The purpose of this work is to summarize and explain the context around the licenses, license agreements and protection of intangible goods, with the main focus on industrial property, in particular, inventions, designs, utility models and trademarks. The first part is about clasiffication of intangible goods and characteristics of industrial property. Next part deals with the protection of intangible goods, particularly from the international point of view, i.e. international conventions and organizations. It also includes comparison of protection in the three major economic centers - Europe, USA and Japan. Next part deals with the license agreement. From the explanation of the concept of a license, through the reasons leading to such relations, to the procedure of negotiating about the license agreement and its content, including a model of patent licensing agreements.

The diploma thesis investigates issues of releasing a product on the market. It deals with its general safety and indicates its position in the area of intellectual property law. The main goal of the thesis is to offer a complex review of a means and ways of various products protection while they are being released on a consumer market by individual entrepreneuers with respect to different legal systems. One of the minor goal will discover the difficulty of product release on the market and will define in terms of legislation what each step includes and means for companies. The reader should understand the complexity of international law in the area of intellectual property law. The first chapter follows the prologue part and provide more information about the importance of product legal protection. The second chapter will enlighten complexity and difficulty of the term intellectual property itself. The third chapter is devoted to an analysis of international legal norms with respect to general legislation - international binding contracts and agreements. The fourth chapter is focused at term of trademark. The czech and european legislation will be compared. The fifth chapter describes computer legal protection and license contract. Again we will look into this issue from perspective of czech and european legislation. The sixth chapter will show the proper way of legal protection of actual american products.

This dissertation theses addresses the phenomenon of the unregistered mark for goods and services in accordance with trade mark law of the Czech Republic, while taking into consideration the given scope of EU law and its comparison with the legal protection of applied trade marks in the framework of the "passing-off" doctrine of the legal systems of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. While the subject of trade marks has already been thoroughly established in juristic theory and has also become commonplace in legal practice, the institute of the unregistered trade mark has not yet to be comprehensively examined, and as such it presents significant difficulties in applied practice, as it bears no solid legal foundation, and in the context of the regulations of trade mark law it is always possible to identify specific special entitlements arising from the existence or application of unregistered trade marks, whereas the nature of their verbal formulations and systematic classification presents difficulties in the interpretation and application of such entitlements. The basis for this reasoning is namely the historical evolution of the phenomenon of the unregistered mark in trade mark law in Austrian, respectively in subsequent Cisleithania, and its reception and evolvement within Czechoslovak law as the legal predecessor to the Czech Republic. The goal of the research presented herein is to identify answers to the underlying theoretical questions concerning unregistered marks of fundamental significance to applied practice, and in so far as they concern the nature of the unregistered mark as perceived by trade mark law and its definitional attributes, terms of origin, duration, and expiration of unregistered marks, or more precisely as they concern rights to them, as well as the terms and scope of disposition with unregistered marks, namely in so far as they in turn relate to transfer or conversion and the grant of license or other temporary right of use. Subsequently, the establishment of answers to the aforementioned questions addresses the problem of the absence of an explicit legal principle to the phenomenon of the unregistered mark and the interpretation difficulties offered in the poorly formulated laws and subsequent fluctuations in legal practice. This problem is examined within the legal setting of the Czech Republic as a democratic nation with a market economy, in which holds true the classic legal rudiment of "that which is not prohibited by law is permitted", and in which hold true the fundamental and indefeasible rights of man, a component of which is the right to freely pursue economic activities and possess property within a framework of restrictions favouring the preservation of the rights of others as set forth by the law.

