, sometimes by orders of magnitude.

Due to the significant limitations of static analysis and the dynamic nature of pointers in weakly typed programming languages like C and C++, the points-to sets obtained at compile time are quite conservative. Most static pointer analysis methods trade the precision for the analysis speed. The methods that perform the analysis in a reasonable amount of time are often context and/or flow insensitive. Other methods that are context, flow, and field sensitive have to perform the whole program inter-procedural analysis, and do not scale with respect to the program size. A large class of problems involving optimizations such as instruction prefetching, control and data speculation, redundant load/store instructions removal, instruction scheduling, and memory disambiguation suffer due to the imprecise and conservative points-to sets computed statically. One could possibly live without optimizations, but in domains involving memory security and safety, lack of the precise points-to sets can jeopardize the security and safety. In particular, the lack of dynamic points-to sets drastically reduce the ability to reason about a program's memory access behavior, and thus illegal memory accesses can go unchecked leading to bugs as well as security holes. On the other hand, the points-to sets can be very useful for other domains such as the heap shape analysis and garbage collection. The knowledge of precise points-to sets is therefore becoming very important, but has received little attention so far beyond a few studies, which have shown that the pointers exhibit very interesting behaviors during execution. How to track such behaviors dynamically and benefit from them is the topic covered by this research. In this work, we propose a technique to compute the precise points-to sets through dynamic pointer tracking. First, the compiler performs the pointer analysis to obtain the static points-to sets. Then, the compiler analyzes the program, and inserts the necessary instructions to refine the points-to sets. At runtime, the inserted instructions automatically update the points-to sets. Dynamic pointer tracking in software can be expensive and can be a barrier to the practicality of such methods. Several optimizations including removal of redundant update, post-loop update, special pattern driven update removal, pointer initialization update removal, update propagation, invariant removal, and on demand update optimization are proposed. Our experimental results demonstrate that our mechanism is able to compute the points-to sets dynamically with tolerable overheads. Finally, the memory protection and garbage collection work are presented as the consumers of dynamic pointer tracking to illustrate its importance. In particular, it is shown how different memory properties can be easily tracked using the dynamic points-to sets opening newer possibilities.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T14:10:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Valquíria Soares de Moura - 2016.pdf: 3879812 bytes, checksum: 7c84e35321e9f7643aa6215f981e7eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T14:11:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Valquíria Soares de Moura - 2016.pdf: 3879812 bytes, checksum: 7c84e35321e9f7643aa6215f981e7eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T14:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Valquíria Soares de Moura - 2016.pdf: 3879812 bytes, checksum: 7c84e35321e9f7643aa6215f981e7eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-05 / The advent of disposable materials, both organic as inorgânico, wich associated to the self-consumtion model of our human society, has caused an excessive increase in the quantity of waste, called in technical language as solid or semi-liquid residues produced by men. In this context, some of the great challenges at the beginning of the millennium refer to what to do with this huge amount of garbage, since the increase in waste production occurs at an alarming rate and it is considered something to be overcome regarding the degradation environment. Given the exposed issues, the Public Power and even the human population are seeking possible solutions, such as creating Programs for Selective Collection and Recycling, but for this to occur in a sustainable way, of Environmental Education has fundamental importance because of the culture required to recycling, reuse and composting (post-collection separation) techniques. Thus, this research aims to understand the management of selective collection program conducted in Tupaciguara (MG), through its Department of Environment and ASCAMAT - (Collectors Association of Recyclable Materials) as well as their challenges faced and goals achieved, and yet, pointing to a number of possible solutions to the deficiencies in the Selective Collection Program found. For the development of this research and contemplation of the proposed objectives the methodology used was based on: theoretical reviews as support for analyzes to be carried out; the practice of field work at the ASCAMAT's office; survey with human population about selective collection program and its satisfaction level; and, research for information in the Municipality of Tupaciguara and the Public Institutions linked to the program, what is necessary for the development of the research. Considering that the selective collection system is new and still in the adaptation phase, it showed that the same has not yet been able to achieve an appropriate management model, as called for in the legislation related to the National Policy on Solid Waste. As environmental awareness measures, it developed a work of clarification from the population employing environmental education, emphasizing its importance in the process of separation of recyclable materials in order to guarantee the efficiency and the Selective Collection Program. Finally, the effective participation of the human population served by the program is also a point to be improved as well, because it was possible to see that, even though the population interviewed is aware of the importance of selective collection, almost half of respondents do not cooperate with the separation materials. The more people involved the separation of recyclable materials less waste arrives at the municipal landfill, thereby increasing its duration. Keywords: Selective Garbage Collection. Municipality of Tupaciguara (MG), Recycling. Environmental