Human resource accounting has grown in importance over the past few years as organizations that heavily rely on their labour force and their skills seek to account for them as assets to reflect their output. Football clubs fall into that category as players are vital for the success of the team. Accounting regulations such as the UEFA financial fair play exist in order to help football clubs account for their players as intangible assets on their balance sheets. However, there are uncertainties over the effectiveness of existing regulations as youth players and Bosman players for example are exempted and there are difficulties in specifying what it is that players account for. The authors study 4 clubs that compete in Allsvenskan as well as UEFA competitions in order to determine if Swedish teams present a fair and true value of their human resources. The authors find that despite the fact that balance sheets show a great degree of consistency between clubs and all meet minimum requirements set by ruling bodies, financial reporting in football still has some way to go in order to fully reflect the true value of players.

This thesis investigates the management of social capital processes as they are accomplished-understood, experienced and shaped-by owner-managers. The aim of the thesis is to develop a deeper understanding of the management of social capital processes, to achieve a greater congruence between real-life perspectives and experiences and social capital literature. The thesis argues that social capital is situational, and in the economic situation the theory has been bounded by rational choice framing assumptions. The research problem is that claims for the universality of the economic way of looking at life, and for looking at social capital processes are over-stated. Predicated on this insight the research investigates economic notions of rationality, and low and non-rationality, as well as their inter-dependence in the management of social capital processes. The research follows a qualitative approach for data collection, with flexible pre-coding to guide the research where to look, while retaining an inductive openness to emergent data. The research population is drawn from SME owner-managers in the service and retail sectors, who were researched over two years using semi-structured interviews, observation, and by researcher participant observation. The thesis presents a number of contributions to knowledge. First, the thesis offers an in-depth, single source review explicating the meaning of the economic form of social capital, with reference to its intellectual antecedents, conceptual debates and key theoretical authors. The second (emergent research) contribution is to identify the significance of ethics and autodidactic reading for managing social capital processes. The third (theoretical) contribution argues for an expanded social capital perspective, beyond the prevailing and over-confident rational framing assumptions, and also for a new holistic ontological understanding. The fourth contribution is to identify a number of generic processes which can guide the management of social capital processes.

Frågeställning: Vilken är den procentuella förändringen av goodwill och lönsamhet sedan införandet av IFRS 3 i de båda branscherna? Finns det ett samband mellan andelen goodwill och lönsamhet i de båda branscherna? Ökar eller minskar lönsamheten av goodwillnedskrivningar? Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att med hjälp av analyser undersöka sambanden mellan goodwill och företagens lönsamhet samt få en ökad insikt i hur goodwillen och dess nedskrivning hanteras i de valda branscherna. Detta anser vi intressant då IFRS 3 har i syfte att ge internationella riktlinjer hur goodwillen ska redovisas, men på grund av subjektiva bedömningar uppstår skillnader som påverkar företagens lönsamhet. Studiens utfall kan vara av intresse för intressenter inom branscherna. Metod: Studien är genomförd med en kvantitativ metod. En statistisk analys genomförts där vi testat signifikanta samband mellan variabler. Materialet till detta är sammanställt från nio företags årsredovisningar, under en tio års period. Resultatet studerades genom sammanställningar i diagram och med regressionsanalyser. Slutsats: Studien visade att i byggnationsbranschen har räntabiliteten minskat samtidigt som goodwillen har ökat. I telekommunikationsbranschen har räntabiliteten ökat samtidigt som goodwillen minskat. Detta sedan införandet av IFRS 3. Studien visade att det finns ett samband mellan lönsamhet och goodwill i de studerade branscherna. Inget signifikant värde uppnås på nedskrivningarnas påverkan på lönsamheten vilket gör att vi inte kan uttala oss om det finns ett samband mellan dessa. / Research questions:  What is the percentage change in goodwill and profitability since the introduction of IFRS 3 in the two sectors? Is there a relationship between the proportion of goodwill and profitability in both sectors? Increases or decreases the profitability of the goodwill impairment?  Purpose: The purpose of our study is that with help of analyzes examining the relationship between goodwill and business profitability and gain a greater understanding of how the goodwill and its impairment are being handled in the selected sectors. We consider this interesting since IFRS 3 has the purpose of providing international guidelines how goodwill should be reported, but because of subjective assessments arises differences that affect corporate profitability. The study's results may be of interest to stakeholders in the sectors. Method: This study was conducted by a quantitative method. A statistical analysis has been carried out where we test the significant relationships between different variables. The material for this essay is compiled from nine companies’ annual reports, between 2005 and 2014. The results were studied by summaries of graphs and regression analysis. Conclusion: The study shows that in the construction industry has the profitability fallen while the share of goodwill has increased. The telecommunications industry has increased the return on equity while the share of goodwill has decreased. The study showed that there is a correlation between profitability and goodwill in the industries studied. No significant value was achieved in impairments impact on profitability, which means that we can not express an opinion whether there is a connection between them.