The subject matter of this thesis is the analysis of the Czech pre-WW2 legislation on unfair competition as laid out by the Act on Protection against Unfair Competition 111/1927 Sb. and the vast body of work concerning its interpretation and application as contained in both doctrinal works and especially the case law of the Czechoslovak Supreme Court. The thesis then attempts to thoroughly compare these to the relevant contemporary Czech case law and theoretical works. To achieve this goal, after a thorough preliminary analysis and selection of the relevant sources (especially applicable case law), the thesis lays out the most crucial legal questions and areas of interest in which the current legal doctrine and case law have been influenced by the pre-war era. The thesis contains thorough analysis of provisions containing vague legal terms, such as "good morals of competition", "business relations" or "average consumer" and attempts to put these into the context of legislation, legal doctrine and case law of the first Czechoslovak Republic. Considerable attention is also paid to the relationship between industrial property law and the law on unfair competition. The focus has been put on providing an analysis of the foundations that had shaped the legal thinking of the first Czechoslovak Republic in...

[ES] El objeto del presente trabajo es el contrato de licencia de obtención vegetal y su estructura se articula conforme a las instituciones básicas del contrato: se inicia el estudio con el concepto, clases y notas características de la licencia; en segundo lugar, se abordan los principales elementos del régimen jurídico del contrato; en tercer lugar, se analizan los principales elementos (personales, formales y reales), la formación y la estructura del contrato; en cuarto lugar, se estudia el contenido y cumplimiento del contrato; en quinto lugar, se analiza la terminación del contrato; y, previo a las conclusiones, se delimitarán las figuras afines al contrato de licencia para explotar un determinado material vegetal. El estudio se centra en el contrato de licencia configurado sobre un título de obtención vegetal comunitario y nacional. Por ello, las referencias normativas se realizarán a la normativa europea y nacional de obtenciones vegetales y, cuando proceda, de las disposiciones del Convenio de la Unión de París sobre Obtenciones Vegetales y de Derecho comparado alemán, francés e italiano. Para analizar el derecho de obtención vegetal como objeto de un contrato de licencia es necesario abordar instituciones tan importantes como el concepto de variedad vegetal, variedad vegetal protegible, alcance de la protección y la protección provisional, con especial atención a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 19 de diciembre de 2019 y sus importantes implicaciones sobre la solicitud de protección como objeto del contrato de licencia. Quedan fuera del presente trabajo el estudio del contrato de licencia configurado sobre un derecho de propiedad industrial, distinto del de obtención vegetal, que proteja el material vegetal o cualquier conocimiento o técnica susceptible de protegerse por un secreto empresarial y dé lugar a una licencia de know-how. No obstante, se analizará la posibilidad de configurar un contrato de licencia con objeto plural en el que concurran, además de un derecho de obtención vegetal, una patente, una marca o un secreto empresarial. El análisis del contenido del contrato se realizará desde el punto de vista contractual y antitrust. En cuanto al análisis antitrust, al tratarse el contrato de licencia de obtención vegetal de un acuerdo de transferencia de tecnología será de aplicación el Reglamento (UE) N.º 316/2014 de la Comisión de 21 de marzo de 2014 relativo a la aplicación del artículo 101, apartado 3, del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea a determinadas categorías de acuerdos de transferencia de tecnología. Sin embargo, se hace referencia también a acuerdos de comercialización del derecho, sobre los que recae el análisis antitrust conforme a las disposiciones del Reglamento (UE) 2022/720 de la Comisión de 10 de mayo de 2022 relativo a la aplicación del artículo 101, apartado 3, del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea a determinadas categorías de acuerdos verticales y prácticas concertadas. / [CA] L'objecte d¿aquest treball és el contracte de llicència d'obtenció vegetal i la seua estructura s'articula conforme a les institucions bàsiques del contracte: s'inicia l'estudi amb el concepte, classes i notes característiques de la llicència; en segon lloc, s'aborden els principals elements del règim jurídic del contracte; en tercer lloc, s'analitzen els principals elements (personals, formals i reals), la formació i l'estructura del contracte; en quart lloc, s'estudia el contingut i compliment del contracte; en cinqué lloc, s'analitza la finalització del contracte; i, abans de les conclusions, s'analitzaran les figures afins al contracte de llicència per a explotar un determinat material vegetal. L'estudi es centra en el contracte de llicència configurat sobre un títol d'obtenció vegetal comunitari