À deux reprises au cours de son œuvre, le philosophe contemporain Gabriel Marcel, mentionne que F étiquette d’existentialiste chrétien qu’on lui a accolée ne lui convient pas. En effet, bien qu’il rejette d’emblée toute étiquette, il consent néanmoins à celle de néosocratisme. Bien que cette affirmation soit claire, le philosophe français ne développe pas ce sujet laissant ainsi plus d’interrogations que de réponses. Voilà donc que le défi est lancé: vérifier, envers et contre tous, cette déclaration. Ayant entendu cet appel marcellien, nous nous proposons au cours de cette thèse de relever ce défi, ce que personne n’a encore osé tenter.

L'arrivée d'Hugo Châvez en tant que président du Venezuela a provoqué des changements importants en Amérique latine. Il a été porté au pouvoir par les couches paupérisées de son pays en promouvant des changements importants qui assureraient une redistribution plus équitable des richesses. Dans le but de se maintenir au pouvoir et de garantir la continuité de sa révolution, M. Châvez a tissé des alliances avec des gouvernements qui suivraient son penchant idéologique, qu'il a nommé le socialisme bolivarien. Il est donc pertinent de se demander dans quelles mesures l'évolution de la politique étrangère du Venezuela a eu des conséquences à l'échelle de l'Amérique latine depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir d'Hugo Châvez. Le développement d'une politique étrangère fondée sur l'antiaméricanisme, la pétrodiplomatie et le développement de liens de dépendance avec plusieurs pays alliés a modifié les liens traditionnels que le Venezuela entretenait avec la majorité de ses voisins. Plusieurs pays amis s'étant ralliés à la cause de Châvez se sont volontairement détachés de toute forme d'influence occidentale tout en développant des liens économiques et politiques importants avec le Venezuela pour créer une nouvelle forme d'intégration régionale. Certains pays, comme la Colombie, ont développé des relations conflictuelles avec le gouvernement chavésien car leurs intérêts ont été menacés par l'agrandissement de la sphère d'influence de ce dernier. Néanmoins, d'autres pays, particulièrement le Brésil, ont été capables d'offrir un alternatif crédible au socialisme bolivarien. Cette évolution a aussi promu l'amenuisement de l'influence américaine en Amérique latine en favorisant une intégration régionale d'origine vénézuélienne, brésilienne ou latino-américaine. De plus, cette réduction d'influence a permis l'intégration de plusieurs nouveaux acteurs à l'échelle régionale, notamment la Chine et la Russie. Cette recherche a permis de déterminer que toute modification rapide de ces liens pourrait avoir des conséquences importantes au Venezuela, autant à l'échelle internationale que nationale.

Cette recherche contribue à la compréhension du comportement d'achat de la famille française d’origine maghrébine. Elle étudie l’influence des paramètres socioculturels dans la prise de décision d’achat familiale. Notre hypothèse principale de travail repose sur l'existence d'une relation entre les pratiques culturelles, cultuelles et la prise de décision d’achat de ce type de famille. Pour explorer cette relation, des variables endogènes et exogènes qui jouent un rôle ont été isolé, dans la probabilité du choix d’un bien précis. Pour cela nous avons mené une étude de terrain sur un échantillon de 120 couples. L’analyse des résultats nous a permet de répondre aux principales interrogations et d’instaurer un modèle décisionnel. / This research contributes to understanding the purchasing behavior of the French family of North African origin. She studies the influence of socio-cultural parameters in the decision to purchase family. Our main working hypothesis is based on the existence of a relationship between cultural, religious practices and the decision to purchase that type of family. To explore the relationship of endogenous and exogenous variables that play a role have been isolated in the probability of choosing a specific property. To do this we conducted a field study on a sample of 120 couples. The analysis of results allows us to answer the main question and create a decision model.

The thesis: "The easiest thing of all is to pass judgement on what has a solid substantial content; it is more difficult to grasp it and most of all difficult to do both together and produce the systematic exposition of it". (Hegel). Since at least 1960 there has been a considerable amount of critical attention paid to Beckett. Besides articles, reviews, chapters and paragraphs, by 1979 more, than sixty books had been published devoted exclusively to him. A lot of this critical work has been of the highest standard and certainly it is hard to imagine how a serious appreciation of Beckett could survive without it. But it is my opinion that at the heart of his writing there is an inescapable mass of involvement with the fundamental issues of existence that has yet to be dealt with adequately. In this thesis I intend to attack this central core of Beckett's work by associating it with the discipline which, by definition, operates in the same area - philosophy. This will provide a new "reading" of Beckett and at the same time show how far philosophical analogy can illuminate a writer.

