Denna uppsats är ett försök att leta efter vilka konventioner som finns inom dataspelsgenren skräckspels ljuddesign. Den undersöker också fenomenet immersion och hur viktigt det är för skrämselmomenten i dagens skräckspel, och hur mycket av det som utgår ifrån ljuddesignen. Då det varit brist på forskning inom ljuddesign i dataspel i allmänhet så har den tidigare forskning som funnits inom området använts så gott det går för att undersöka både skräckspelens konventioner och fenomenet immersion. Efter att teorier, hypoteser och påståenden plockats fram spelas tre olika skräckspel igenom och där undersöks det hur vidare den tidigare forskningens konventioner stämmer och hur vidare immersion är av vikt för skräckupplevelsen. Resultaten och analysen visar på att det finns konventioner och att den tidigare forskningen därför till stor del kan bekräftas. Immersion är också av vikt men kan inte lika konkret bekräftas vara av extremt stor vikt för upplevelsen. Slutligen är det svårt att bekräfta eller förneka Foley ljudeffekters påverkan på spelupplevelsen och upplevelsen av immersion.

In this project, the perception of distance and the degree of immersion in a game, with two different visualisation techniques, have been evaluated. A bicycle simulator was used, and the game has been tested in a non-immersive virtual reality, by projecting the game on a screen, and using an immersive virtual reality by Oculus Rift. The study provides a preliminary investigation that focuses on how humans can perceive the distance, an overview of the term immersion and how to quantify this component.Regarding the study of the perception of distance, to subjects who have tested the game has been asked their perceptions of distance with respect to a given object. The immersion was studied and evaluated using a questionnaire given to each subject.The results showed an underestimation of distance in both the visualisation of the game, precisely a greater underestimation respect to real distance when the screen was used was found.The degree of immersion did not detect large differences between the two visualisation techniques.

The effects that various forms of bilingual education may have on children's reading development are of concern to parents and educators alike. In this thesis, I investigate the development of mother tongue and second language reading in two bilingual education contexts, and assess the effects of the language of initial formal reading instruction upon this development. This study examines children's reading within the home, classroom and community environments. / The research involved two Grade 1 classes mainly comparing the language of initial formal reading instruction. One site was a French immersion school offering a 50% English/50% French program in which initial formal reading instruction was in English. The second site was a French school, with a majority of anglophone students and initial formal reading instruction was in French. The participants in this study were 12 children from each class, their parents, and the classroom teachers. / Three main tools of inquiry were used: classroom observations were carried out in each of the two classes during the Grade 1 school year; samples of oral reading and retellings, in English and in French, were collected from the participating children for miscue analysis, and informal interviews were conducted with all the participants. / The analysis revealed that regardless of the language of initial formal reading instruction, the children's reading abilities developed in both languages. Children tended to feel more comfortable reading in the language in which they had been formally instructed but, despite this, meaning-construction was more effective in the mother tongue. Differences in reading abilities for both groups could be accounted for by limitations in knowledge of the second language rather than by language of initial instruction. Finally, children with initial formal reading instruction in the second language easily applied their reading abilities to reading in their mother tongue. / The conclusions drawn from this inquiry are that having supportive home and community environments, exemplary teachers and constructive classroom environments enables children to use their creative abilities and language resources to make sense of reading in two languages. It is the continuities and connections between these elements which enables children to transcend any difficulties arising from the fact that reading is being encountered in two languages.

