O petróleo é a principal matéria-prima empregada para produzir combustíveis, lubrificantes e produtos petroquímicos. Atualmente, devido ao fato desta fonte não ser renovável e estimar-se a sua extinção, busca-se por fontes renováveis de energia que possam vir a substituí-la. Nesse contexto, o etanol vem sendo investigado por ser uma alternativa sustentável para a obtenção de hidrocarbonetos de maior valor agregado, tais como, eteno, propeno, benzeno, tolueno, entre outros, através de sua conversão catalítica em condições controladas. Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o efeito de diferentes catalisadores metálicos suportados em zeólita HZSM-5 na reação de conversão do etanol em produtos de maior valor agregado. Para isso, prepararam-se catalisadores com 2,5 % em massa dos metais La, Ca, Li, Mg e Ni impregnados na zeólita HZSM-5 comercial. A seguir foram preparados catalisadores a partir da modificação da zeólita HZSM-5 com diferentes teores de Ni e, na sequência, amostras com diferente combinação de Ni e La. Posteriormente, a zeólita HZSM-5 foi sintetizada em laboratório e impregnada através da combinação entre os metais Ni e Zn. Os catalisadores antes do seu emprego nos ensaios catalíticos foram caracterizados por medidas de área específica SBET, DRX e TPD-NH3. As amostras após a reação foram caracterizadas por TPO. Os ensaios de atividade foram conduzidos em reator tubular de leito fixo, com carga de catalisador de 100 mg, na faixa de temperaturas entre 300 e 400 °C, utilizando-se uma vazão de alimentação de etanol na faixa de 0,2 a 1,2 mL.h-1. Foram realizados três tipos de ensaios: com diferentes temperaturas de reação, teste de influência do tempo de residência e teste de estabilidade dos catalisadores. Os testes de atividade catalítica da zeólita comercial modificada, conduzidos em diferentes temperaturas de reação, sugerem que o metal e sua quantidade, assim como a temperatura de reação, influenciam na seletividade para formação dos hidrocarbonetos superiores. Quanto aos catalisadores preparados a partir da modificação da zeólita sintetizada através da combinação de Ni e Zn, observou-se a influência do teor de cada metal e a necessidade de serem empregadas temperaturas de reação mais elevadas (400 °C) para obtenção dos hidrocarbonetos pesados. O teste de avaliação do tempo de residência mostrou que vazões menores (0,3-0,4 mL.h-1) favorecem a formação dos produtos pesados. Através do teste de estabilidade constatou-se que ao final de 10 horas de reação a conversão do etanol ainda foi de 100%, mas que a seletividade dos catalisadores para os hidrocarbonetos superiores foi diminuindo ao longo da reação devido à deposição de carbono sobre o catalisador. / The crude oil is the main raw material used to produce fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals. Currently, due to its increasing price some alternatives for petroleum replacement are being investigated. Among them, the renewable ones, such as ethanol, are receiving great attention. The catalytic conversion of ethanol is a potential source for obtaining liquid hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, etc., that are of great interest in chemical industry. This work aim to evaluate the effect of different metals on HZSM-5 supported catalysts for the ethanol conversion into variable products. A series of catalysts containing 2.5 wt% of the metals La, Ca, Li, Mg and Ni were impregnated on commercial HZSM-5. Other series were prepared with different amounts of Ni, and with different combination of Ni and La on commercial HZSM-5. Subsequently, the HZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized in the laboratory and impregnated with Ni and/or Zn. Samples were characterized by specific area SBET, XRD and NH3-TPD. The spent catalysts were characterized by TPO. The catalyst activity was evaluated by catalytic conversion of ethanol experiments, carried out in a tubular fixed bed reactor with catalyst weight of 100 mg in the temperature range between 300 and 400 °C, using a feed rate of ethanol in the range of 0.2 to 1.2 mL.h-1. Three types of experiments were performed: with different reaction temperatures, different residence time and test of catalyst stability. The results with different reaction temperatures suggest that the type and the amount of metal used for the modification of commercial HZSM-5 zeolite influence the selectivity for the formation of higher hydrocarbons as well as the reaction temperature. For the catalysts prepared by modification of the synthesized HZSM-5 using Ni and/or Zn, the influence of the content of each metal and the reaction temperature can be observed. The residence time test showed that the lower flow rates favor the formation of heavy products. Total ethanol conversion was obtained during the 10 h reaction experiments for catalysts stability evaluation. However the catalysts selectivity for higher hydrocarbons decreased toward the end of the reaction due to the formation and deposition of coke on the catalyst surface.