education. / O surgimento dos descartáveis, tanto de origem orgânica quanto inorgânica, associados ao modelo de autoconsumo da sociedade humana consumista, vem ocasionando um aumento excessivo do quantitativo de lixo, que na linguagem técnica significa sinônimo de resíduos em estado sólido ou semilíquido produzidos pelo homem. Nesse contexto, alguns dos grandes desafios neste início de milênio referem-se ao que fazer e qual a destinação da enorme quantidade de resíduos produzidos, visto que o aumento da produção de lixo ocorre de forma ameaçadora, sendo considerado algo a ser superado no que tange a degradação do ambiente. Diante do exposto, o Poder Público e a própria população humana buscam possíveis soluções, como a criação de Programas de Coleta Seletiva e reciclagem, mas para que isso ocorra de forma sustentável, o processo da Educação Ambiental é de fundamental importância para que a reciclagem, a reutilização e a própria compostagem (separação pós-coleta) possam ser efetuadas. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa visa compreender o gerenciamento do Programa de Coleta Seletiva realizado em Tupaciguara (MG), por meio da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e ASCAMAT - Associação de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis de Tupaciguara (MG), bem como seus desafios enfrentados e metas alcançadas, e ainda, apontamento de uma série de possíveis soluções para as deficiências no Programa de Coleta Seletiva encontradas. Para desenvolvimento da pesquisa e contemplar os objetivos propostos, a metodologia empregada pautou-se em revisões teóricas como suporte às análises a serem realizadas; a prática de trabalhos de campo na Sede da Associação dos Catadores do Município, aplicação de questionários com a população humana atendida pelo Programa de Coleta Seletiva, a fim de tomar conhecimento quanto a sua satisfação, bem como busca de informações na Prefeitura Municipal de Tupaciguara e demais Órgãos Públicos vinculados ao Programa, e necessários ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Considerando-se que o sistema de Coleta Seletiva é recente e ainda se encontra em fase de adaptação, evidenciou-se que o mesmo não tem ainda conseguido alcançar um modelo de gestão apropriada, conforme o preconizado na legislação relacionada à Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Como medidas de conscientização socioambiental, desenvolveu-se um trabalho de esclarecimentos junto a população empregando-se à Educação Ambiental, ressaltando sua importância no processo de separação dos materiais recicláveis visando a garantia e a eficiência do Programa de Coleta Seletiva. Para concluir, a participação efetiva da população humana atendida pelo Programa ainda é um ponto a ser melhorado também, pois foi possível perceber que, mesmo que a população entrevistada tenha consciência da importância da Coleta Seletiva, quase a metade dos entrevistados não colaboram com a separação dos materiais. Quanto mais pessoas participam da separação dos materiais recicláveis menos resíduos chega ao aterro sanitário municipal, aumentando assim, seu tempo de duração. Palavras-chave: Coleta Seletiva de Lixo. Município de Tupaciguara (MG). Reciclagem. Educação Ambiental.

Afin de maximiser la localité des accès mémoire pendant la phase de collection, un thread GC évite d’accéder un autre noeud mémoire en notifiant à la place un thread GC distant avec un message. Néanmoins, NumaGiC évite les inconvénients d’un design complètement distribué qui tend à diminuer le parallélisme et augmenter le déséquilibre des accès mémoire en permettant aux threads de voler depuis les autres noeuds quand ceux-ci sont inactifs. NumaGiC fait son possible pour trouver un équilibre parfait entre les accès distant, le déséquilibre des accès mémoire et le parallélisme. Dans ce travail, nous comparons NumaGiC avec Parallel Scavenge et certaines de ses variantes améliorées de façon incrémentale sur deux architectures ccNUMA en utilisant la machine virtuelle Hotspot d’OpenJDK 7. Sur Spark et Neo4j, deux applications d’informatique décisionnelle de niveau industriel, avec une taille de tas allant de 160 GB à 350 GB, et sur SPECjbb2013 et SPECjbb2005, NumaGiC améliore la performance globale jusqu’à 94% par rapport à Parallel Scavenge et améliore la performance du collecteur lui-même jusqu’à 5,4times par rapport à Parallel Scavenge. En terme de passage à l’échelle du débit du GC en augmentant le nombre de noeuds NUMA, NumaGiC passe à l’échelle beaucoup mieux qu’avec Parallel Scavenge pour toutes les applications. Dans le cas de SPECjbb2005, où les références inter-objets sont les moins nombreuses parmi toutes les applications, NumaGiC passe à l’échelle quasiment linéairement. / Large-scale multicore architectures create new challenges for garbage collectors (GCs). On con-temporary cache-coherent Non-Uniform Memory Access (ccNUMA) architectures, applications with a large memory footprint suffer from the cost of the garbage collector (GC), because, as the GC scans the reference graph, it makes many remote memory accesses, saturating the interconnect between memory nodes. In this thesis, we address this problem with NumaGiC, a GC with a mostly-distributed design. In order to maximise memory access locality during collection, a GC thread avoids accessing a different memory node, instead notifying a remote GC thread with a message; nonetheless, NumaGiC avoids the drawbacks of a pure distributed design, which tends to decrease parallelism and increase memory access imbalance, by allowing threads to steal from other nodes when they are idle. NumaGiC strives to find a perfect balance between local access, memory access balance, and parallelism. In this work, we compare NumaGiC with Parallel Scavenge and some of its incrementally improved variants on two different ccNUMA architectures running on the Hotspot Java Virtual Machine of OpenJDK 7. On Spark and Neo4j, two industry-strength analytics applications, with heap sizes ranging from 160 GB to 350 GB, and on SPECjbb2013 and SPECjbb2005, NumaGiC improves overall performance by up to 94% over Parallel Scavenge, and increases the performance of the collector itself by up to 5.4× over Parallel Scavenge. In terms of scalability of GC throughput with increasing number of NUMA nodes, NumaGiC scales substantially better than Parallel Scavenge for all the applications. In fact in case of SPECjbb2005, where inter-node object references are the least among all, NumaGiC scales almost linearly.