1999 was the first year that Year 8 Maori immersion students were included in national monitoring in New Zealand. The thesis explores how bilingualism, being a second language learner, and culture impact on student performance. It details the National Education Monitoring Project�s (NEMP) efforts to create fair and valid cross-language and cross-culture assessment. The thesis looks at overseas research on the development, translation and administration of tasks and relates this to NEMP�s processes. Issues and problems that arose during the development, translation and administration of tasks are discussed. Several positions emerge from this thesis. Firstly, that despite the problems encountered, there were some clear �benefits�. Benefits lay primarily in: recognition of the complexity of cross-language and cross-cultural assessment, �improved� assessment and translation processes, professional development, new understanding and knowledge areas, identification of areas for future research and the accumulation of data (albeit in some instances problematic). Secondly, that NEMP went to great efforts to consult with and involve Maori. However, the relationship between NEMP and Maori was compromised in that some sectors within immersion education were ambivalent about participating in national monitoring. This ambivalence impacted in a number of ways on the project and the assessment of immersion students. Thirdly, that the inclusion of immersion students in national monitoring needs to be seen within the wider social, political and historical context of New Zealand. Assessment is not a neutral process. Assessment is a social and political activity that has the potential to advantage certain groups in society and disadvantage others. Fourthly, despite NEMP�s efforts to be fair, inclusive and thorough in its processes there were significant issues that compromised students� performance and the quality of the information gathered. Limited language skills of some students, cultural differences, translation and task administration problems at times worked to the disadvantage of immersion students and raise questions about the validity of some findings. Finally, I suggest that the inclusion of Maori immersion students in national monitoring is in some respects premature and unfair. In particular, questions need to be asked about the fairness and validity of making comparisons between bilingual, second language learners in Maori immersion settings and monolingual Maori students learning in English in the mainstream.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Biomedical materials are being extensively researched, and many different types such as metals, metal alloys, and polymers are being used. Currently used biomedical materials are not perfect in terms of corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and surface properties. It is not easy to fabricate from scratch new materials that can fulfill all requirements and an alternative approach is to modify the surface properties of current materials to cater to the requirements. Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is an effective and economical surface treatment technique and that can be used to enhance the surface properties of biomaterials. The unique advantage of plasma modification is that the surface properties and functionalities can be enhanced selectively while the favorable bulk attributes of the materials such as strength remain unchanged. In addition, the non-line of sight feature of PIII is appropriate for biomedical devices with complex geometries such as orthopedic implants. However, care must be exercised during the plasma treatment because low-temperature treatment is necessary for heat-sensitive materials such as polymers which typically have a low melting point and glass transition temperature. Two kinds of biomedical materials will be discussed in this thesis. One is nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy which is a promising orthopedic implant material due to its unique shape memory and superelastic properties. However, harmful ions may diffuse from the surface causing safety hazards. In this study, we investigate the properties and performance of NiTi after nitrogen and oxygen PIII in terms of the chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The XPS results show that barrier layers mainly containing TiN and TiOx are produced after nitrogen and oxygen PIII, respectively. Based on the simulated in vitro and electrochemical corrosion tests, greatly reduced ion leaching and improved corrosion resistance are accomplished by PIII. Porous NiTi is also studied because the porous structure possesses better bone ingrowth capability and compatible elastic modulus with human bones. These advantages promote better recovery in patients. However, higher risks of Ni leaching are expected due to the increased exposed surface area and rougher topography than dense and smooth finished NiTi. We successfully apply PIII to porous NiTi and in vitro tests confirm good cytocompatibility of the materials. The other type of biomedical materials studied here is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) which is a potential material for use in immunoassay plates and biosensors. In these applications, active antibodies or enzymes attached to a surface to detect molecules of interests by means of specific interactions are required. Moreover, the retention of enzyme activity is crucial in these applications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the use of PIII to prepare UHMWPE surfaces for binding of active proteins in terms of the binding density and ‘shelf life’ of the treated surfaces. Argon and nitrogen PIII treatments are attempted to modify the surface of UHMWPE. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is selected to conduct the protein binding test since it is a convenient protein to assay. Experimental results show that both PIII treated surfaces significantly improve the density of active HRP bound to the surface after incubation in buffer containing HRP. Furthermore, the PIII treated surfaces are found to perform better than a commercially available protein binding surface and the shelf life of the PIII treated surfaces under ambient conditions is at least six months. In conclusion, a biocompatible barrier layer on NiTi and a protein binding surface on UHMWPE is synthesized by PIII. The surface properties such as corrosion resistance and functionality on these two different types of substrates are improved by PIII.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Tübingen.

<p>I den här uppsatsen redovisar jag min undersökning av inlevelse (immersion) och vad det är som bryter den. En spelvärld är tänkt att stödja spelarens inlevelse, inte bryta den, ”creatures do not exist in a vacuum” (Carter, K). Jag lägger fram olika avbrott (Design avbrott, Grafiska avbrott och Effekt avbrott ) mot inlevelse i spel baserade på litteratur och artiklar av b.la. Adams E, Carter K och Sutherland J. Jag undersöker sedan vilka eller vilket avbrott som spelare anser påverkar inlevelse mest. Jag jobbar både kvalitativt och kvantitativt utifrån hypotesen att designbrott är det inlevelsebrott spelare anser påverkar inlevelse mest negativt. Resultaten visar att hypotesen stämmer men också att det är stora skillnader i hur de olika brotten uppfattas beroende på vilken typ av spel de förekommer i. En bra story i ett spel ansågs mycket viktigare i ett rollspel än i ett Fps-spel (first person shooter).</p>

