[pt] Os modelos clássicos da Moderna Teoria de Finanças são apoiados na racionalidade, onde o investidor utiliza a curva de utilidade para maximizar seu bem estar. No entanto, diversos estudos revelam que nem sempre o processo decisório ocorre de maneira racional, levando o investidor, muitas vezes, a decisões equivocadas. As chamadas Finanças Comportamentais surgem para contestar o pressuposto da racionalidade ilimitada. Ela incorpora a psicologia e a sociologia aos modelos clássicos com o objetivo de melhor entender o processo decisório no ambiente de finanças. Este trabalho pretende analisar alguns aspectos comportamentais e comparar a susceptibilidade de dois grupos de investidores a esses aspectos: os investidores institucionais e os investidores individuais. Para comparar e testar essa susceptibilidade, foram enviados questionários aos dois grupos de investidores. As respostas foram analisadas através de testes estatísticos. Os testes indicaram que os investidores individuais estão suscetíveis a mais vieses comportamentais do que os investidores institucionais. / [en] The classical models of the Modern Finance Theory are based on the rationality, where the investor uses the utility curve to maximize his wealth. However, many studies show that the decision process does not always occur in a rational manner, leading the investor, many times, to wrong decisions. The Behavior Finance appears to question the assumption of the unlimited rationality. It incorporates the psychology and the sociology to the classical models with the purpose of better understanding the decision process in the financial environmental. This work intends to analyze certain behavior aspects and compare the susceptibility of two groups of investors to such aspects: the institutional investors and the individual investors. To compare and test such susceptibility, questionnaires have been sent to such two groups of investors. The answers were analyzed through statistics tests. Such tests indicated that the individual investors are more susceptible to behavior tendencies then institutional investors.

La constante baisse de l’actionnariat individuel en France est qualifiée d’énigme. Les ménages français participent faiblement aux marchés d’actions. Les entreprises éprouvent des difficultés à attirer de nouveaux investisseurs individuels, or l’actionnariat individuel est apprécié pour sa fidélité et son engagement. L’action est un produit financier et d’image qui offre une source de financement stable et durable pour les entreprises, les systèmes de retraite et les investissements à long terme. Les décisions financières et d’investissements sont nourries par la finance moderne et la finance comportementale. Bien que des contradictions existent sur leurs hypothèses fondatrices, ces courants partagent une même conception de la valeur intrinsèque d’un actif financier, une valeur objective déterminée essentiellement par les attributs monétaires du produit, limitant ainsi l’individu dans ses choix et décisions. Notre recherche explore le comportement de l’investisseur individuel en mobilisant le cadre conceptuel de la valeur perçue développé par la littérature en marketing. Nous proposons un modèle de comportement d’achat d’actions de l’investisseur individuel pour examiner les relations entre les attributs des actions et les bénéfices perçus. Ce modèle permet de comprendre le processus de formation de la valeur perçue de l’investisseur individuel qui détermine sa décision d’achat d’actions. Notre démarche exploratoire utilise une méthode mixte pour étudier le contexte de l’actionnaire individuel français détenteur d’actions en direct. Les résultats relèvent l’existence de familles d’attributs du produit action, d’une typologie de bénéfices perçus, et des liens entre attributs et bénéfices faisant ressortir des profils d’investisseurs individuels. Notre recherche éclaire davantage le processus de choix et de décision d’achat d’actions de l’investisseur individuel, et propose aux acteurs du marketing financier une segmentation des investisseurs individuels par les bénéfices perçus afin d’adapter leurs offres de produits et services financiers envers cette cible. / The constant decline of individual shareholders is a French puzzle. French households participate feebly in equity markets. Companies find it difficult to attract new individual investors, even though they are valued for their loyalty and commitment. A share is a financial and image products that provides a sustainable source of finance for businesses, retirement systems, and long-term investments. Financial and investment decisions are framed by modern finance and behavioral finance. Although they are contradictory on their founding assumptions, these streams share the same conception of the intrinsic value of a financial asset, an objective value determined essentially by the monetary attributes, thus limiting the individual in his choices and decisions. Our research explores the behavior of the individual investor through applying the conceptual framework of the perceived value developed by the marketing literature. We propose an individual investor's stock behavior model to examine the relationship between stock attributes and perceived benefits. This model allows understanding the process of the formation of the perceived value of the individual investor, which determines his decision to buy shares. Our exploratory approach uses a mixed method to study the context of the French individual shareholder holding registered shares. The results highlight the existence of families of shares’ attributes, a typology of perceived benefits, and links between attributes and benefits that exhibiting individual investor profiles. Our research sheds new light on the individual investor's decision-making and buying process, and offers financial marketers a segmentation of individual investors based on the perceived benefits, allowing them to tailor their financial products and services offerings towards this target.

