The researcher aimed in this study to answer the research question: how is frustration expressed by the child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in middle childhood within the classroom setting? The goal of the study was therefore to explore the expression of frustration in the child with ADHD in middle childhood within the classroom setting. The research population consisted of all children in middle childhood years who had been diagnosed with ADHD and were attending either Arthur Matthews or Montrose Primary Schools. The sampling method was purposive as subjects with these specific attributes were utilized. The extent of the investigation was limited to the observations of 20 children. The exploratory design was used in order to complete the empirical study. A checklist was used for the purpose of gathering data. This data was quantitative information on frustration expressed by children with ADHD in middle childhood, as observed by the researcher. Research results indicate that frustration plays a large role in the school life of a child diagnosed with ADHD. The findings also show that the child with ADHD directs much of his/her frustration towards him/herself. The research findings indicate that frustration that is not dealt with at an early stage will develop into aggression. In order to assist a child in dealing with his/her frustration, it is recommended that the child be taught coping mechanisms which assist him/her in ventilating frustration in a socially acceptable way. Further research into the effective implementation of teaching coping mechanisms to children in middle childhood with ADHD within the classroom setting is recommended. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) är en neuropsykiatrisk sjukdom. Klassiska symtom för ADHD är bristande impulskontroll, hyperaktivitet samt koncentrationssvårigheter. Det saknas systematiska översiktsstudier som beskriver vuxna personers erfarenheter av att leva med ADHD och dessa kan vara viktiga för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna ge en god omvårdnad.  Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna personers erfarenheter av att leva med ADHD. Metod: Åtta kvalitativa artiklar granskades och sammanställdes till denna litteraturstudie. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i ett övergripande tema: “Att uppleva ADHD både som hinder och styrka i vardagen”. Huvudtemat bestod av följande subteman: “Att utsätta sig för risker på grund av stress och dålig impulskontroll”, “Bristande impulskontroll och koncentrationssvårigheter försvårar relationer”, “Att uppleva svårigheter i skola och arbetsliv på grund av koncentrationssvårigheter”, “Att uppleva hur ADHD leder till positiva erfarenheter”, “Att uppleva stigmatisering och brist på förståelse från samhället” och “Att självkänslan och självbilden påverkas negativt”.      Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att personer med ADHD har en ökad risk för ett sämre välmående. Sjuksköterskan kan genom personcentrerad omvårdnad bidra till högre vårdkvalité. Att hitta strategier och metoder som kan bidra till att personer med ADHD får möjlighet att hantera diagnosen bättre kan sannolikt leda till ett ökat välmående men fler studier behövs. / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder. Classic symptoms of ADHD are lack of impulse control, hyperactivity and difficulty concentrating. There are no systematic reviews that describes the lived experience among adults living with ADHD. These could be important for nurses to provide good nursing care.Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the lived experience among adults living with ADHD. Methods: Eight qualitative articles were reviewed, analyzed and compiled for this literature study. Results: The analysis resulted in an overall theme: “Experience ADHD both as an obstacle and a strength in everyday life”. The main theme consisted of sub-themes: "Exposing oneself to risks due to stress and poor impulse control", "Lack of impulse control and concentrating difficulties impact on relationships", "Experiencing difficulties in school and work due to concentration difficulties", "Experiencing how ADHD leads to positive experiences”, “Experiencing stigma from lack of understanding from society” and ”That self-esteem and self-image are negatively affected ”. Conclusion: This literature study shows that people with ADHD have an increased risk for a poorer well-being. The nurse can contribute to higher quality care through person-centered nursing. Finding strategies that can help people with ADHD handle their diagnosis could lead to increased well-being, more studies are needed.

During the past 80 years, similar descriptions of a hyperactive behavior pattern in children have appeared in medical, educational, and psychological literature. Hyperactivity has been conceptualized as a character disorder, an organic disorder, and, most recently, as a behavior disorder. In this study, hyperactivity was explained in interactional terms, using Rotter's social learning theory of personality. Little consideration has been given in research to the influence of an abnormally high activity level upon personality development during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the general influence of negative interactions associated with hyperactivity upon the organization of four personality constructs: locus of control, self-esteem, trait anxiety, and state anxiety.