Les structures étudiées sont des tubes en fibres de verre ou de carbone imprégnés de résine époxy et mis en oeuvre par enroulement filamentaire. Ces tubes sont immergés à différentes températures et on étudie leur comportement hygro-thermo-mécanique à l’aide d’essais de caractérisation et de modélisations tenant compte de différents schémas de diffusion. En premier lieu, la morphologie du matériau est analysée par microscopie et microtomographie aux rayons X. Elle révèle des porosités parfois importantes qui influent sur la cinétique de diffusion des matériaux. Une caractérisation mécanique à l’aide d’essais sur tubes sollicités en pression avec et sans effet de fond permet de mettre en évidence une grande variabilité du champ de déformation à la surface des tubes. En complément, des analyses par DMA permettent de quantifier l’effet du vieillissement sur les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux. Plusieurs protocoles expérimentaux sont mis en place afin de quantifier l’effet des contraintes de fabrication et de service sur la diffusion et sur la dilatation hygroscopique des matériaux employés. On étudie la cinétique de reprise en eau et les variations dimensionnelles d’anneaux composites et de tubes sous pression. On constate un ensemble de réponses dépendant du type de fibre de renfort et de la température de vieillissement. On discute de la pertinence de la loi d’Arrhenius afin d’exprimer le coefficient de diffusion en fonction de la température pour les essais d’immersion. Des modélisations de la cinétique de diffusion basées sur la loi de Fick sont identifiées et améliorées afin de mieux représenter les expériences. / The structures studied are tubes made of fiberglass or carbon impregnated with epoxy resin and manufactured by filament winding. These tubes are immersed at different temperatures and their hygrothermomechanical behavior is studied by means of characterization tests taking various diffusion patterns into account. First, the morphology of the material is analyzed by microscopy and X-ray micro-tomography. It reveals porosities which may affect significantly the diffusion kinetics of materials. Mechanical characterization by means of pressuretested tube tests with and without background effect makes it possible to demonstrate a great variability of the strain field at the surface of the tubes. In addition, DMA analyzes allow to quantify the effect of aging on the mechanical properties of materials. Several experimental protocols are set up to quantify the effect of manufacturing and service stress state on the diffusion and moisture expansion of the materials used. The kinetics of water absorption and geometric variations of composite rings and pressure tubes are studied. A set of responses is observed depending on the type of reinforcing fiber and the aging temperature. The relevance of Arrhenius' law is discussed in order to express the diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature for immersion tests. Diffusion kinetics models based on Fick's law are identified and improved to better represent the experiments.

Orientador: Aparecida Conceição Boliani / Resumo: A romãzeira (Punica granatum L.), espécie exótica no Brasil, possui grande potencial para exploração comercial por apresentar inúmeras atividades medicinais e nutracêuticas. Porém, sua produção de mudas via sementes não se encontra totalmente elucidada na literatura. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do armazenamento e de tratamentos pré-germinativos na emergência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de romãzeira. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório do Departamento de Fitotecnia, Tecnologia de Alimentos e Sócio-Economia, da UNESP - Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, de agosto a dezembro de 2015. Foram coletados frutos de romã cv. Comum fisiologicamente maduros de pomar comercial localizado no município de Presidente Prudente - SP. Avaliaram-se até estabilização da emergência: início, porcentagem, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de emergência. Aos 50 dias após a semeadura avaliaram-se: número de folhas; diâmetro do caule; comprimento do sistema radicular e da parte aérea e massa de matéria fresca e seca total. Para o experimento de armazenamento (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias em embalagens de sacos de polietileno transparentes, sacos de papel brancos, e frascos de vidro), em um lote das sementes não foi retirado a sarcotesta. Para os experimentos de escarificação e imersão em água (0, 12, 24 e 48 horas) e em GA3 (0, 500, 1000 e 1500 mg L-1), a escarificação em um lote das sementes foi feita com lixa de nº 100. A sarcotesta das sementes de todos experimentos foi retirada utilizando a pre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

I den här uppsatsen redovisar jag min undersökning av inlevelse (immersion) och vad det är som bryter den. En spelvärld är tänkt att stödja spelarens inlevelse, inte bryta den, ”creatures do not exist in a vacuum” (Carter, K). Jag lägger fram olika avbrott (Design avbrott, Grafiska avbrott och Effekt avbrott ) mot inlevelse i spel baserade på litteratur och artiklar av b.la. Adams E, Carter K och Sutherland J. Jag undersöker sedan vilka eller vilket avbrott som spelare anser påverkar inlevelse mest. Jag jobbar både kvalitativt och kvantitativt utifrån hypotesen att designbrott är det inlevelsebrott spelare anser påverkar inlevelse mest negativt. Resultaten visar att hypotesen stämmer men också att det är stora skillnader i hur de olika brotten uppfattas beroende på vilken typ av spel de förekommer i. En bra story i ett spel ansågs mycket viktigare i ett rollspel än i ett Fps-spel (first person shooter).