i nacional. Per això, les referències normatives es realitzaran a la normativa europea i nacional d'obtencions vegetals i les disposicions del Conveni de la Unió de París sobre Obtencions Vegetals i de Dret comparat alemany, francés e italià. Per analitzar el dret d'obtenció vegetal com a objecte d'un contracte de llicència és necessari abordar institucions tan importants com el concepte de varietat vegetal, varietat vegetal protegible, l¿abast de la protecció i la protecció provisional, amb especial atenció a la sentència del Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea de 19 de desembre de 2019 i les seues implicacions sobre la sol·licitud de protecció com a objecte del contracte de llicència. Queden fora d¿aquest treball l'estudi del contracte de llicència configurat sobre un dret de propietat industrial, diferent del d'obtenció vegetal, que protegisca el material vegetal o qualsevol coneixement o tècnica susceptible de protegir-se per un secret empresarial i done lloc a una llicència de know-how. No obstant això, s'analitzarà la possibilitat de configurar un contracte de llicència amb objecte plural en el qual concórreguen, a més d'un dret d'obtenció vegetal, una patent, una marca o un secret empresarial. L'anàlisi del contingut del contracte es realitzarà des del punt de vista contractual i antitrust. Quant a l'anàlisi antitrust, en tractar-se el contracte de llicència d'obtenció vegetal d'un acord de transferència de tecnologia serà aplicable el Reglament (UE) Núm. 316/2014 de la Comissió de 21 de març de 2014 relatiu a l'aplicació de l'article 101, apartat 3, del Tractat de Funcionament de la Unió Europea a determinades categories d'acords de transferència de tecnologia. No obstant això, es fa referència també a acords de comercialització del dret, sobre els que recau l'anàlisi antitrust conforme a les disposicions del Reglament (UE) 2022/720 de la Comissió de 10 de maig de 2022 relatiu a l'aplicació de l'article 101, apartat 3, del Tractat de Funcionament de la Unió Europea a determinades categories d'acords verticals i pràctiques concertades. / [EN] The aim of this research is the license agreement of plant variety rights, whose structure is articulated according to the basic elements of the contract: the study begins with the concept, types and characteristics of the license; secondly, the main elements of the legal regime of the contract are analysed, ; thirdly, its main elements, negotiation and structure are examined; fourthly, the content of the contract is studied; fifthly, the termination of the contract is analysed; and, prior to the conclusions, the related contracts to the license to exploit a certain plant material will be delimited. The study focuses on the license agreement of a community and national plant variety right. Therefore, European and national plant variety legislation references will be made, and, where appropriate, also references to the provisions of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and comparative German, French and Italian law will be made. To analyse the plant variety right as the subject matter of a license agreement, it is necessary to explain such important elements as the concept of plant variety, scope of rights and provisional protection, with special attention to the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 19 December 2019, and its consequences on the application for protection as the subject matter of a license agreement. It will not be included in the scope of this research, the analysis of the license agreement stablished on an intellectual property right, different from a plant variety right, which protects any knowledge or technique which can be protected by a trade secret and gives rise to a know-how license. Nonetheless, the possibility of negotiating a license agreement with different intellectual property rights in which, in addition to a plant variety right, a patent, a trademark or a trade secret could be involved, will be also analysed. The analysis of the content of the contract will be carried out from a contractual and antitrust point of view. Regarding the antitrust analysis, since the plant variety license is a technology transfer agreement, Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014 of 21 March 2014 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of technology transfer agreements will be applicable to the plant variety license. Furthermore, it is necessary to bear in mind that the antitrust analysis of commercialisation agreements should be made according to the Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/720 of 10 May 2022 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices. / Miranda Ribera, E. (2023). El contrato de licencia de obtención vegetal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196879