Orientadores: Jose Roberto Nunhez, Gustavo Paim Valença / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:29:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pagani_AdrianaSiviero_D.pdf: 5130407 bytes, checksum: b53a0b1f8d58411a68c3cb683c12eba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O 1-octeno, 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano e n-octano foram utilizados como moléculas modelo para o estudo experimental e de modelagem do craqueamento catalítico na superfície de dois catalisadores comerciais (PETROBRAS), compostos por zeólita USY e matriz (SiO2-Al2O3) com impregnação de terras raras (CTR) e sem a impregnação de terras raras (STR), ambos desativados pelo método vapor. Os testes de craqueamento catalítico foram realizados em fase gasosa em reator tubular de leito fixo, construído em quartzo, na faixa de temperatura de 325 a 685 K para o 1-octeno, 725 a 950 K para o 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano e 815 a 975 K para o n-octano à pressão atmosférica. O catalisador STR apresentou valores de taxa de giro (s-1) maiores que os encontrados para o CTR. As energias de ativação aparente apresentaram a seguinte ordem decrescente: n-octano (STR: 180 kJ mol-1 e CTR: 192 kJ mol-1) > 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano (STR: 121 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 127 kJ mol-1) > 1-octeno (STR: 18 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 23 kJ mol-1). Os mecanismos de reações foram determinados para as três moléculas modelo através dos produtos de reação determinados experimentalmente e considerando as famílias de reações de iniciação, isomerização, transferência de hidrogênio, adsorção/dessorção e cisão-ß/oligomerização. A modelagem do craqueamento catalítico foi desenvolvida segundo a teoria da colisão, a teoria do estado de transição e as propriedades termodinâmicas das espécies envolvidas nos mecanismos. As taxas de giro da modelagem cinética apresentaram uma diferença com as taxas de giro experimentais de aproximadamente 20%. / Abstract: The 1-octene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and n-octane were used as model molecules in an experimental and modeling study for the catalytic cracking on the surface of commercial catalysts (PETROBRAS) that are composed of USY zeolite and matrix with rare earth impregnation (CTR) and without rare earth impregnation (STR), both deactivated by steam method. The experimental tests were carried out in the gas phase, in a fixed bed tubular reactor made of quartz in the temperature range of 325 to 685 K for the 1-octene, 725 to 950 K for the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 815 to 975 K for the n-octane at atmospheric pressure. The catalyst STR showed higher values of turnover rate (s-1) than the catalyst CTR. The apparent activation energies showed the following decreasing order: n-octane (STR: 180 kJ mol-1 and CTR: 192 kJ mol-1) > 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (STR: 121 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 127 kJ mol-1) > 1-octene (STR: 18 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 23 kJ mol-1). The reactions mechanisms were determined for the three model molecules with the reaction products obtained experimentally and considering the families of reactions of initiation, isomerization, hydride transfer, adsorption/desorption and ß-scission/oligomerization. The modeling of the catalytic cracking was developed according to the collision theory, the transition state theory and the thermodynamics properties of the adsorbed species involved in the mechanisms. The model turnover rates showed a difference between the experimental turnover rates near 20 %. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T14:09:42Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T14:09:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T14:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Liquid inorganic acids are widely used as homogeneous catalysts in esterification reactions. Although highly active and low cost, it is imperative a tedious process for separation and purification of the final product. Besides the large volume of toxic and corrosive waste produced, there is also the drawback such as corrosion of equipment and difficulty for recycling the catalyst. Thereby, heterogeneous catalysis is a pathway to cleaner, safer and economically viable processes to produce chemicals for industry. Therefore, it is encouraged the production of heterogeneous catalysts must be at low cost and highly catalytic activity. Moreover, it is worldwide the use of biomass waste as raw materials for the production of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, the acai stone (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), an amazon biomass waste from the processing of Acai fruits, was sulfonated and applied as a heterogeneous catalyst. By using esterification as model reaction we could check its