Correlational research has shown the ratio of positive to negative interactions (PN ratio) between students and teachers may have an effect on the frequency and type of student behavior displayed in the context of teaching. Based on this research, PN ratio has become a prominent feature of many school improvement and teacher evaluation measures. While a variety of correlational data show a positive relationship between high PN ratios and improved student behavior in the classroom, there is little evidence assessing the extent to which instructors will increase PN ratios following didactic workshop training (relatively passive, one-session workshops with few opportunities for skill building). Additionally, the limited amount of available data suggests that increasing these ratios may be more difficult than expected. The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of two interventions used to train after-school instructors to increase PN ratios. The first intervention (workshop training) followed a didactic workshop-training model. The second intervention (coaching) included the components of the didactic workshop model with the addition of modeling, role-play, and performance feedback. In this study four instructors in an after-school program were randomly assigned to one of two groups to participate in training programs. These programs were designed to help them increase PN ratios when interacting with students during homework time in the after-school program. Group 1 received only the workshop training, and Group 2 received the workshop training as well as the coaching intervention. Instructor behaviors were recorded during 15-minute observation sessions, and PN ratios were calculated for each instructor. All observation sessions took place in the context of homework time during regularly scheduled after-school programming. The study used AB/ABC design to assess the success of the two training models. Instructors in Group 1 showed no increases in the frequency of positive interactions or PN ratios. Instructors in Group 2 showed an increased frequency of positive interactions and increased PN ratios in the coaching condition. Results are discussed in terms of increases and decreases in the daily frequency of positive and negative interactions as well as the overall increases in PN ratio.

Collaboration among higher education professors who are responsible for the education of preservice teachers is one potential solution to the problem of poor teacher preparation. Specifically, collaboration among mathematics educators and mathematicians can enhance preservice teacher preparation because it provides opportunities for preservice teachers to develop pedagogical content knowledge. However, collaborative efforts are challenging, and collaborators often face obstacles and tensions arise among the collaborative group members. Learning about ways the collaborators approach their collaborative efforts, the issues and tensions that arise, the hindering and supporting factors that affect the collaboration, and the potential outcomes of collaborative efforts provides information beneficial to higher education instructors looking to collaborate in teacher education programs. An exploratory descriptive case study was employed to answer the following research questions: 1. What approaches do a team comprised of a mathematics educator and two mathematicians use to facilitate their collaborative co-planning efforts as they prepare for and teach concurrent mathematics methods and mathematics courses for preservice middle grades mathematics teachers? 2. What factors support or hinder the collaboration? 3. In what ways does the collaboration affect the mathematics educator’s and mathematicians’ course planning and teaching? A mathematics educator and two mathematicians co-planned, and concurrently taught, courses for preservice middle grades mathematics teachers enrolled in a middle school mathematics teacher education program. Data collected from observations of planning meetings, observations of classes taught by the participants, and from interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. At the onset of the collaboration, the collaborators assumed roles that initiated the collaboration, with the mathematics educator emerging as the leader and setting the schedule and meeting agendas. However, the hierarchical roles they established ultimately led to a power imbalance, the major hindering factor of the collaboration. Other hindering factors include administrative business, lack of authority, and undefined goals. The instructors in the collaborative group formed relationships and bonded over similar challenges with the preservice teachers. The connections among the collaborators facilitated the collaboration. As a result of the collaboration, each of the instructors made planning and teaching changes in their courses. The mathematicians employed instructional strategies consistent with best practices in education, such as group work, which they had not utilized in other courses. The mathematics educator made direct connections with content the preservice teachers in her course were learning in their mathematics courses taught by her collaborators.

This research examined Facebook friendships between college/university instructors and students. Based on the development of instructor-student dual relationships, this study described instructors’ Facebook use with students. This included explanations for allowing/not allowing students, communication with students, and ethical concerns. Rooted in the theories of impression management, self-monitoring and role conflict, plus the concept of ambient awareness, hypotheses predicted relationships between instructors’ individual differences and Facebook use: (1) self-monitoring would be positively related to role conflict; and (2) self-monitoring, (3) role conflict, and (4) ambient awareness would be positively related to instructors’ self-presentation, impression management behaviors, and privacy management. Emails were sent to faculty at 270 colleges/universities throughout the U.S. and 331 instructors completed the online survey. Of these, 56.2% allowed students as friends. Open-ended answers revealed that instructors allowed students as friends to communicate, to facilitate learning about each other, and because it was difficult to decline requests. Some instructors did not allow certain students (e.g., problematic students, undergraduates). They communicated by commenting on and liking posts on students’ pages, and had ethical concerns about negative consequences. Open-ended answers revealed that instructors did not allow students as friends to maintain the professional divide and avoid favoritism, which explained their ethical concerns. Hierarchical regression analyses tested the predicted relationships. Results revealed that self-monitoring approached significance as having a positive relationship with role conflict and a negative relationship with privacy management, but was not related to self-presentation or impression management behaviors. Role conflict was not related to impression management. Awareness of students was positively related to self-presentation and impression management behaviors, but unexpectedly, perception of students’ awareness of instructors was negatively related to privacy management. A partial correlation analysis tested high/low self-monitors separately and not only replicated the results, but also revealed that high self-monitors’ perception of students’ awareness was positively correlated with self-presentation and impression management behaviors. These findings indicate that ambient awareness is related to online communication and should be studied further. This is especially intriguing since the two types of ambient awareness related differently to the three types of impression management studied in this research.