The thesis is focused on a specific area of intellectual property field, namely the system of protection of Intellectual property whose current form has been shaped by the international organizations, especially by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). There has therefore been allocated extra space in the thesis to make the reader familiar with these respective organizations, especially with their organizational structure, decision-making procedures and activities. Important part of the thesis is analysis of current relations between WIPO and WTO, including its negative aspects. The thesis also contains section devoted to possible future development of the relations between WIPO and WTO.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio Marcondes Pereira.pdf: 1480347 bytes, checksum: b307b079d2871a83048c85db80ef8da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04 / Comparative Advertising is theme presented in their constituent aspects, as social phenomenon with reflexes in the economy, in the culture and in the Brazilian system of laws. The exam of the history of the advertising and the several ways as it has been conceived in the last years contribute to delimit the comparative method as a specific technique. Technique marked by the line of the aggressiveness in the formulation of the advertising messages that, under excuse of being mere fruit of the imagination and of the professionals' creativity in it involved, it has the unequivocal purpose of invigoration the economic function. The use of the technique, though, it is absent-minded of concerns with their effects in the sphere of the rights of the contestants, of the own professionals of the area of the publicity, of the consumers and of the citizens in general. The form how the advertising is collected by the legal system ― in the constitutional plan and in the statutory law plan ― it comes as vector to incite inquiries on the licitness of the comparative advertising in Brazil. The possible answer is among the many themes developed in the work, among the ones which, for instance, the fundamental rights, the freedom of expression and communication, the repression rules to the disloyal competition, the prohibition of the right abuse and the respect to the copyright. Starting from those juridical categories, the text shows the perplexity between professionals of the marketing areas and jurists on that aggressive advertising technique. Defenders and opponents of Comparative Advertising are characters of that plot of trade and consumerism of the current communication order. Strong and convincing arguments developed by those characters, solitary of the experience and of conflicts of interests, they allow the choice of an answer to the inquiry on the licitness of the comparative advertising in the Brazilian law / Publicidade Comparativa é tema apresentado em seus aspectos constitutivos, como fenômeno social com reflexos na economia, na cultura e na ordem jurídica brasileira. O exame da história da publicidade e as várias maneiras como vem sendo concebida nos últimos anos contribuem para delimitar a publicidade comparativa como uma técnica específica. Técnica marcada pelo traço da agressividade na formulação das mensagens publicitária que, sob pretexto de ser mero fruto da imaginação e da criatividade dos profissionais nela envolvidos, tem o inequívoco propósito de fortalecimento da sua função econômica. O uso da técnica, todavia, é abstraído de preocupações com os seus efeitos na esfera dos direitos dos concorrentes, dos próprios profissionais da área da publicidade, dos consumidores e dos cidadãos em geral. A forma como a publicidade é recolhida pelo ordenamento jurídico ― no plano constitucional e no plano infraconstitucional ― apresenta-se como vetor para incitar indagações sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no Brasil. A resposta possível está entre os muitos temas enfeixados no trabalho, dentre os quais, por exemplo, os direitos fundamentais, a liberdade de expressão e comunicação, as regras de repressão à concorrência desleal, a proibição do abuso de direito e o respeito ao direito autoral. A partir dessas categorias jurídicas, o texto mostra a perplexidade reinante entre profissionais das áreas de marketing e publicidade e juristas sobre essa técnica publicitária agressiva. Defensores e opositores dela ― Publicidade Comparativa ― são personagens dessa trama mercadológica e consumista da atual ordem comunicacional. Argumentos fortes e convincentes desenvolvidos por essas personagens, retirados da experiência e de conflitos de interesses, permitem a escolha de uma resposta à indagação sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Neves de Carvalho.pdf: 1819884 bytes, checksum: 743f5d09de2989d46ea6b1219468c007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / This essay is dedicated to the study of two empiric phenomena resulting from the use of the mark in the consumer market: acquisition and loss of trademark distinctiveness. The first part is dedicated of the study of acquisition of trademark distinctiveness which could happen in two possibilities: secondary meaning and notoriety. First of all, is addressed the distinctiveness, as the main trademark function and its condition of validity for granting the trademark registration. In the first case, the acquisition of distinctiveness of a trademark occurs by the factual phenomenon known as secondary meaning, in which a