Zweidimensionale (2D) Materialien bieten eine Vielzahl von neuartigen Eigenschaften und sind aussichtsreich Kandidaten für ein breites Spektrum an Anwendungen. Da hexagonales Bornitrid (h-BN) für eine Integration in Heterostrukturen mit anderen 2D Materialien geeignet ist, erweckte dieses in letzter Zeit großes Interesse. Insbesondere van-der-Waals-Heterostrukturen, welche h-BN und Graphen verbinden, weisen viele potenzielle Vorteile auf, verbleiben in ihrer großflächigen Herstellung von kontinuierlichen Filmen allerdings problematisch. Diese Dissertation stellt eine Untersuchung betreffend des Wachstums von h-BN und vertikalen Heterostrukturen von Graphen und h-BN auf Ni-Substraten durch Molekularstrahlepitaxie (MBE) vor. Zuerst wurde das Wachstum von h-BN mittels elementarer B- und N-Quellen auf Ni als Wachstumssubstrat untersucht. Kristalline h-BN-Schichten konnten durch Raman-spektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Wachstumsparameter für kontinuierliche und atomar dünne Schichten wurden erlangt. Das Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsverhalten so wie die strukturelle Güte von h-BN wurden mittels einer systemischen Veränderung der Wachstumstemperatur und -dauer untersucht. Die entsprechenden Beobachtungen wie der Änderungen der bevorzugten Keimbildungszentren, der Kristallgröße und der Bedeckung des h-BN wurden diskutiert. Ein Wachstum von großflächigen vertikalen h-BN/Graphen Heterostrukturen (h-BN auf Graphen) konnte mittels einem neuartigen, MBE-basierenden Verfahren demonstriert werden, welche es h-BN und Graphen jeweils erlaubt sich in der vorteilhaften Wachstumsumgebung, welche von Ni bereitgestellt wird, zu formen. In diesem Verfahren formt sich Graphen an der Schnittstelle von h-BN und Ni durch Präzipitation von zuvor in der Ni-Schicht eingebrachten C-Atomen. Schließlich konnte noch ein großflächiges Wachstum von Graphen/h-BN-Heterostrukturen (Graphen auf h-BN) durch das direkte abscheiden von C auf MBE-gewachsenen h-BN gezeigt werden. / Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a variety of novel properties and have shown great promise to be used in a wide range of applications. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has attracted significant attention due to its suitability for integration into heterostructures with other 2D materials. In particular, van der Waals heterostructures combining h-BN and graphene offer many potential advantages, but remain difficult to produce as continuous films over large areas. This thesis presents an investigation regarding the growth of h-BN and vertical heterostructures of graphene and h-BN on Ni substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The growth of h-BN from elemental sources of B and N was investigated initially by using Ni as the growth substrate. The presence of crystalline h-BN was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. Growth parameters resulting in continuous and atomically thin h-BN films were obtained. By systematically varying the growth temperature and time the structural quality as well as the nucleation and growth behavior of h-BN was studied. Corresponding observations such as changes in preferred nucleation site, crystallite size, and coverage of h-BN were discussed. Growth of h-BN/graphene vertical heterostructures (h-BN on graphene) over large areas was demonstrated by employing a novel MBE-based technique, which allows both h-BN and graphene to form in the favorable growth environment provided by Ni. In this technique, graphene forms at the interface of h-BN/Ni via the precipitation of C atoms previously dissolved in the thin Ni film. No evidence for the formation of BCN alloy could be found. Additionally, the suitability of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy for characterization of h-BN/graphene heterostructures was demonstrated. Finally, growth of large-area graphene/h-BN heterostructures (graphene on h-BN) was demonstrated via the direct deposition of C on top of MBE-grown h-BN.

After the experimental discovery of graphene at the beginning of the 21st century, many other interesting 2D materials have been discovered. However, the electrical and optical properties of these layers are greatly influenced by the composition and quality of the surrounding materials. In order to preserve the exceptional properties of thin films, attention has gradually been drawn to heterostructures from 2D composite materials. This thesis describes the preparation and characterization of heterostructures composed of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. In addition, a specific focus will be placed on optimizing the production process of heterostructures by the dry thin film transfer process, prepared by micromechanical exfoliation. Characterization and quality of prepared layers are controlled by Raman spectroscopy, while morphology is examined by atomic force microscope (AFM). Furthermore, the electrical properties of the graphene-hBN device are discussed and the charge carrier of the graphene field-effect transistor is measured.

No description available.

