La sécurité est une première étape essentielle dans l'amélioration de la qualité des soins. Devant l’importance de ces erreurs qui menacent 12 millions de patients aux USA chaque année ; plusieurs travaux ont essayé de trouver des solutions pour réduire les erreurs médicales et les effets indésirables des médicaments : La médecine basée sur la preuve, la médecine personnalisée et les systèmes d’aide à la décision médicale. Les sociétés savantes élaborent de façon périodique des recommandations de bonnes pratiques pour aboutir à instaurer une médecine basée sur la preuve. Ces recommandations sont considérées comme des outils efficaces pour faire pont entre la pratique médicale des praticiens et les preuves scientifiques.La simple diffusion de GBPC n’a qu’un impact limité sur les pratiques cliniques.Plusieurs études ont montré que l’informatisation de ces guides en les intégrant dans le Workflow clinique permet d’améliorer l’adhérence des médecins à ces recommandations. Les guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques ne couvrent pas les caractéristiques individuelles des patients. Un des objectifs d’amélioration des soins et de la réduction des effets indésirables des patients est la personnalisation de la prise en charge. Cette personnalisation nécessite l’utilisation de toutes les informations (cliniques, biologiques, génétiques, radiologiques, sociales..) pour caractériser le profil du patient. Nous avons développé une méthode de raisonnement hybride, CBFCM, capable d’utiliser des connaissances et des données hétérogènes. L’implémentation de la méthode a été faite avec des outils du web sémantique. Nous avons développé un environnement Open Source pour la modélisation et la formalisation des connaissances médicales (recommandations..). Nous avons validé la méthode avec plusieurs études dans le domaine des infections urinaires mais aussi dans d’autres domaines (pneumologie, stéatose hépatique non alcoolique, diabète gestationnel..). L’intégration des données génétiques, cliniques et biologiques nous a permis d’améliorer la prédiction de certaines maladies (NASH). / Several studies have tried to find ways to reduce medical and adverse drug errors:The evidence-based medicine, personalized medicine and clinical decision support systems. Many recommandations are developped periodically to improve a best practices. These recommendations are considered effective tools to bridge between medical practitioners and practice of scientific evidence. The use of the Clinical Practice Guidelines has a limited impact on clinical practice. Several studies showed that the computerization of these guides by integrating them into the clinical workflow improves adherence of physicians to these recommendations.One of the aims of improving care and reducing adverse effects of patients is personalizing care. This customization requires the use of all the information (clinical, biological, genetic, radiological, social..) to characterize the profile of the patient.We have developed a method of hybrid reasoning "Case Based Fuzzy CognitiveMaps" able to use knowledge and heterogeneous data. The implementation of themethod was made with semantic web technologies. We have developed an open source environment for modeling and formalization of medical knowledge.We validated the method with several studies in the field of urinary tract infections,but also in other areas (respiratory, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gestational diabetes..). The integration of genetic, clinical and laboratory data have allowed us to improve the prediction of certain diseases (NASH).

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This diploma thesis deals with the design and optimization of a headstock for machine tool. Thesis was focused to comparison of several types of slide-ways and linear guides of headstock, considering their static and dynamic rigidity. An overview in the field of machine tools, their static and dynamic properties, use materials and design of headstocks, considering types of guideways, types of guideways drives and types of drives of spindle was made. Among the other main goals is included design of several types of guideway of headstock for horizontal machine tool, elaboration of computational models and evaluation of results.

The aim of the thesis is the design machines for laser cutting and plasma workspace 2.0 x1, 8 meters. The work described technology laser cutting and plasma and the resulting demands on the machine. Longer work includes a search of design solutions, then the actual design, including the necessary calculations and drawings.

This diploma thesis designs a small vertical CNC milling machine. The thesis includes selection of suitable structural design of the machine based on market analysis and requirements. The listed components, constructional calculations and 3D model are chosen in order to minimize the costs.