descriptive sign, apparently not distinctive, through its prolonged use on the market, acquired a secondary meaning as a distinctive brand, being therefore susceptible for trademark registration. In the second type of acquired distinctiveness, a common trademark can become notorious, renowned and with high commercial prestige within the consumer market through the trademark owner´s advertising investments, which receives special trademark protection: well-known mark within its commercial activity branch, and famous mark, which receives legal protection in all classes of goods and services. The Second Part of this work is dedicated to the study of the loss of distinctiveness of a trademark which may occur in two situations: genericism and dilution. The first situation, genericism, is the factual phenomenon opposed to the secondary meaning, in which, the trademark owner's behavior to promote its brand, results into semantic synonymous and descriptive of the product or service marked by the renowned trademark. The second situation of the loss of trademark distinctiveness is called the dilution phenomenon, which can occurs in three situations: the improper use of a high-renowned trademark in different goods and services marked by the original brand (blurring), the harm to a high-renowned trademark reputation (tarnishment) and the disparagement of a high-renowned trademark in promotional campaigns made by competitors / A presente dissertação analisa dois fenômenos fáticos decorrentes da utilização de uma marca no mercado consumidor: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. A Primeira Parte dedica-se ao estudo da aquisição de distintividade marcária que pode acontecer em duas hipóteses: significado secundário e notoriedade. Primeiramente, é abordada a distintividade como principal função marcária e condição de validade para a concessão do registro marcário. Na primeira hipótese, a aquisição de distintividade de um sinal marcário ocorre pelo fenômeno fático conhecido como secondary meaning, na qual um sinal descritivo, aparentemente não distintivo, face ao uso prolongado no mercado, adquire uma significação secundária como marca distintiva no mercado consumidor, tornando-se passível para registro. Na segunda hipótese, um sinal marcário comum, face aos elevados investimentos publicitários do titular, torna-se tão conhecido dentro do mercado consumidor, que recebe proteção especial: marca notoriamente conhecida dentro de seu ramo de atividade comercial, e marca de alto renome que possui proteção legal em todas as classes de produtos e serviços. A Segunda Parte deste trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da perda de distintividade de uma marca, o que poderá ocorrer em duas hipóteses: degeneração e diluição. A primeira situação, que é o fenômeno fático oposto ao significado secundário, ocorre pela degeneração, na qual, face ao comportamento do titular, ao promover sua marca, esta se transforma em sinônimo semântico do produto ou serviço assinalado por ela. A segunda situação de perda de distintividade ocorre pelo fenômeno da diluição, que pode se dar em três possibilidades: uso indevido de uma marca de renome em bens diversos daqueles assinalados pela marca original (ofuscação ou turvação), ofensa à reputação da marca de renome (maculação), ou adulteração desta marca em campanhas promocionais feita pelos concorrentes (propaganda comparativa)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Marchetti Marcondes.pdf: 1347987 bytes, checksum: 064a7cffc09bde12d7bad74a6152d70f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / This work analyzes the assessment of income tax (IR) on amounts received as royalties under trademark and patent license agreements from a Brazilian tax law perspective. Based on a general scenario, methodological cuts were made and key concepts and premises defined to place marks, inventions, utility models and transgenic microorganisms within the universe of intangible assets. The work also examines the forms of protection granted by the State to these figures (patents and registrations) and the resulting considerations (capital gains and royalties), before entering the specific field of Tax Law. In reliance on the constitutional concept of income and on the contours given by supplementary legislation, an analysis was made of the different modes of income tax assessment on royalties derived from trademark and patent license agreements and of the applicable deductibility rules. Finally, the application of the transfer pricing rules and of international treaties for the avoidance of double taxation was reviewed with respect to royalties received by beneficiaries domiciled in Brazil and abroad, when one of the parties resides in Brazil and the other does not. Concluding, the situations in which income tax is levied and the scope and lawfulness of the restrictions imposed by the maker of ordinary laws at the moment the income tax base is determined were delineated within the current prevailing system of laws / O trabalho analisa a incidência do Imposto sobre a Renda (IR) sobre as quantias recebidas a título de royalties em decorrência