This thesis studies how the investor attention proxied by Google search volume affects different aspects of market behavior. My results show that a surge in online attention is associated with an increase in trading activity and stock price volatility, but no effect is detected for daily returns. Yet, if market sentiment is taken into account, the relationship comes to the surface for returns as well. The returns tend to decrease with attention hikes in negative sentiment periods and the opposite is observed for periods of positive sentiment, suggesting that Google web search captures predominately attention of sentiment investors. Moreover, I demonstrate that with the outburst of financial crisis, the interdependence between attention and trading activity was intensified. Lastly, I provide evidence that web search may shed some light on IPO-related puzzles. The initial returns seem to be higher for IPOs that receive above average attention, and are likely to be reversed in long-term. In addition, it is ascertained that web search volume may act as a proxy for market overreaction to the offerings. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cette thèse consiste en trois chapitres distincts. Dans le premier chapitre, je teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle le format d'affichage de l'information financière affecte les décisions des investisseurs individuels. Je montre qu'un affichage plus efficace permet aux individus de mieux gérer leurs ordres à cours limité en minimisant le risque de sélection adverse encouru en utilisant ces ordres. Cela suggère que les investisseurs individuels ont une rationalité limitée. Dans le second chapitre, je teste si les stratégies de trading apporteuses de liquidité peuvent générer des profits, après coûts de transactions, pour les traders actifs qui les implémentent. Je montre que seuls les individus situés dans le plus haut décile de performance peuvent battre le marché de façon persistante en utilisant des stratégies hautement contrariantes qui nécessitent l'utilisation massive d'ordres à cours limité. Les limites-à-l'arbitrage semblent expliquer ce phénomène. Dans le troisième chapitre, j'étudie les stratégies des individus autour des annonces de résultats. Je montre que les allers-retours qui sont implémentés un jour avant une annonce génèrent en moyenne des profits plus élevés et sont plus courts en durée que ceux implémentés en temps normal. Les individus clôturent leurs positions gagnantes le jour de l'annonce, ce qui peut ralentir l'ajustement des prix suite à l'annonce. / This thesis is made of three distinct chapters. In the first chapter, I test whether the display format of financial information matters for the individual investor. I find that a more efficient information display allows investors to increase returns on their limit orders, because it becomes easier for them to mitigate the risk of adverse selection when trading with those orders. My findings suggest that retail investors have bounded rationality. In the second chapter I test whether liquidity provision to the market can be a profitable strategy, after fees, for active retail investors. I find that only individuals ranked in the top decile of performance can persistently beat the market using highly contrarian limit order strategies. Limits-to-arbitrage seem to explain why these top retail investors exploit trading opportunities before other more sophisticated arbitrageurs. In the third chapter, I study the retail trading strategies around stock earnings announcements. I find that round-trips started one day before an announcement are more profitable and much shorter in duration than those started during the non-announcement period. Retails reverse their winning trades on the event date, which can slow down the adjustment of prices to new information.

Who can survive longer and what factors could prolong the trading life of individual investors in the market? This is the questions we ask in the dissertation. Based on our knowledge, there is not any research about the issue of survival analysis on analyzing individual investors in stock market. The paper classifies three possibilities could affect the trading life of investors: personal characteristics, trading behavior, and market condition. In the dissertation, we use tick-by-tick transaction data from the Taiwan Stock Exchange to profile survivors versus non-survivors, to investigate how the traders’ characteristics (such as, gender), trading behaviors (such as the degree of diversification, trading amount and trading frequency) and market condition affect the trading life of investors. We borrow the proportional hazard models proposed by Cox (1972) who used in bio-statistics to analyze the survival rate. Using the Kaplan-Meier curves for male and female, we find that survival functions and hazard rates of female investors have better survival prognosis than the male investors. Different timing of entering results in distinct patterns of survival curves and hazard rates. Investors entering that market in the bull and bear market have a larger survival rate than those who enter the market in normal time during the trading life from 1 to 7 years. Moreover, as the trading life increases larger 7 year, the three curves of bull, bear and normal market conditions, respectively, appear to get closer, suggesting that if trading life is shorter than 7 years, the investors entering in the bull and bear markets seemly have lower hazard ratio than that in the normal market to leave the market. Finally, the results of Cox’s proportional hazard model show that female investors stay in the market 74 days longer than the male. Trading cycle increasing by one day will prolong the traders in the market by 4.8 days. Average volume per trade measured in ten thousands does not have economic effect on the trading duration, although its estimate is statistically significant. A one percentage increase of portfolio return will reduce about 151 days of the trading life. One more stock in the portfolio will prolong about 133 days in the trading life. The effect on the trading duration of trading performance of those who enter in the bull market is positive. / Who can survive longer and what factors could prolong the trading life of individual investors in the market? This is the questions we ask in the dissertation. Based on our knowledge, there is not any research about the issue of survival analysis on analyzing individual investors in stock market. The paper classifies three possibilities could affect the trading life of investors: personal characteristics, trading behavior, and market condition. In the dissertation, we use tick-by-tick transaction data from the Taiwan Stock Exchange to profile survivors versus non-survivors, to investigate how the traders’ characteristics (such as, gender), trading behaviors (such as the degree of diversification, trading amount and trading frequency) and market condition affect the trading life of investors. We borrow the proportional hazard models proposed by Cox (1972) who used in bio-statistics to analyze the survival rate. Using the Kaplan-Meier curves for male and female, we find that survival functions and hazard rates of female investors have better survival prognosis than the male investors. Different timing of entering results in distinct patterns of survival curves and hazard rates. Investors entering that market in the bull and bear market have a larger survival rate than those who enter the market in normal time during the trading life from 1 to 7 years. Moreover, as the trading life increases larger 7 year, the three curves of bull, bear and normal market conditions, respectively, appear to get closer, suggesting that if trading life is shorter than 7 years, the investors entering in the bull and bear markets seemly have lower hazard ratio than that in the normal market to leave the market. Finally, the results of Cox’s proportional hazard model show that female investors stay in the market 74 days longer than the male. Trading cycle increasing by one day will prolong the traders in the market by 4.8 days. Average volume per trade measured in ten thousands does not have economic effect on the trading duration, although its estimate is statistically significant. A one percentage increase of portfolio return will reduce about 151 days of the trading life. One more stock in the portfolio will prolong about 133 days in the trading life. The effect on the trading duration of trading performance of those who enter in the bull market is positive.