This thesis provides an overview of accounting and tax implications of long-term intangible assets from the perspective of the Czech legislation and in terms of International Accounting Standards. The text is divided into theoretical and practical. The first part describes the intangible assets in five chapters. The first of these intangible assets is generally defined in terms of Czech and international law. Other chapters deal with valuation, depreciation and decommissioning of intangible assets. The last chapter deals with the deferred taxes that are due different concepts of accounting and tax regulations in the costs and revenues. Current legislation of intangible assets described in this work is compared with the previously applicable law. The practical part consists of a number of exercises that reflect the real situation of intangible assets in a Prague company.

Capital improvement from the income tax viewpoint This work focuses on the analysis of the current legislation of capital improvement and it's interpretation by the professional public is presented, from both the view of the tax advisers and financial management. The legislation and its interpretation are evaluated and, if necessary, revisions are proposed. To attain this goal I had chosen the linguistic, historically teleological and comparative interpretation methods. At first, I focused on the definition of capital improvement and individual terms connected with it and their historical evolution. Also mentioned is the legislation tied to the accounting and here can be found the pitfalls, which the legal differences with the tax legislation can bring. Furthermore I examined depreciation of capital improvement using both linear and accelerated methods and I compared the processes with the situation without the capital improvement. Another field closely connected with depreciation and which I focused on next, was the capital improvement of foreign property. Here I outlined the latest progress by novelization of the legislation and by use of Coordination committees with the Chamber of tax Advisers. Using the comparative interpretation method I compared the Czech and Slovak legislation of the...

[pt] Esta tese busca explorar a dinâmica do processo de aprendizado organizacional e melhorar o entendimento sobre o desempenho da organização, identificando os alicerces que suportam a construção e o desenvolvimento dos ativos intangíveis e considerando o crescimento do capital social, além de propor um arranjo teórico que permita uma melhor abordagem para a perspectiva de aprendizado e crescimento do Balanced Scorecard - BSC. Com a atual dinâmica, extremamente mutável e surpreendente, dos ambientes de negócios, o entendimento e a implementação de uma organização de aprendizado são condições essenciais para que elevados níveis competitivos sejam alcançados, devido à sua maior habilidade em criar ou explorar ativos intangíveis, sustentando a capacidade de sobrevivência por longo prazo com patamares excelentes de desempenho. Assim, os mecanismos de avaliação, conjugados com o conseqüente aprimoramento ou inovação dos produtos, processos, padrões e práticas de gestão, tornam-se essenciais. Muito embora a metodologia BSC venha sendo adotada por diversas organizações como solução para a realização de uma avaliação integrada do desempenho, buscando a medição da transformação dos ativos intangíveis nos resultados, ela apresenta lacunas em relação às teorias de aprendizagem organizacional aceitas e não se aprofunda em direção às raízes desses aspectos, notadamente humanos. Mediante o estudo de organizações referenciadas como excelentes para se trabalhar e organizações praticantes de BSC, pôde-se verificar a existência de correlação positiva do nível de confiança e de aprendizado com resultados excepcionais, demandando nova revisão dessa metodologia de avaliação do desempenho, a fim de adequá-la às questões essenciais para a gestão comprometida com resultados sustentáveis na nova Era do Conhecimento. Com base na análise realizada é proposta uma nova abordagem para o modelo BSC que permita explicitar essa essência, intrinsecamente humana, que serve de alicerce para a cadeia de geração de valor que culmina nos resultados organizacionais. / [en] This doctoral dissertation explores the organizational learning process dynamics in order to improve the understanding of the organizational performance formation, identifying the foundations that would support building and developing the intangible assets, considering the growth of the social capital, but also considering a theoretical concept to a better approach of the learning and growth perspective of the Balanced Scorecard - BSC. With the current dynamics of business-oriented environments, which seems changeable and extremely surprising, the understanding and the implementation of a learning organization are key factors to achieve high competitive levels, due to the greater ability in creating or exploring intangible assets that supports the organizational surviving for a long time with excellent performance levels. Thus, the appraisal mechanisms, associated with the consequent improvement or innovation of the products, processes, standards and management practices, have become essential. Although, the Balanced Scorecard - BSC methodology has been adopted for many organizations as a solution for the accomplishment of an integrated performance evaluation, including the measurement of intangible assets´ transformation into results, the BSC still presents gaps as it is related to the notorious accepted theories of organizational learning and, besides it, the BSC does not go beyond deeper inside the mainly human roots of those aspects. It was possible to verify the positive correlation of the trust level and the learning level with exceptional results, by the study of organizations known as excellent to work and others known as practitioners of BSC. These findings are claiming for a new revision into this performance evaluation methodology in order to adjust it to those essential questions for the management´s commitment with sustainable results in the new Knowledge Age. Finally, a new approach for the BSC model is proposed, as a way to explicit the human essence which serves as foundations of the value chain that ends into organizational results.