Bakgrunden: Skolan är en viktig del för eleverna i deras liv och det är viktigt att den möjliggör för eleven att kunna uppnå kraven som ställs på dem. I skolan har lärarna en viktig roll för elevernas lärande. Lärarna beskrivs däremot ha utmaningar att hantera elever med ADHD på grund av bristande kunskap om diagnosen. Lärarna beskrivs även ha svårigheter i att finna strategier och anpassningar för att stödja eleverna att uppnå kraven. Arbetsterapeuter beskrivs enligt tidigare forskning ha kunskap i anpassningar för att möjliggöra för eleverna att kunna utföra aktiviteter i skolan. Genom ett samarbete mellan professionerna kan lärarna få stöd i sina utmaningar att hantera eleverna i skolan. Syftet: Syftet med studien var att beskriva lärares erfarenheter av utmaningar i arbetet med elever med diagnosen ADHD. Metoden: Studien antog en kvalitativ ansats där datainsamlingsmetoden skedde genom intervjuer där det arbetsterapeutiska bedömningsinstrumentet BAS användes som grund till frågeguiden. Datamaterialet analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet: Analysen av data resulterade i fyra kategorier: Fysisk miljö; Anpassningar i skolmiljön; Social miljö; Lärares kunskap och behov av samarbete. Intervjuerna visade att det finns olika varianter av utmaningar inom den fysiska och sociala miljön, där lärarna gör olika anpassningar och tillämpar olika strategier för att möta utmaningarna. Lärarnas erfarenheter visade även att det finns utmaningar kring att hantera eleven och dess svårigheter, vilket påverkar undervisningen negativt. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien visar att lärarna upplever utmaningar i sitt arbete med elever med ADHD där de uttrycker ett behov av mer stöd och kunskap för att kunna hantera eleverna. De områden som lärarna främst upplever utmanande är anpassningar i skolmiljön och den fysiska miljön som finns inom arbetsterapeutens område. / Background: The school is an important part for the students in their lives and it is important that it enables the student to be able to achieve the demands placed on them. In school, teachers have an important role in students' learning. The teachers however, are described as having challenges dealing with students with ADHD due to a lack of knowledge about the diagnosis. The teachers are also described as having difficulties in finding strategies and adaptations to support the students to achieve the requirements. Occupational therapists are described, according to previous research, as having knowledge of adaptations to enable students to be able to perform activities at school. Through a collaboration between the professions, the teachers can receive support in their challenges of managing the students at school. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe teachers ́ experiences of challenges in working with students diagnosed with ADHD. Method: The study assumed a qualitative approach where the data collection method occurs through interviews, where the occupational therapy assessment tool BAS is used as the basis for the question guide. The data material was analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of the data resulted in four categories: Physical environment; Adaptations in school environment; Social environment; Teachers knowledge and need for collaboration. The result showed that there are different variants of challenges within the physical and social environment, where the teachers make different adaptations and apply different strategies to meet the challenges. The teachers' experiences also showed that there are challenges in dealing with the student and their difficulties, which affects the teaching negatively. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study shows that the teachers experience challenges in their work with students with ADHD where they express a need for more support and knowledge to be able to manage the students. The areas that the teachers mainly find challenging are adaptations in the school environment and the physical environment that is within the occupational therapist's field.