da outorga de licença de uso de marcas e de patentes no Direito Tributário brasileiro. Para tanto, partiu-se de um panorama geral, no qual foram feitos cortes metodológicos, definidos premissas e conceitos-chave com a finalidade de situar as marcas, invenções, modelos de utilidade e micro-organismos transgênicos no universo dos bens imateriais. Tal trabalho passou ainda pelo exame das formas de proteção concedidas pelo Estado a essas figuras (patentes e registros) e pelas contraprestações delas decorrentes (ganhos de capital e royalties), antes de adentrar no campo específico do Direito Tributário. Nessa seara, com fundamento no conceito constitucionalmente pressuposto de renda e nos contornos dados pela legislação complementar, foi feita uma análise da incidência do IR nas suas diferentes modalidades sobre os royalties resultantes de contratos de licença de uso de marcas e de patentes e as regras aplicáveis de dedutibilidade. Por fim, ainda foi examinada a aplicação das regras de preços de transferência e dos tratados internacionais para evitar a dupla tributação da renda em relação aos royalties percebidos por beneficiário domiciliado no Brasil e no exterior, quando uma das partes reside no País e a outra não. Como conclusão, foram delimitados as situações de incidência do IR, o alcance e a legitimidade das restrições impostas pelo legislador infraconstituicional no momento da apuração da base de cálculo do imposto, tendo em vista a atual ordem jurídica em vigor

L'étude de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles permet de dynamiser le schéma contractuel classique de la propriété intellectuelle reposant sur le couple cession-licence et contribue à l'analyse du mécanisme de l'apport en société. Malgré une similitude certaine avec les contrats usuels d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, l'apport des créations intellectuelles en société est une convention originale. Cette originalité se traduit par une nature et un régime hybrides. Du point de vue du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, il s'agit d'un contrat particulier d'exploitation des biens intellectuels. Du point de vue du droit de sociétés, il s'agit du contrat qui permet de mettre les biens intellectuels à la disposition de la société et de l'un des éléments constitutifs de celle-ci. Cette dualité a une incidence directe tant sur les conditions de réalisation de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles que sur les effets de l'apport. Si le régime applicable s'appuie sur celui des contrats classiques d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, à savoir sur les règles prévues par le droit civil pour le contrat de vente et de louage des choses, il n'y a pourtant pas assimilation. D'une part, la réalisation de la convention d'apport obéit à de nombreuses contraintes dont celles résultant du droit des sociétés et du droit de la concurrence. D'autre part, l'appréhension des droits et des obligations des parties est différente. La relation entre la société et l'apporteur est imprégnée de l'intuitu personae inhérente aux biens intellectuels et de l'affectio societatis dû à la nature du contrat de société. En l'absence d'une règlementation adaptée à la spécificité du contrat, la liberté contractuelle s'exerce dans le respect des principes d'ordre public. / The study of the contribution agreement dynamizes the classic contractual scheme of intellectual property exploitation based on the pair licence- assignment and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanism of the contribution to a company. Despite a certain similarity to conventional intellectual property exploitation contracts, the contribution agreement is an original contract. This originality is reflected legally by a hybrid nature as well as a heterogeneous applicable system. Regarding intellectual property, the contribution agreement is a specific act of exploitation of intellectual goods. Regarding company law, it is the agreement which enables delivery of the intellectual goods to the company and constitutes an essential element of the company¿s constitution. This duality directly affects the conditions of contract formation as well as its effects. Although the applicable system is based on the traditional contracts of exploitation of intellectual goods, in particular the articles of civil law relating the sale and lease of tangible assets, there is no further similarity. On the one hand, the formation of the contribution agreement follows numerous constraints posed by company law and competition law. On the other hand, the understanding of the parties¿ rights and obligations differs. The relationship between the company and the contributor is imbued with the intuitu personae attached to intellectual goods as well as the affectio societatis resulting from the nature of the partnership agreement. Given the lack of regulation adapted to the specificity of intellectual property contribution agreements, the emphasis has been put on contract drafting. Such a legal deficiency must be supplemented by contractual freedom without breaking the principles of public policy.