M.A. / White-collar crime has had a significant impact on the economy and the quality of life of all the citizens of this country. The emphasis in addressing this problem has traditionally been on the limitation of risk to commit white-collar crime as well ason the 'typical' characteristics of white-collar offenders. The aim of this study was to understand this phenomenon from a different perspective: the ecosystems that have an influence on the causation and maintenance of white-collar crime. To determine which ecosystems played a role the researcher interviewed white-collar criminals who had already been convicted, and were serving prison sentences in the Gauteng Province. They were from both sexes, different race groups, different ages and they had committed different types of white-collar crime. The following ecosystems and subsystems were identified as contributing to causation and maintenance of white-collar crime: the individual: behaviour, emotion and relationships (in general and specific relationships). The bank environment Opportunity, as an element of all the systems, was also identified as a contributing factor. The researcher also identified two patterns in which the ecosystems interact. Different white-collar crime processes are indicated through these patterns. The main difference between these patterns is that some people commit the crime because they consider it to be the best solution to problem situation whereas other people commit the crime only because the opportunity to do so, exists. Most of the findings in the interviews can be confirmed by existing literature although there were some findings for which literature can't indicate a direct relationship. Recommendations are aimed at addressing the dynamics between the ecosystems as identified by the respondents. The most important aspect to bear in mind is that people do not function in isolation and constantly influence each other. We are co-creators of our reality and can therefore influence our environment by what we contribute to it through interaction and dialogue.

This dissertation traces the emergence of the air raid shelter as the paradigmatic architecture of air defense under the Nationalist Party government in China during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945). More broadly, it explores how air defense in general became an integral technology for the Nationalists’ “war of resistance and reconstruction” (kangzhan jianguo), a fascist project derived from total war, the globally circulating military-political idea that modern wars would enlist the entire populations and economies of nations in warfare while subjecting national populations and infrastructures to equally comprehensive violence. The Nationalists joined the world in confronting aerial bombing after the Empire of Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932. In response, the government and its military constructed air defense, a political and technological complex combining mass mobilization, through air raid drills and air defense organizations, with material technologies, like searchlights, anti-aircraft guns, and bomb shelters. The Nationalists found in air defense more than a military technology. To them, it also offered a set of tools and resources for fortifying their flailing attempts to unite China in a common national project, and even recasting the substance of that project. Air defense could forge a new society that invested all Chinese people in war as a necessary precondition for overcoming China’s colonial subjection. Where democratic institutions collapsed and appeals to common heritage and customs failed, the Nationalists used air defense to turn survival (shengcun) into the bedrock value of the national community. Meanwhile, a group of young architects associated with the journal Xin jianzhu in Canton identified air defense as an organizing problem for the nascent professional field of architecture. Rather than the stale historicism endorsed in Nanjing, and against China’s craft building traditions, the group championed modernist architecture, especially the International Style, whose principles of simplicity, functionalism, and rationality they saw as necessary for building modern, industrial, and hygienic Chinese cities capable of enhancing human life. Moreover, they argued that the technological instrumentality informing modernism made it the only style capable of preserving Chinese cities and people from modern threats like bombing. After the fall of Canton in 1938, members of the group took their mission to Chongqing, where they joined the Nationalist government in building air defenses in the wartime capital. In particular, this dissertation argues that the air raid shelter and air defense focused contradictions in the Nationalists’ fascist project for uniting and revolutionizing China as it traveled to Chongqing following the Nationalist escape from Japan’s invasion of the coast. Over the course of the War of Resistance, the principal technology of air defense shifted away from mass mobilization, as the Nationalists came to administer refugees and displaced people they had never governed before, and became located in infrastructure like city plans and air raid shelters. Air defense served to exclude surplus populations like women and the elderly, rendered redundant according to the state’s wartime needs for industrial production and conscripts, by dispersing them in satellite settlements outside the city, from which they constantly returned in search of work or material goods. Shoddy air raid shelters, in the meantime, revealed the fragile biology of real bodies beneath the fascist fantasy of the heroic political subject, as shelters failed to provide for basic needs like respiration. Over time, these two problems collided, as the state closed shelters in the city to dispersed people, exposing surplus populations to bombing, while civilians also languished in shelters that could still kill them. The goal of building national unity through survival collapsed into a confusion of inclusion and exclusion, life and death, with disastrous results, like the asphyxiation of around one thousand people in Chongqing’s largest public air raid shelter in June 1941. In these circumstances, professionals like the Cantonese architects and new state regulatory bodies produced proposals and standards for building better shelters, offering a technological resolution of air defense’s political contradictions and consolidating the transformation of air defense into a technical expertise.