catalytic active. The catalysts were synthesized at different carbonization temperatures, following the sulfonation by sulfuric acid at room temperature. The catalytic activity was tested in the reaction of oleic acid with methanol. For this reaction the experimental set was molar ratio of 1:12, 5% of catalyst, and reaction temperature of 100°C for 1h. The carbon material catalysts yielded 93% of methyl ester, while the reaction without catalyst showed 12% of methyl ester. In summary, this study shows promising results for obtaining carbon-based catalysts from the acai biomass waste and comes with the main novelty of preparing a sulfonic functionalized catalyst room temperature. / Ácidos inorgânicos são amplamente utilizados como catalisadores homogêneos em reações de esterificação. Embora sejam altamente ativos e não onerosos, é necessário um processo especial de separação e purificação do produto final, o que resulta no grande volume de resíduos tóxicos e corrosivos, além das desvantagens como a corrosão de equipamentos e dificuldade no reciclo do catalisador. Desse modo, a catálise heterogênea surge com a proposta de desenvolver processos mais limpos, mais seguros e economicamente viáveis para produzir ésteres. Dentro desse contexto, também é incentivado à produção de catalisadores heterogêneos de baixo custo e alta atividade catalítica. Já é comum o reaproveitamento de resíduos da biomassa como matéria-prima para produção de carbonos microporosos. Neste trabalho, o caroço de Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), um resíduo da biomassa Amazônica proveniente do processamento de frutos do Açaí, um fruto nativo da Amazônia brasileira, foi sulfonado e aplicado como catalisador heterogêneo na reação modelo de esterificação. Foram sintetizados catalisadores em diferentes temperaturas de carbonização. Após esta etapa o material foi submetido ao processo de sulfonação. A eficiência catalítica do material foi comprovada sob as condições de reação: razão molar ácido oleico/metanol 1:12, carregamento de catalisador 5%, temperatura de 100°C por 1h. Obteve-se uma conversão em ésteres metílicos de 93% com o uso do catalisador, enquanto que a reação sem catalisador apresentou apenas 12% de conversão. Esse estudo mostra resultados promissores para a obtenção de catalisadores heterogêneos sulfonados a partir da biomassa residual do caroço do Açaí e vem com a principal novidade de preparar um catalisador a partir da funcionalização com ácido sulfúrico à temperatura ambiente.

Neste trabalho foi sintetizada e caracterizada uma série de porfirinas e FeP correspondentes contendo substituintes NO2 nas posições orto- ou grupos COOH nas posições para- dos anéis meso-fenis, e a atividade catalítica destes compostos na oxidação de hidrocarbonetos foi investigada, tanto em sistemas homogêneos quanto em sistemas suportados. As porfirinas H2(TNMCPP), H2(DNDCPP) e H2(MNTCPP) foram sintetizadas pela reação de pirrol com a mistura de 2-nitrobenzaldeído e 4-carboxibenzaldeído, em meio de ácido propiônico e nitrobenzeno, sendo em seguida isoladas e purificadas através de cromatografia preparativa em sílica gel tendo como eluente a mistura DCM : ACT : HAc (8 : 2 : 0,1). A inserção de ferro nas porfirinas bases livre foi feita pela reação com FeBr2.2H2O em meio de DMF. A caracterização das porfirinas bases livre e das correspondentes FeP envolveu diferentes técnicas como: TLC, eletroforese em gel de agarose, análise elementar, UV/Vis, IV, RMN 1H, FAB MS, susceptibilidade magnética e EPR. Utilizou-se as porfirinas H2(TNPP) e H2(TCPP) e FeP correspondentes como padrões de comparação, tornando a série completa. A purificação e caracterização destas porfirinas mostraram-se bastante complexas devido à presença de grupos ionizáveis resultando em grandes diferenças de solubilidade na série e efeitos de agregação. Estes efeitos foram mais pronunciados para as porfirinas contendo maior número de grupos COOH. O estudo da atividade catalítica da série de FeP foi desenvolvido inicialmente em meio homogêneo, utilizando diferentes substratos como: (Z)-cicloocteno, cicloexeno, cicloexano e adamantano. As FeP sintetizadas mostraram-se catalisadores eficientes e seletivos para a hidroxilação de alcanos e epoxidação de alcenos. A estabilidade da Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi investigada em reações com múltiplas adições de oxidante. Observou-se uma alta estabilidade para este catalisador em solução, com bons rendimentos em epóxido para até sete ciclos consecutivos, e um alto número de turnover (1142). A Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi ancorada na APS através de ligação covalente (peptídica) entre o grupo COOH da FeP e o grupo NH2 da sílica funcionalizada. Esta FeP foi selecionada por possuir apenas um grupo capaz de reagir com a sílica e, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção estérica de três grupos NO2 substituintes nas posições orto-, constituindo um sistema interessante do ponto de vista