This thesis deals with the development of tourism on the island of Cuba from the beginning of the 20th century till the present time based on the travel books written by travellers who come mainly from the United States of America. Next, it analyzes tourism during the 20th century. It monitors Cuban tourism from the historic point of view, where it records the period of communist government, racism and similar problems till the present time. It mentions another, however not so representative part of tourism, sex tourism. It is trying to stress the positive aspects of places that represent the tourism in Cuba.

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El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un plan de negocio para un servicio de audioguías llamado Turistea. Este modelo de negocio consiste en ofrecer audios informativos sobre destinos turísticos vía redes sociales y website. El público objetivo son los turistas en centros turísticos en las regiones de Cusco, Arequipa y Lima (destinos inicialmente ofrecidos) que tengan entre 18 y 44 años. A continuación, se detallará las necesidades identificadas, la solución planteada, los experimentos realizados y el plan de negocios. Con relación a la necesidad, se identificó que los turistas que visitaban los diferentes destinos no estaban completamente satisfechos con las visitas guiadas en grupo, ya sea por los estrictos horarios, la cantidad de personas, entre otros. Así, se halló la oportunidad para plantear un modelo de negocios que les permita personalizar su experiencia y puedan decidir sobre diversos factores como los tiempos, los destinos a visitar, la cantidad de personas con las que quieren ir, etc. Para plantear el modelo de negocio de una manera simplificada, se utilizó la herramienta Business Model Canvas. Con el fin de validar la solución, el modelo de negocio y el interés de compra de los usuarios; se desarrolló una serie de experimentos desde entrevistas hasta campañas para incentivar la demanda. El plan de negocios de Turistea se basó en identificar la necesidad de los usuarios, plantear y validar la solución y el modelo de negocio, y aplicar la metodología Concierge para validar el interés de compra y viabilidad del proyecto. / The present research project has the purpose of developing a business plan for a service of audio guides called Turistea. This business model consists in offering informative audios about tourist attractions via social networks and a company website. The target audience of the project are tourists that are visiting Cusco, Arequipa, and/or Lima (Turistea’s three initial destinations); between the ages 18 and 44. In the next paragraphs the identified need, the proposed solution, the experiments performed, and the business plan will be further detailed. The identified need was that the tourists were not completely satisfied with group guided tours, due to the tight schedules, the amount of people in the group, etc. Thus, the opportunity to propose a business model that allows the users to further personalize their experience and be able to decide on various factors such as times and destinations was found. In order to pose the business model in a simplified way, the Business Model Canvas tool was used to identify the key points of the company. To validate the proposed solution, the business model, and the user’s purchase interest; a series of experiments were developed, ranging from interviews to discount campaigns to boost the demand. Turistea’s business plan was based on identifying the user’s needs, proposing, and validating the solution and business model, and applying the Concierge methodology to validate the purchase interest and project’s viability. / Trabajo de investigación

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the first part of this thesis, we investigate the propagation of quantum fluctuations in a nonlinear interferometer comprising under conditions of harmonic generation by computer simulations. This investigation assumes idealized conditions such as lossless and uniform nonlinear media, an ideal cavity and ideal photodetectors. After linearizing wave equations for harmonic generation with a coherent state input, we obtain equations for one dimensional spatial propagation of the mean field and quantum fluctuations for initial conditions set by arbitrary interferometer phase. We discover that fluctuations are de-squeezed in the X and Y quadratures as the interferometer phase is tuned. However, we discover that there is are quadratures P-Q obtained by rotating the X-Y quadratures for which squeezing is improved by factors of 10^9. We present a practical idea to implement rotation of X quadrature fluctuations to the Q quadrature by using an ideal empty optical cavity. Signal-to-Noise ratio of the nonlinear interferometer was calculated and compared with that of a linear interferometer with coherent state input. We calculated a maximum performance improvement of a factor of 60 for a normalized propagation length ζ0 = 3 under ideal conditions. In the second part of this thesis, we investigate experimentalarrangements to transfer atomic coherence from light to cesium atoms. We discuss the experimental arrangement to generate coherence under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We measure a continuous wave EIT width of 7.18 MHz and present results for pulsed arrangements.