This dissertation traces the emergence of the air raid shelter as the paradigmatic architecture of air defense under the Nationalist Party government in China during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945). More broadly, it explores how air defense in general became an integral part of the Nationalists’ “war of resistance and reconstruction” (kangzhan jianguo), a fascist project derived from total war, the globally circulating military-political idea holding that modern warfare would enlist entire nations and their economies in war while also subjecting them to comprehensive enemy violence. The Nationalists joined the world in confronting aerial bombing after the Empire of Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932. In response, the government and its military constructed air defense, a political and technological complex combining mass mobilization, through air raid drills and air defense organizations, with material technologies, like searchlights, anti-aircraft guns, and bomb shelters. The Nationalists found in air defense more than a military technology. To them, it also offered a set of tools and resources for fortifying their flailing attempts to unite China in a common national project, and even recasting the substance of that project. Air defense could forge a new society that invested all Chinese people in war as a necessary precondition for overcoming China’s colonial subjection. Where democratic institutions collapsed and appeals to common heritage and customs failed, the Nationalists used air defense to turn survival (shengcun) into the bedrock value of the national community. Meanwhile, a group of young architects associated with the journal Xin jianzhu in Canton identified air defense as an organizing problem for the nascent professional field of architecture. Rather than the stale historicism endorsed in Nanjing, and against China’s craft building traditions, the group championed modernist architecture, especially the International Style, whose principles of simplicity, functionalism, and rationality they saw as necessary for building modern, industrial, and hygienic Chinese cities capable of enhancing human life. Moreover, they argued that the technological instrumentality informing modernism made it the only style capable of preserving Chinese cities and people from modern threats like bombing. After the fall of Canton in 1938, members of the group took their mission to Chongqing, where they joined the Nationalist government in building air defenses in the wartime capital. In particular, this dissertation argues that the air raid shelter and air defense focused contradictions in the Nationalists’ fascist project for uniting and revolutionizing China as it traveled to Chongqing following the Nationalist escape from Japan’s invasion of the coast. Over the course of the war, the principal technology of air defense shifted away from mass mobilization, as the Nationalists came to administer refugees and displaced people they had never governed before, and became located in infrastructure like city plans and air raid shelters. Air defense served to exclude surplus populations like women and the elderly, rendered redundant according to the state’s wartime needs for industrial production and conscripts, by dispersing them in satellite settlements outside the city, from which they constantly returned in search of work or material goods. Shoddy air raid shelters, in the meantime, revealed the fragile biology of real bodies beneath the fascist fantasy of the heroic political subject, as shelters failed to provide for basic needs like respiration. Over time, these two problems collided, as the state closed shelters in the city to dispersed people, exposing surplus populations to bombing, while civilians also languished in shelters that could still kill them. The goal of building national unity through survival collapsed into a confusion of inclusion and exclusion, life and death, with disastrous results, like the asphyxiation of around one thousand people in Chongqing’s largest public air raid shelter in June 1941. In these circumstances, professionals like the Cantonese architects and new state regulatory bodies produced proposals and standards for building better shelters, attempting a technical resolution of air defense’s political contradictions and consolidating the transformation of air defense into a primarily technological discipline.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise vise à expliquer l'influence de musiques exotiques dans la composition de trois de mes œuvres récentes: 1. Cuarteto de Cuerdas pour quatuor à cordes; 2. Hódidò Atòn pour ensemble de percussions; 3.The Unknown Rails pour orchestre. La première œuvre est influencée par le flamenco espagnol, laseconde par la musique d’Afrique de l'Ouest et la troisième par la musique indonésienne. Le but n'est pas de reproduire authentiquement la musique de ces cultures, mais d'intégrer de différentes façons certaines de leurs caractéristiques à mon propre style musical. Ces diverses formes d'intégration sont exemplifiées dans le mémoire à partir d'extraits ciblés des partitions. Le mémoire comporte (1°) une introduction où sont présentés le sujet général et les objectifs spécifiques de mon travail de création, (2°) un chapitre sur le rapport aux musiques exotiques chez certains compositeurs (Debussy, Messiaen, Stockhausen), (3°) trois chapitres où sont analysés pour chaque œuvre les principes généraux de l'influence de la musique exotique sélectionnée, et (4°) une conclusion synthèse. / This master's thesis aims to explain the influence of exotic music in the composition of three of my recent works: 1. Cuarteto de Cuerdas for string quartet; 2. Hódidò Atòn for percussion instruments; 3. The Unknown Rails for orchestra. The first work is influenced by Spanish flamenco, the second by West African music and the third by Indonesian music. These influences are, however, partial. The goal is not to authentically reproduce the music of these cultures, but to integrate in some ways some of their characteristics into my own musical style. These various forms of integration are exemplified in this master's thesis from extracts targeted partitions. This master's thesis contains (1°) an introduction where the general subject and the specific objectives of my creative work are presented, (2°) a chapter on the relation to exotic music by certain composers (Debussy, Messiaen, Stockhausen), (3°) three chapters in which are analyzed for each work the general principles of the influence of the selected exotic music, and (4°) a summary conclusion.