catalítico. Este sistema mostrou-se bastante eficiente na oxidação do (Z)-cicloocteno. O número máximo de turnover catalítico para esta FeP suportada foi de 595 após três adições sucessivas de oxidante. A Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi ancorada na APS também por atração eletrostática, porém este sistema mostrou-se menos eficiente como catalisador na oxidação do (Z)-cicloocteno. / In this work, a series of porphyrins and corresponding FeP containing NO2-substituents in the ortho- or COOH-groups in the para- meso-phenyl rings were synthesized and the catalytic activities of such compounds were investigated in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. H2(TNMCPP), H2(DNDCPP) and H2(MNTCPP) porphyrins were synthesized through the mixed co-condensation of pyrrole and different benzaldehydes (2-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde) in propionic acid and nitrobenzene media. The porphyrins were then isolated and purified through silica gel chromatography, having a solvent mixture DCM : ACT : HAc (8 : 2 : 0,1). The characterization of the free-base porphyrins and the corresponding FeP was carried out through TLC, electrophoresis on agarose gel, elemental analysis, UV/Vis, infra red, RMN 1H, FAB MS, magnetic susceptibility and EPR. H2(TNPP) and H2(TCPP) and corresponding FeP were used for comparison, thus completing the porphyrin series. The purification and characterization of these porphyrins proved to be very complex due the presence of ionic groups. This resulted in different solubilities throughout the series, as well as aggregation effects. Such effects were more pronounced with porphyrins containing a greater number of COOH groups. The study of the catalytic activities of the FeP was initially carried out in homogeneous system, by using various substrates: (Z)-cyclooctene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane and adamantane. The synthesized FeP were efficient and selective catalysts for alkane hydroxilation and alkene epoxidation. The stability of Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was investigated by multiple oxidant addition. A high stability was observed for this catalyst in homogeneous system, since it led to good epoxide yields up to the seventh cycle and an excellent turnover number of 1142. Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was supported on APS through covalent binding of the peptidic type between COOH groups in the FeP and NH2 group on the funcionalized silica. This FeP was chosen for the study since it has only one group that is capable of reacting with the silica, at the same time that it presents sterical hindrance confered by the three NO2 groups in the ortho-position. This is a very interesting system from the catalytical point of view. Such system proved to be very efficient in the oxidation of (Z)-cyclooctene. The maximum catalytic turnover attained with this supported FeP was of 595, after three sucessive additions of oxidant. Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was also supported on APS though electrostatic binding, but this system was a less efficient catalyst for (Z)-cyclooctene oxidation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Debora.pdf: 2922945 bytes, checksum: a0781d0cbab272005bd65274fd6cdf1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to prepare, characterize and study materials type perovskite (Ba3BB‟2O9 and Ba2BB‟O6) as catalysts for the reaction of NOX and CO conversion, seeking other alternatives for catalytic converters. The compounds were prepared using a polymeric precursor method, calcined at 500, 700 and 900 ° C in the period of two hours. Characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared by transformed of Fourier, Raman and Microscopy electronic of scanning spectroscopy. According to DRX, the method favors the formation of perovskite phases treated at 400 °, 500 °, 700 ° and 900 ° C, obtaining the desired compounds in the presence of the secondary phase. In the analysis of infrared spectroscopy, verified the presence of a characteristic vibrational, that to correspond the connection between the metal-oxygen, which becomes more intense when occurs the increase in the heat treatment. This behavior has been confirmed by the stretching associated with internal vibration of the oxygen of the octahedron in 360 cm-1 and 410 cm-1 of the A1g(O) e 2Eg(O) observed in the sample belonging to the order of 1:2. For catalytic activity toward conversion reaction of the gases mentioned, were more active for CO, highlighting the perovskite Ba3CaNb2O9 where the conversion was directly proportional to the formation of the structure of the compound and the reduction of the presence of secondary phase. / Objetivo deste estudo foi preparar, caracterizar e estudar materiais tipo perovskita (Ba3BB‟2O9 e Ba2BB‟O6) como catalisadores para reação de conversão de NOX em N2 e CO em CO2, buscando desenvolver conversores catalíticos alternativos. Os compostos foram