This qualitative study focuses on students and instructors who study, teach, and learn critical concepts of identity, such as gender, race, and dis/ability. The participants’ reflections on these university classroom experiences are examined in order to explore the ways they understand their encounters with privilege and power. In classes that take up discussions of identity – critical identity classrooms – the intention is often to teach, study, and learn how (our) identity or identities manifest in social life, how these manifestations can be problematized, and how these explorations can lead to social change. Often, these courses centre on discussing identity in terms of oppression, rather than investigating the intersections of privilege and oppression. A major contention of this study is that a lack of discussion about privilege in the academy enables the pervasive invisibility of many unearned social advantages to remain under-theorized and ‘invisible.’ This study questions how it is that we come to understand concepts of identity to be one-dimensional, rather than understanding privilege as dynamic and situated. Using in-depth interviews with 22 undergraduate students and 8 instructors from 2 contrasting universities, this study explores 3 main questions: (1) How do students in higher education who are engaged in critical identity studies interpret privilege, both for others and themselves? (2) How do the participants understand their experiences inside and outside the classroom to be related to notions of privilege and oppression that often arise in critical identity classrooms? (3) How does using a multi-site approach to study critical identity classroom experiences extend the ways in which students’ understandings of privilege can be explored? Using these research questions, the intersections of space/location, power, and identities as they inform notions of privilege and oppression are demonstrated. The participants’ reflections expose how questions of belonging, safety, and ‘place’ contribute to the silences around the study of privilege. The study suggests that understanding privilege and oppression as located within the same network of relations, rather than as binary opposites, will aid in making privilege more accessible as a topic of study in critical identity classrooms.

This qualitative study focuses on students and instructors who study, teach, and learn critical concepts of identity, such as gender, race, and dis/ability. The participants’ reflections on these university classroom experiences are examined in order to explore the ways they understand their encounters with privilege and power. In classes that take up discussions of identity – critical identity classrooms – the intention is often to teach, study, and learn how (our) identity or identities manifest in social life, how these manifestations can be problematized, and how these explorations can lead to social change. Often, these courses centre on discussing identity in terms of oppression, rather than investigating the intersections of privilege and oppression. A major contention of this study is that a lack of discussion about privilege in the academy enables the pervasive invisibility of many unearned social advantages to remain under-theorized and ‘invisible.’ This study questions how it is that we come to understand concepts of identity to be one-dimensional, rather than understanding privilege as dynamic and situated. Using in-depth interviews with 22 undergraduate students and 8 instructors from 2 contrasting universities, this study explores 3 main questions: (1) How do students in higher education who are engaged in critical identity studies interpret privilege, both for others and themselves? (2) How do the participants understand their experiences inside and outside the classroom to be related to notions of privilege and oppression that often arise in critical identity classrooms? (3) How does using a multi-site approach to study critical identity classroom experiences extend the ways in which students’ understandings of privilege can be explored? Using these research questions, the intersections of space/location, power, and identities as they inform notions of privilege and oppression are demonstrated. The participants’ reflections expose how questions of belonging, safety, and ‘place’ contribute to the silences around the study of privilege. The study suggests that understanding privilege and oppression as located within the same network of relations, rather than as binary opposites, will aid in making privilege more accessible as a topic of study in critical identity classrooms.

With increasing of economic scale, demography change, and life style improvement enhancement, the importance of civic education has been emphasized based on public issue aspect. It is essential for military training instructor to face the challenge to be more professional or make a transform for better change. The aim of the study is develop solutions for military training instructor to deal with the challenge of renew military class and civic education. Instead of image of authority, military training instructor should also learn how to empower self-concept and role function and obtain concurrence from both the students and society. The study participants were 600 individual who were recruited in the trial. The primary data for this study were obtained from random samples, conducted in three medical management junior colleges in the southwest Taiwan. Total 600 questionnaires were equally divided to three medical management junior colleges The gender was spilt by 134 male (23.7%) and 431 female (76.3%).Valid 565 responses for questionnaires for this program were from 600 students for a response rate of 94.2%. To investigate the issues of civic education and military class, the survey included sociodemographic measures and the concepts of cognition, emotion and affection, and behavior. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS, Version11.5 statistic software, using frequency distribution, chi-square test, t-test, and crosstable analysis. Significance was accepted at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). Conclusions¡G 1.The investigation of the concept of cognition show that overall 41.6% of students acknowledged the background and history of military class. The majority of students (72.3%) would agree the roles function of military training instructor . 2.The investigation of the concept of emotion and affection showed that the majority of students (66.7%) agreed that military training instructors would assist student for medical assistances and accident management. However, overall 32.2% of students agreed that military training instructors have sufficient affiliations to keep a good relationship with students, because military training instructors were still lake of ability of consulting and stayed in the image of rectifying deviant behaviors. 3.The investigation of the concept of behavior showed that even the image of authority is so strong, only few students obtained strong influence from military training instructors in democracy (35.0%), personality empowerment (38.2%), and patriotism (32.2%) from military class. Suggestions¡G 1.To decrease loading of military training instructor by promoting effectiveness of civic education in the class. 2.The interaction between military training instructor and students should be more involved with expectation, appreciation, and forgiveness. 3.It is essential for military training instructor to empower in specialty of military and civic education to deal with the challenge of new century civic education.