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Ce mémoire a pour ambition d’étudier la démarche revivaliste des musiciens qui font appel à la musique Gnawa avec une vision cosmopolite, en prenant comme cas le maître Gnawi Mustapha Bakbou et la contribution de Marcus Miller. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier la créativité personnelle puisée des sources de la tradition ancestrale des anciens descendants d’esclaves de l’Afrique subsaharienne. La question de recherche est, par conséquent, en quoi les musiciens revivalistes Gnawa réinterprètent et reproduisent-ils les composantes traditionnelles Gnawa pour perpétuer l’ancestrale tradition dans le présent ? Dans ce contexte, on comprend bien que leur but est d’être des agents qui agissent pour le revivalisme musical de la musique Gnawa, issue d’une pratique traditionnelle, ce faisant, le point d’interrogation est mis sur : De quelle manière procèdent-ils pour se démarquer par leur pratique musicale revivaliste ? Quels sont les éléments utilisés en tant que moyens opérateurs pour faire revivre la tradition et quelles sont leurs motivations personnelles à travers ce revivalisme ? Sur quelle perspective esthétique se basent-ils pour présenter l’art gnawi sur une nouvelle forme particulière et innovante ? Notre étude présente les fondements caractéristiques d’une expression esthétique, exposée par des musiciens d’un groupe typique revivaliste, représentant une culture d’une communauté spécifique, et ce dans un contexte cosmopolite. En exprimant leur propre façon de recréer une tradition à travers la nouvelle stylisation du répertoire traditionnel et en explorant d’autres éléments musicaux tels que les rythmes, les notes, les instruments, et la performance vocale. Pour comprendre la démarche revivaliste de ces musiciens, le concept du cosmopolitisme esthétique élaboré par le sociologue Ulrich Beck a été employé. En effet, celui-ci indique que le cosmopolitisme est une caractéristique déterminante de la modernité réflexive, il suggère qu’il s’agit de la perspective la plus adéquate pour donner, aux réalités et contradictions globales, interconnectées et continuellement floues de l’ère moderne, une perception plus claire (Beck 2006). / This memoir aims to study the revivalist approach of musicians who use Gnawa music, taking as a case the master Gnawi Mustapha Bakbou and the contribution of Marcus Miller. The objective of this essay is to study personal creativity drawn from the sources of the ancestral tradition of the ancient descendants of slaves from sub-Saharan Africa. The research question is therefore the following: How do Gnawa revival musicians reinterpret and reproduce the traditional Gnawa components to perpetuate the ancestral tradition in the present? In this context, we understand that their goal is to be agents who act for the musical revivalism of Gnawa music from a traditional practice, in doing so, the question mark is put on what way do they proceed to stand out by their revivalist musical practice? What are the elements used as operative means to revive the tradition and what are their personal motivations through this revivalism? What aesthetic perspective are they using to present Gnawi art on a new, creative, and innovative form? Therefore, our study presents the characteristic foundations of an aesthetic expression exhibited by musicians from a typical revivalist group representing a culture of a specific community. By expressing their own way of recreating a tradition through the new stylization of the traditional repertoire by exploring other musical elements such as rhythms, notes, instruments, vocal performance. To understand the revivalist approach of these musicians, the concept of aesthetic cosmopolitanism developed by sociologist Ulrich Beck was used. Indeed, this indicates that cosmopolitanism is a defining characteristic of reflective modernity, it suggests that it is the most adequate outlook to give to the global, interconnected and continually blurred realities and contradictions of the modern era a clearer perception (Beck 2006).