preparados pelo método do precursor polimérico, calcinados a 500, 700 e 900°C, no período de duas horas. Os compostos foram caracterizados estruturalmente por difração de raios X, infravermelho por transformada de Fourier e espectroscopia Raman e morfologicamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. De acordo com os resultados de difração de raios X, o método favoreceu a formação das fases de perovskitas tratadas nas temperaturas de 500, 700 e 900°C, obtendo compostos desejados na presença de fase secundária. Nas análises de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, verificamos a presença de um modo vibracional característico, que corresponde à ligação entre metal-oxigênio, que se torna mais intenso à medida que ocorre o aumento da temperatura de tratamento térmico. Tal comportamento foi confirmado pelos estiramentos associadas com a vibração interna do oxigênio do octaedro em 360 cm-1 e 410 cm-1 do A1g(O) e 2Eg(O) observados nas amostras pertencentes ao ordenamento 1:2. Para atividade catalítica frente à reação de conversão dos gases citados, foram mais ativos para CO, ressaltando a perovskita de Ba3CaNb2O9 onde a conversão foi diretamente proporcional a formação da estrutura do composto e a diminuição da presença da fase secundária.

Orientador: Gustavo Paim Valença / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vesga_PabloMiguelCoha_M.pdf: 3148003 bytes, checksum: e990cb6467a80b515b813438a624fd7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Reações de desidrogenação e desidratação no etanol são de grande interesse, já que levam à produção de compostos que são utilizados na indústria química, farmacêutica e cosmética. No presente trabalho, catalisadores de magnésio e molibdênio suportados na peneira molecular MCM-41 foram utilizados no estudo das reações de desidrogenação e desidratação de etanol. Os catalisadores foram preparados através da impregnação por umidade incipiente de nitrato de magnésio e heptamolibdato de amônia, com teores de 0,5% a 2,0% em massa para o magnésio e de 3,0% para o molibdênio. O Mg após a impregnação se apresentou como óxido de Mg e o Mo como óxido de Mo ou carbeto de Mo. Os materiais foram secados, calcinados e caracterizados através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Análise Infravermelho, Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA). Depois de calcinados, os catalisadores foram carregados no reator, pré-tratados e então testados nas reações de conversão de etanol entre 200 °C e 300 °C. Os produtos da reação foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa (CG). Houve produção de metano, propano, propeno, acetaldeído, éter etílico, 1,3-butadieno, acetato de etila, etano e eteno. A pressão parcial do etanol foi mantida fixa em 7870 Pa. A temperatura que mais favoreceu a reação foi 300 °C e o catalisador que apresentou maior conversão foi aquele possuía 0,5% de Mg e 3,0% de Mo, este último metal na forma de carbeto de Mo. Dos catalisadores testados, os que apresentaram maiores atividades catalíticas foram os que possuíam menor porcentagem de Mg devido a algumas propriedades como maior área superficial. Os catalisadores que possuíam carbeto de Mo favoreceram mais as reações que aqueles que tinham óxido de molibdênio, demonstrando mais uma vez que é um excelente composto para ser usado em reações, especialmente de desidrogenação / Abstract: Dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions with ethanol are interesting, because of these processes produce compounds that are highly used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biological industries. At present, MCM-41 catalysts impregnated with magnesium and molybdenum are used to study ethanol dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions. The catalysts were prepared by impregnating magnesium nitrate and ammonium heptamolibdate in the silica supports, with a theoretical metal content of 0,5% to 2,0% for magnesium and 3,0% for molybdenum; the Mg was used in oxide form while the Mo was in oxide and carbide form. The solids were dried, calcinated and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), EDS Analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen Adsorption, Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infra-red Analysis (FT-IR). After calcination, the catalyst was loaded into the reactor to undergo pretreatment before being tested in ethanol reactions at low temperatures (473 - 573 K). The gases products of reaction were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC). The products were methane, propane, propeno, acetaldehyde, ether ethylic, 1,3-butadiene, ethyl acetate, ethane and ethylene. The partial pressure of ethanol was always the same and maintained at 7870 Pa. The optimal temperature for the reaction was found to be 573 K and the catalyst that had the biggest conversion of ethanol was MCM-41 with 0,5% Mg and 3,0% Mo, with the Mo in carbide form. Of the catalysts tested, those which showed higher catalytic activity were those that had the lowest percentage of Mg due to some properties such as a higher surface area. Catalysts impregnated with Mo carbide had more favorable reactions than those with molybdenum oxide, once again showing that it is an excellent compound for use in reactions, especially dehydrogenation reactions / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