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The aim of the master paper `Interaction of pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association is to reveal the pedagogical and social factions of the instructor of an art amateurs association. The object of investigation in qualitative evaluation of the interrelation between an art amateur association and it’s instructor. The author of the paper analyses qualitative evaluation of the interrelation between the participants of an art amateur association and their instructor reveals the interaction of pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association. She also analyses the motivation of the existence of an art amateurs association – the activities of an art amateur association – means of education and artistic development. Besides, the author investigates the functions (training, teaching, education) of the instructor of an association, educating the participants. Social functions – developing skills of full value modern social communication – are also analyzed. Investigating pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association and their interrelation, the author interrogated 200 participants of art amateur associations and presented the results in tables and diagrams. The conclusion is that the aim of the pedagogical (training, teaching, education) and social (training) functions of the instructor of an art amateur association is one – to help a persona s a personality to realize his... [to full text]

Förutom att uppfylla gällande regler och riktlinjer för rollen skall den som är verksam som handledare för studenter i deras fartygsförlagda utbildning även känna ett stöd från arbetsgivare och kollegor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om handledarna upplever att de får detta stöd och även undersöka vad lärosäten, SUI och studenter kan göra för att underlätta handledningen. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer ansikte mot ansikte. Fem respondenter intervjuades var för sig mellan den 24:e februari och den 11:e mars 2014. Resultatet visade att det finns utrymme för förbättringar i form av olika sorters stöd till handledare. Majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg sig behöva mer stöd i form av utbildning, seminarier, extra avsatt tid för handledning, information om kommande studenter, deras kursplaner och förväntade studieresultat samt även att få återkoppling från studenter vid avslutad praktikperiod. / Except to fulfil the current rules and guidelines, persons that are active in the role as preceptors for students in their on board training shall experience a support from their employer and their colleges. The purpose of this study was to examine if the preceptors experience that they´re getting that support and also to examine what HEIs, internship administration and students themselves can do to support the preceptors. The study was implemented with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were carried out face to face with five respondents between February 24th and March 11th 2014. The results showed that there´re room for improvement in form of various kind of support for the preceptors. The majority of the respondents’ experience that they need better support in terms of education, seminars, extra time set aside for tutoring, information about the forthcoming students, their syllabuses and expected learning outcomes as well as receiving feedback from the students on completion of the internship.

Clinical instructors may have a negative or positive effect on student’s clinical practice. The behavioral characteristics of respiratory therapy clinical instructors are vital to the success of student’s clinical learning experience. Therefore, respiratory therapy student’s perception of the effectiveness of the clinical instructor’s behavior is an important indicator to modify and facilitate effective clinical instruction. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective clinical teaching behaviors (ECTB) perceived by undergraduate respiratory therapy (BSRT) and integrated graduate respiratory therapy (MSRT) students and to identify any similarities in their rankings. METHODS: The study used descriptive exploratory design with a self-reporting survey. The survey was administered to a convenience sample of first and second year BSRT and MSRT students attending an accredited respiratory therapy program at an urban university located in the southeastern United States. The survey consisted of 35 teaching behaviors presented on a five-point Likert scale according to importance. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Seventy-two students were surveyed, more than two-thirds of the respondents were female. Seventy-five percent of respondents studied were BSRT, which females accounted for 78% and males 22%. Graduate MSRT studied were 25% of the total sample with females and males equally split at 50%. Two thirds of MSRT students reported previous education with BSRT students reporting less than one-quarter. The study findings indicate BSRT and MSRT students’ perceptions ranking of the most important behavioral characteristics hold similarities but both perceive the ordered rank of importance differently. Both BSRT and MSRT students ranked “be approachable” as the most important clinical behavioral characteristic with mean scores and S.D respectively (M 4.89, S.D ±0.37, and M 4.94, S.D ±0.24). Additionally, BSRT students rank the characteristic “respect student as an individual” (M 4.87, S.D ±0.34) next significant while MSRT students rank “demonstrate self-control & patience” (M 4.94, S.D ±0.23) the next highest. CONCLUSION: Although BSRT and MSRT students’ perceptions demonstrated similarities, mean scores data between first year and second year show a shift in ranking between characteristics. This may be because student’s perceptions could change as they advance in their clinical course work or their past educational experience. In addition, the results may assist respiratory therapy clinical instructors to appreciate students’ views and acknowledge areas of success as well as areas needing improvement.