L’equity crowdfunding (ECF) est un mode d’investissement récent, accessible au grand public, qui a pour caractéristiques de se dérouler en ligne, au sein d’une communauté virtuelle, dans l’environnement d’une plateforme intermédiaire.Ce travail doctoral a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le comportement des investisseurs particuliers qui achètent des produits financiers en ECF, les crowdinvestors.En s’inscrivant dans le courant de la valeur de consommation, cette recherche contribue à définir les sources de valorisation d’investissement en ECF et en étudie spécifiquement la dimension participative et son influence sur la décision d’investissement.Une revue de littérature en finance entrepreneuriale sur le profil, les motivations, le comportement d’investissement et les facteurs d’influence de la décision d’investissement des crowdinvestors est proposée. Une enquête exploratoire reposant sur 13 entretiens et une étude empirique testant un modèle d’équations structurelles sur la base de 436 questionnaires, ont été menées auprès de membres de la plateforme d’ECF française WiSEED.L’analyse des données menée avec l’approche PLS montre que la valeur perçue de l’expérience de participation a une influence significative sur la valorisation de l’investissement, mais pas sur la décision d’investissement. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle central de l’expertise subjective du capital-amorçage des individus comme antécédent de la décision d’investissement, de la valorisation de l’expérience de participation et de l’engagement dans la communauté en ligne. Enfin, les résultats indiquent que le risque perçu n’est pas un modérateur du modèle tandis que la sophistication de l’investisseur en est un. / Equity crowdfunding is a recent investment mode, opening acces to venture capital to unsophisticated investors. ECF allows platform-based online investment within a virtual community.This research aims to improve understanding of indivual investors financial products consumption, in the ECF context, the so-called crowdinvestors.Building on consumption value theory, this research helps defining ECF-investment value sources for crowdinvestors. It focuses especially on the ‘participation in community’ dimension of ECF as a determinant of various investment behaviors.A litterature review in entrepreneurial finance is presented to define profiles, motivations, investment behaviors and quality signals influencing crowdinvestors’ investment decision.To answer three main research questions, an exploratory study was conducted on 13 members on french ECF platform WiSEED. We put in evidence the difference between the investment experience and the participation in community experienceThus, an empirical study based on a theoretical model is conducted and various PLS analysis are run on a set of 436 surveys answered by WiSEED members. Results show that perceived value of participation experience has a positive and significant influence on perceived value of investment but no influence at all on investment decision.Though, we highlight the central role of individuals’ venture capital expertise both on their investment (amount and number), their engagement within the platform community and their participation experience perceived value. inally, results indicate that perceived risk is not a moderator of the model whereas investor sophistication is.