En vue du changement climatique et de la transition énergétique, le présent travail s’intègre dans le projet ANR VItESSE2 portant sur le stockage d’énergie électrique renouvelable et la valorisation du CO2 par hydrogénation en méthanol sur des catalyseurs au cuivre. Au cours de cette thèse, une méthode analytique pour la mesure des surfaces de cuivre par chimisorption de N2O a été mise au point. À partir de tests catalytiques sous 50 bar, des modèles cinétiques pour des catalyseurs Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 et Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 ont été élaborés. Pour l’étude mécanistique, un montage infrarouge en réflexion diffuse a été développé afin d’étudier différents catalyseurs pour la synthèse de méthanol et pour la réaction du gaz à l’eau. Le montage a servi pour des tests catalytiques in situ à 34 bar sous flux réactionnel. L’étude a été complétée par des expériences de désorption thermoprogrammée de différentes molécules sonde. Les résultats suggèrent que le catalyseur Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 est plus sélectif pour le méthanol que Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 et qu’un mode de préparation favorisant les interactions Cu–ZnO–ZrO2 peut être bénéfique pour l’activité catalytique. / In view of the climate change and the energy transition, this work is part of the ANR project VItESSE2 about renewable electric energy storage and CO2 valorization by methanol hydrogenation on copper catalysts. During this thesis, an analytical method for copper surface measurement by N2O chemisorption was developed. Based on catalytic tests at 50 bar, kinetic models for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts were elaborated. For the study of the mechanism, a diffuse reflection infrared setup was developed in order to study different catalysts for methanol synthesis and water-gas shift reaction. The setup was used for in situ catalytic tests at 34 bar under reaction flow. The study was complemented by temperature programmed desorption experiments with different probe molecules. The results suggest that the Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalyst is more selective for methanol than Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and that a preparation method which favors Cu–ZnO–ZrO2 interactions can be beneficial for catalytic activity.

De nombreuses mesures pour réduire les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et plus particulièrement de CO2, existent déjà, elles restent cependant insuffisantes. C’est dans ce cadre qu’a vu le jour le projet ANR VItESSE2 visant à développer un procédé de conversion de CO2,issu de certaines industries, en méthanol par réduction à l’hydrogène produit par électrolyse de l’eau à partir d’électricité fournie par des énergies faiblement émettrices de CO2 (énergie nucléaire et les énergies renouvelables). Ce procédé permet aussi d’assurer, une fonction de gestion du système électrique en reliant la production d’hydrogène aux quantités d’électricités disponibles sur le réseau. Les principaux objectifs de la thèse sont la synthèse et la caractérisation de catalyseurs performants ainsi que la mise au point des conditions réactionnelles conduisant à la meilleure productivité en méthanol. L’optimisation des systèmes catalytiques a permis de développer un catalyseur de type CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 compétitif par rapport aux catalyseurs commerciaux actuellement sur le marché. / Numerous measures to reduce anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, already exist; however they are still insufficient. It is in this context that the ANR project VItESSE2 emerged to develop a method for converting CO2 produced by industries. The aim of this project is to transform CO2 into methanol, by reduction with hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using electricity provided by decarbonised energies (nuclear and renewable energies). This process also allows to secure a management function of the electrical grid by connecting the production of hydrogen to the available quantity of electricity in the network. The main objectives of this thesis are the synthesis and the characterization of efficient catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation into methanol and the development of reaction conditions leading to improved methanol productivity. The optimization of catalyst systems allowed to develop a CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst competitive in relation to commercial catalysts currently on the market.