Основными технологическими и трудно определяемыми примесями в h-BN выступают углерод и кислород. На производстве возникает необходимость в контроле качества с высоким пространственным разрешением как отдельных нанослоев h-BN, так и готовых гетероструктур на его основе. Целью работы является разработка способа неразрушающего контроля дефектности и примесного состава тонких слоев h-BN методами комбинационного рассеяния света и катодолюминесцентной спектрометрии. Выполнен литературный обзор особенностей материала гексагонального нитрида бора и его люминесцентных свойств. Проведены измерения исследуемых образцов при помощи рамановского спектрометра, сканирующего электронного микроскопа с катодолюминесцентной приставкой и электронно-зондового микроанализатора. Выполнен анализ полученных результатов. / The main technological and difficult-to-determine impurities in h-BN are carbon and oxygen. In production, there is a need for quality control with high spatial resolution of both individual h-BN nanolayers and heterostructures based on it. The aim of the work is to develop a method for non-destructive testing of the defects and impurity composition of h-BN thin layers by Raman scattering and cathodoluminescence spectrometry. A literature review of the features of the material of hexagonal boron nitride and its luminescent properties is performed. The samples were measured using a Raman spectrometer, a scanning electron microscope with a cathodoluminescent attachment, and an electron probe microanalyzer. The analysis of the obtained results is performed. Areas of application: diagnostics and quality control.

This thesis aims to investigate the coefficient of friction between steel on steel contacts with the addition of solid lubricants such as h-BN, WS2, MoS2 in powder form, in dry conditions and wet conditions. More specifically, the purpose is to enhance the sliding between the piston rings and cylinder block in a modern high temperature steam engine developed by RANOTOR. The friction test was carried out as a linear sliding test with determined loads and sliding speed. Hertzian contact theory was deployed to calculate contact pressure and shear stresses to make sure the contact was elastic, alternatively plastic. It was found that WS2 and  MoS2 lowered the coefficient of friction quite heavily in dry conditions, acting as a thin protective-lubricating film. h-BN performed rather poorly, increasing the coefficient of friction. In a water slurry, none of the powders managed to decrease the COF due to the particles not interacting with the surfaces.The solid lubricants tested should be further tested as coatings since they acted like it in dry conditions. / Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka friktionskoefficienten i stålkontakter med tillsats av fasta smörjmedel som  h-BN, WS2, MoS2 i pulverform, under torra och våta förhållanden. Mer specifikt är syftet att förbättra glidningen mellan kolvringarna och insidan av cylindern i en modern högtemperatur-ångmotor utvecklad av RANOTOR. Friktionstestet genomfördes som ett linjärt glidtest med bestämda belastningar och glidhastighet. Hertzian-kontaktteorin användes för att beräkna kontakttryck och skjuvspänningar för att säkerställa att kontakten var elastisk alternativt plastisk. Det visade sig att WS2och MoS2 kraftigt sänkte friktionskoefficienten under torra förhållanden genom att agera som en tunn skyddande-smörjfilm. h-BN presterade dåligt och ökade friktionskoefficienten. I vattenblandning lyckades inget av pulverna minska friktionskoefficienten eftersom partiklarna inte interagerade med ytorna. De testade fasta smörjmedlen bör vidare testas som beläggningar eftersom de fungerade som dessa under torra förhållanden.

Объекты разработки и исследования: канал лазерной стимуляции для измерения электрофизических параметров структуры Ti/TiO2-НТ/Au и канал оптической стимуляции для исследования люминесцентных свойств нанопорошка гексагонального нитрида бора. Цель работы – разработать измерительные каналы лазерной стимуляции исследуемых образцов на основе контроля и управления параметрами излучения в различных режимах в ходе экспериментальных исследований оптически стимулированных и родственных процессов в широкозонных наноструктурированных материалах. В результате работы разработан канал лазерной стимуляции для существующего комплекса по измерению вольт-амперных характеристик на базе микрозондовой станции Cascade Microtech MPS 150, а также модернизирован канал оптической стимуляции на базе люминесцентного спектрометра Perkin Elmer LS 55 со встроенной высокотемпературной приставкой. Реализованные программно-аппаратные измерительные комплексы позволили успешно применить на практике методики исследования широкозонных наноструктур посредством оптически стимулированных процессов. Полученные в ходе работы данные, как для образцов Ti/TiO2-НТ/Au, так и для наноструктурированного порошка h-BN, отлично согласуются с результатами различных исследовательских работ из независимых научных источников. / Objects of development and research: a laser stimulation channel for measuring the electrophysical parameters of the Ti/TiO2-HT/Au structure and an optical stimulation channel for studying the luminescent properties of a hexagonal boron nitride nanopowder. The aim of the work is to develop measuring channels of laser stimulation of the studied samples based on the control and operating of radiation parameters in various modes during experimental studies of optically stimulated and related processes in wide-gap nanostructured materials. As a result of the work, a laser stimulation channel was developed for the existing complex for measuring current-voltage characteristics based on the Cascade Microtech MPS 150 microprobe station, and the optical stimulation channel was modernized on the basis of a Perkin Elmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer with a built-in high-temperature attachment. The implemented software and hardware measuring systems made it possible to successfully apply in practice the methods of studying wide-gap nanostructures by means of optically stimulated processes. The data obtained during the work, both for the Ti / TiO2-NT / Au samples and for the nanostructured h-BN powder, are in excellent agreement with the results of various research works from independent scientific sources.