The study proposes an ecosystemic approach as an intervention for attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity, traditionally known as AD/HD. A literature study of AD/HD is presented first as a psycho-educational frame of reference. The focus then shifts to the symtoms of AD/DH to move closer to the possible underlying causes of these symptoms. In doing so, the focus changes from AD/HD as a diagnosis to attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity as presenting symptoms. Attention and motor activity as constructs are investigated in terms of their neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and neuro-physiological aspects. Furthermore, neurodevelopment, physiological stress, neurodevelopmental delay, information processing systems, sensory-motor subsystems and integration as constructs are investigated to understand their role in attention and modulation of motor activity. The study of attention and motor activity and their associated neurological factors motivates an alternative, ecosystemic method of intervention. The proposed approach includes an investigation into internal and external biochemical ecosystems such as environmental pollutants, deficiencies of essential nutrients and genetic deficiencies of the immune system. Other aspects such as time, maturation and neurodevelopment are also considered as well as the gentle interplay between these aspects. The therapeutic intervention includes sound therapy, neurodevelopmental movement activities, EEG neurofeedback and nutrition. Experimental research with a sample population of 12 diagnosed grade 4 and 5 AD/HD learners over a 11 week period was conducted. Statistically significant improvements in aspects of attention were noted using 2 standardised instruments and verification through parent interviews in the first and second experimental groups. Statistically significant improvements were noted in aspects of motor activity (a decline in hyperactive behaviour) in the second experimental group with verification from teacher interviews. Additionally, children in the first experimental group improved significantly more than children in the control group with regards to mathematic skills. The second experimental group showed significant improvement with large effect sizes on reading, mathematic skills and spelling. In conclusion, the statistically significant results obtained with the proposed approach motivates implementation, with improvements in attention, motor activity control and academic performance as a prospect. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) traditionally display disruptive and other associated negative behaviour in the classroom setting. Behaviour management strategies utilised by the teacher in the school environment can assist in reducing this type of behaviour that impacts negatively upon their academic performance. This research study develops and investigates the effectiveness of a programme of practical behaviour management strategies designed to reduce disruptive behaviour of learners with ADHD in the classroom. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Psychology)

The study proposes an ecosystemic approach as an intervention for attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity, traditionally known as AD/HD. A literature study of AD/HD is presented first as a psycho-educational frame of reference. The focus then shifts to the symtoms of AD/DH to move closer to the possible underlying causes of these symptoms. In doing so, the focus changes from AD/HD as a diagnosis to attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity as presenting symptoms. Attention and motor activity as constructs are investigated in terms of their neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and neuro-physiological aspects. Furthermore, neurodevelopment, physiological stress, neurodevelopmental delay, information processing systems, sensory-motor subsystems and integration as constructs are investigated to understand their role in attention and modulation of motor activity. The study of attention and motor activity and their associated neurological factors motivates an alternative, ecosystemic method of intervention. The proposed approach includes an investigation into internal and external biochemical ecosystems such as environmental pollutants, deficiencies of essential nutrients and genetic deficiencies of the immune system. Other aspects such as time, maturation and neurodevelopment are also considered as well as the gentle interplay between these aspects. The therapeutic intervention includes sound therapy, neurodevelopmental movement activities, EEG neurofeedback and nutrition. Experimental research with a sample population of 12 diagnosed grade 4 and 5 AD/HD learners over a 11 week period was conducted. Statistically significant improvements in aspects of attention were noted using 2 standardised instruments and verification through parent interviews in the first and second experimental groups. Statistically significant improvements were noted in aspects of motor activity (a decline in hyperactive behaviour) in the second experimental group with verification from teacher interviews. Additionally, children in the first experimental group improved significantly more than children in the control group with regards to mathematic skills. The second experimental group showed significant improvement with large effect sizes on reading, mathematic skills and spelling. In conclusion, the statistically significant results obtained with the proposed approach motivates implementation, with improvements in attention, motor activity control and academic performance as a prospect. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) traditionally display disruptive and other associated negative behaviour in the classroom setting. Behaviour management strategies utilised by the teacher in the school environment can assist in reducing this type of behaviour that impacts negatively upon their academic performance. This research study develops and investigates the effectiveness of a programme of practical behaviour management strategies designed to reduce disruptive behaviour of learners with ADHD in the classroom. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Psychology)

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether differences exist between reports of parental stress in Mexican American and Caucasian mothers of children with ADHD. A second purpose was to examine whether there were child and family characteristics that made unique contributions to levels of parenting stress in Mexican American parents of children with ADHD. A third purpose was to examine the role that level of acculturation plays in the Mexican American mothers' reports of stress. Dependent measures used in this study include the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

In this qualitative research study the focus is on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Three respondents specialising in sensory integration in the Durbanville area were involved. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the respondents in order to gain knowledge on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder by a professional other than an occupational therapist. After permission had been obtained, the interviews were captured on video tape and transcribed for use in the empirical study. Seven themes were identified from the interviews and a literature control was done with each of the themes. The researcher did not attempt to generalise the results of the research, but tried to reflect on the information that the respondents provided. The researcher summarised the findings of the empirical study and made recommendations. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)