Les catalyseurs à base de nanoparticules de Pd sont largement utilisés dans l’industrie des oléfines. Ceux-ci permettent d’hydrogéner les sous produits de la réaction tel que l'acétylène (C2H2) qui peut empoisonner et désactiver le catalyseur. Toutefois, le Pd, bien que très actif pour la réaction d’hydrogénation, est peu sélectif. Ainsi, l'acétylène et l'éthylène (qui sont des hydrocarbures insaturés) interagissant avec le Pd peuvent être hydrogénés en éthane (C2H6), qui est un produit toxique. Ainsi, un effort considérable est consacré à l’amélioration de la sélectivité des catalyseurs à base de Pd. Ce travail de thèse rentre dans ce cadre. Il consiste à décrire à l’échelle moléculaire les sites actifs du catalyseur au Pd et à identifier les mécanismes réactionnels qui peuvent avoir lieu. Le but étant de comprendre comment les propriétés intrinsèques du catalyseur au Pd varient avec la taille, la forme, les supports d'oxyde et l'incorporation d'additifs métalliques, afin d'améliorer leur sélectivité. L'hydrogénation de l'éthylène en acétylène est étudiée en tant que réaction prototype.Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité, via une approche périodique à l’aide du code VASP, a été appliquée à plusieurs modèles de catalyseurs de Pd. Ces modèles constitués de nanoparticules de quelques atomes (Pdn, n=1,2,..,7, 13, and 55) et de surface semi-infinie de Pd(111) ont permis d’étudier l’effet de la forme et de la taille sur les propriétés magnétiques et sur la réactivité du Pd. L’étude de la réactivité a concerné essentiellement les mécanismes d’adsorption de C2H2 et C2H4. Ensuite, étant donné que, dans les conditions réelles, les catalyseurs sont stabilisés sur des supports oxyde de type TiO2, la surface de ce dernier a été considérée dans nos modèles. Ainsi, les propriétés électroniques et la réactivité des nanoparticules libres et supportées ont pu être comparées pour mettre en évidence l’effet du support. Enfin, dans le but d’améliorer la sélectivité du Pd, et de prédire un catalyseur performant, des additifs de type métaux de transition (M avec M=Au, Ag, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe etc..) ont été considérés. En effet, en misant sur les effets de synergie qui peuvent se produire pour des couples bimétalliques grâce aux modifications des densités électroniques, il a été possible de prédire des combinaisons de métaux (PdM) dont les propriétés électroniques sont différentes de celles des éléments pris séparément. L’étude des chemins réactionnel et l’identification des barrières d’activation semblent indiquer que les systèmes Pd-Fe et Pd-Co sont des candidats intéressants. / The catalysts based on Pd nanoparticles are widely used in the olefin purification industry. This allows to hydrogenate the by-products of the reaction such as acetylene (C2H2), which can poison and deactivate the catalyst. Although Pd-based catalysts are very active for the hydrogenation reaction, they have a low selectivity. Thus, acetylene and ethylene (which are unsaturated hydrocarbons) interacting with the Pd-catalysts may be hydrogenated to ethane (C2H6), which is a toxic product. Considerable effort is devoted to improve the selectivity of catalysts based on Pd. The present thesis is within this framework. It describes at the molecular level the active sites of Pd-model catalysts and identifies the reaction mechanisms. The goal is to understand how the intrinsic properties of Pd catalyst vary with different size and shape, oxide supports and incorporation of metal additives, in order to improve their selectivity. The hydrogenation of ethylene to acetylene is studied as a prototype reaction. To achieve the goal, periodic Density Functional Theory approach, as implemented in the VASP code, was applied to several Pd-catalysts models. These models include nanoparticles of few atoms (Pdn, n=1,..,7, 13, and 55) and semi-infinite Pd surface (111). They were used to study the effect of the shape and size on the magnetic and electronic properties, and their influence on the reaction pathways. The first step in the reaction mechanism is the adsorption of C2H2 and C2H4. Therefore, the adsorption mechanism was also examined for various magnetic isomers of Pdn structures. Because in the real conditions, the catalysts are often stabilized on TiO2 oxide supports, the surface of the latter was considered in our models. Thus, the electronic properties and reactivity of free