Inom den utförda studien har både finansiell data och information kring ägarstruktur gällande företag på svenska OMX Stockholm Small-Cap listan använts för att undersöka ifall andelen privata småsparare har en signifikant påverkan på volatiliteten. Volatilitet har en väsentlig roll när det kommer till aktiehandel och tidigare teorier pekar på att det finns ett flertal variabler som ligger bakom volatiliteten, småägare är en av dessa variabler. Utifrån regressionsanalysen kan andelen privata småsparare påvisas ha en signifikant påverkan på volatiliteten. Det framkom även utifrån resultaten att bolagens resultat dividerat med deras totala tillgångar var ett mått som påverkade volatiliteten. Flera variabler som enligt tidigare teori bör ha verkan på volatiliteten kunde inte påvisas att överensstämma med den här uppsatsens forskning som till exempel institutionella ägares påverkan. / In the following study both financial and ownership data have been gathered regarding companies listed on the Swedish OMX Stockholm Small-cap list to determine whether the fraction of small private investors have an significant impact on volatility. The reason is because volatility has a central role within the stock market making it an important variable. Previous theories suggest that a number of different variables that affect the volatility, where small private investors are one of them. Our regression model proves that the fraction of small private investors indeed have a significant effect on volatility. Our results also suggest that the company’s earnings divided by its total assets is a variable which alters the volatility. Multiple variables which were suggested by theories to have an impact on volatility could not be proven to be true, one of these variables were institutional owners.

This dissertation is made of four distinct chapters. In the first chapter, I consider an exogenous restriction on the ability of French trucking firms to extend payment terms to their clients. I find that they provide trade credit at the cost of lower investment, lower return on assets, and higher default risk. In the second chapter, I show that private equity funds with a longer horizon select younger companies at an earlier stage of their development. Companies which receive funding from funds with a longer horizon increase their patent stock significantly more than companies which receive funding from investors with a shorter horizon. The third chapter presents a joint work with Ron Kaniel and David Sraer. We use detailed brokerage account data to provide a quantitative exploration of the behavior of retail investors during the financial crisis of 2008. We show that investors who appear more sophisticated on these dimensions in the pre-crisis period were, in the post-crisis period, less likely to flee to safety, more likely to engage in liquidity provisions and to earn higher returns. In the fourth chapter, I develop the idea that households have an imprecise knowledge of their portfolio's exposure to systematic risk and that this leads them to make investment mistakes. This idea is tested in the context of the decision to actively trade rather than passively invest in the stock market

The topic of my diploma thesis is {\clqq}The yield, risk and liquidity of investment options{\crqq}. In the introductory part of this thesis, I define the concept of investment. Furthermore, I deal with the financial market theory and with the characteristics of the subsegments which work within this market. I also define securities, their types and specifics. The next part of the thesis is aimed at the investment strategy which should help an investor to proceed reasonably while investing. Herein, I focused on the rules of the magic triangle and on the definition of the yield, risk and liquidity. I mention the theory of the investment portfolio as well. This is followed by the description of the selected investment options divided into subchapters about individual and collective investments; this being the selection of only the most important investment instruments one can use both in the money market and in the stock market. In the rest of the thesis, I deal with the creating of an individual{\crq}s investment portfolio and with the comparison of the yield, risk and liquidity of the selected options.

[pt] O problema de como alocar ativos de forma eficiente tem sido uma das questões fundamentais em Finanças. Uma das mudanças recentes no mercado brasileiro tem sido o crescimento dos fundos de Contribuição Definida, seguindo a tendência observada em outros mercados. Entretanto, ao focalizar decisões de investimento sob o ponto de vista do investidor individual, surge a necessidade de incluir a tributação no processo de alocação de carteiras. Neste contexto, este trabalho analisa a decisão de alocação e localização preferencial para as classes de ativos, em veículos de investimento com tributação convencional, ou com diferimento de imposto, mediante a legislação local. O investidor possui dois tipos de riqueza, seu capital financeiro acumulado, e o capital humano, representado pela capacidade de gerar rendimentos futuros. A solução é obtida por alocação multiperiódica de recursos, seguindo o critério de maximização da utilidade esperada da riqueza final. Face à eficiência tributária dos fundos mútuos de ações domésticos, estes podem ser priorizados na localização externa aos planos com tributação diferida, coerente com resultados recentes para o mercado americano. Contudo, se existem diferenças nas rentabilidades das classes de ativos, nos distintos veículos de investimentos, aquela localização prioritária pode mudar, pelo menos para aplicações com objetivos a serem atingidos em prazos reduzidos. / [en] The question of how to allocate assets efficiently has been one of the central issues in Finance. As perceived in other markets, one of the recent trends in the Brazilian market has been the growth of Defined Contribution Funds. However, when focusing on investment decisions for individual investors, taxes must be taken into account. In this context, the asset allocation and location is solved for brazilian assets, when the investor has to save in both investment vehicles with conventional, and deferred taxation, according to the local rules. The investor has two kinds of wealth, the accumulated financial wealth, and the human capital, representing the cash-flows that can be produced in the future. The solution is obtained through multi-period asset allocation, for an investor maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth. Due to the tax efficiency of domestic equity mutual funds, stocks should have preferential location outside the deferred account, in accordance with recent results for the american market. However, if there are performance differences among the asset classes, within distinct investment vehicles, that preferred location may change, at least for short term investment objectives.