and supported Pd-nanoparticles could be compared to reveal the effect of the support. Finally, in order to improve the selectivity of Pd, and predict an effective catalyst, transition metals additives (M = Au, Ag, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe etc...) have been considered. Indeed, building on the synergies that can occur for bimetallic couples through changes in electron densities, it was possible to predict combinations of metals (PdM) whose electronic properties are different from those of their monometalic counterpart. The study of reaction pathways and identification of activation barriers suggest that Pd-Fe and Pd-Co systems are the best candidates.

The anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the atmosphere, mainly through the combustion of fossil fuels, has resulted in a balance disturbance of the carbon cycle. Overwhelming scientific evidence proves that the escalating level of atmospheric CO2 is deemed as the main culprit for global warming and climate change. It is thus imperative to develop viable CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies to reduce CO2 emissions, which is also essential to avoid the potential devastating effects in future. The drawbacks of energy-cost, corrosion and inefficiency for amine-based wet-scrubbing systems which are currently used in industry, have prompted the exploration of alternative approaches for CCS. Extensive efforts have been dedicated to the development of functional porous materials, such as activated carbons, zeolites, porous organic polymers, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to capture CO2. However, these adsorbents are limited by either poor selectivity for CO2 separation from gas mixtures or low CO2 adsorption capacity. Therefore, it is still highly demanding to design next-generation adsorbent materials fulfilling the requirements of high CO2 selectivity and enough CO2 capacity, as well as high water/moisture stability under practical conditions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been positioned at the forefront of this area as a promising type of candidate amongst various porous materials. This is triggered by the modularity and functionality of pore size, pore walls and inner surface of MOFs by use of crystal engineering approaches. In this work, several effective strategies, such as incorporating 1,2,3-triazole groups as moderate Lewis base centers into MOFs and employing flexible azamacrocycle-based ligands to build MOFs, demonstrate to be promising ways to enhance CO2 uptake capacity and CO2 separation ability of porous MOFs. It is revealed through in-depth studies on counter-intuitive experimental observations that the local electric field favours more than the richness of exposed nitrogen atoms for the interactions between MOFs and CO2 molecules, which provides a new perspective for future design of new MOFs and other types of porous materials for CO2 capture. Meanwhile, to address the water/moisture stability issue of MOFs, remote stabilization of copper paddlewheel clusters is achieved by strengthening the bonding between organic ligands and triangular inorganic copper trimers, which in turn enhances the stability of the whole MOF network and provides a better understanding of the mechanism promoting prospective suitable MOFs with enhanced water stability. In contrast with CO2 capture by sorbent materials, the chemical transformation of the captured CO2 into value-added products represents an alternative which is attractive and sustainable, and has been of escalating interest. The nanospace within MOFs not only provides the inner porosity for CO2 capture, but also engenders accessible room for substrate molecules for catalytic purpose. It is demonstrated that high catalytic efficiency for chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates under ambient conditions is achieved on MOF-based nanoreactors featuring a high-density of well-oriented Lewis active sites. Furthermore, described for the first time is that CO2 can be successfully inserted into aryl C-H bonds of a MOF to generate carboxylate groups. This proof-of-concept study contributes a different perspective to the current landscape of CO2 capture and transformation. In closing, the overarching goal of this work is not only to seek efficient MOF adsorbents for CO2 capture, but also to present a new yet attractive scenario of CO2 utilization on MOF platforms.