Desde a onda de abertura de capital ocorrida com o setor de real estate brasileiro entre 2006 e 2007, a discussão em como identificar por meio de informações disponíveis ao público o valor das empresas que compõem esse importante setor se intensificou tanto entre seus gestores como nos analistas do mercado de capitais. Os modelos tradicionais de avaliação de empresas se mostraram inadequados e necessitam de adaptações para serem utilizados em empresas do setor, bem como a identificação e caracterização dos direcionadores de valor. Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver uma rotina de avaliação de empresas de Real Estate e sua relação com os direcionadores de valor, intangíveis ou tangíveis, identificando quais são os ativos que possuem maior influência na geração do valor e o porquê dessa influência, possibilitando aos investidores e analistas avaliar melhor o valor de empresas do setor. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica em conjunto com a análise dos prospectos de abertura de capital e das demonstrações financeiras disponibilizadas ao público, foi proposta uma taxonomia para medir o valor das empresas de real estate em quatro dimensões: capital de propriedade, capital humano, capital de mercado e capital relacional. Em cada dimensão foram mapeados os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que as formam e estes relacionados à geração de valor por meio de indicadores e benchmarks. / Since the wave of IPO occurred in the Brazilian real estate sector between 2006 and 2007, the discussion on how to identify by disclosure information the fair value of those companies intensified both among its managers and capital market analysts. Traditional valuation models proved inadequate and require adaptations for use in those companies, as well as the identification and characterization of value drivers. This dissertation aims to develop a routine valuation of Real Estate from the drivers of value, tangible or intangible, identifying which are the assets that have greater influence on the value generation and why this influence, enabling investors and analysts to better assess the value of companies in the sector. After a literature review as well as the analysis of the IPO Prospectus and the financial statements available to the public, taxonomy was proposed to measure the value of the real estate companies in four dimensions: property capital, human capital, market capital and relational capital. In each dimension were identified tangible and intangible assets and these related to value generation through indicators and benchmarks.

Estudo que aborda a relação entre o conhecimento e o consumo de marcas, com o propósito de avaliar sua exploração e seu impacto econômico, iniciando pelas questões da educação escolar e o seu papel formador de conhecimento. Como recurso foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica de referência nas áreas de gestão do conhecimento, comunicação e gestão de marcas na sociedade do conhecimento, cujos pertinentes conceitos foram testados através do estudo de caso de um centro de educação extra-acadêmico com enfoque nas ciências humanas, fundado na cidade de São Paulo a Casa do Saber. Foi demonstrado que, sob certas condições, marcas ligadas à exploração econômica do conhecimento podem ser desenvolvidas, praticadas e comunicadas, e, ainda, que os benefícios do investimento em conhecimento não dependem apenas da sua utilização e compartilhamento em ambientes economicamente produtivos e competitivos. / Study that addresses the relationship between knowledge and brand consumption with the aim of evaluate its exploration and economic impact starting on the field of education and its role of knowledge formation. As a tool the reference bibliographic research on the fields of knowledge management, communication and brand management were used, whose relevant concepts have been tested through the case study of a center for non-academic education with an emphasis on the humanities, founded in the city of Sao Paulo the Casa do Saber. It was shown that under certain conditions, brands associated to economic exploitation of knowledge may be developed, communicated and practiced, and that the benefits of investment in knowledge not only depends on their use and sharing in economically productive and competitive environments.

The existing literature proposes a broad spectrum of methodologies to measure firm's superior operating capabilities, referring to them under different names such as 'knowledge assets', 'intellectual capital', 'organisation capital', etc. Through the work reported in this thesis, I intend to contribute to the research field by exploring one specific measure of a firm's operating capabilities proposed by Lev, Radhakrishnan and Zhang (Abacus, 2009). These researchers empirically construct an organisation capital measure and argue it has predictive ability for future performance and is able to explain future abnormal stock returns in the USA. I extend their research to the UK. In doing so, I also critically discuss the organisation capital estimation process and propose potential improvements to the technique. I find evidence of its construct validity in the UK. I examine the organisation capital measure's predictive ability for future performance. The results suggest that this measure is positively associated with future sales growth in the UK. Additionally, the organisation capital measure seems to explain persistence of the operating income and sales of firms in the UK. Via value relevance tests, I obtain empirical evidence that the organisation capital measure is positively associated with equity market value in the UK. Moreover, it is positively associated with the earnings multiplier in value relevance tests. This finding is consistent with empirical evidence that the organisation capital measure is positively associated with one-year ahead earnings and positively affects earnings persistence in such an association in the UK. Finally, I fail to find evidence of the organisation capital measure's ability to explain future excess stock returns in the UK. This suggests that information on firm-specific operating capabilities captured by the organisation capital measure is recognised by the capital market participants and contemporaneously incorporated into stock prices. This result, however, contrasts with the Lev et al. (2009) findings in the USA that organisation capital is mispriced.

Os negócios evoluem cada vez mais aceleradamente. Essa expansão está representada pela predisposta valoração de ativos intangíveis em função dos ativos físicos. Mas a principal razão para a avaliação dos intangíveis talvez seja a gestão estratégica desses ativos. Tal desafio levou estudiosos a calcular e a mensurar o valor dos diferentes tipos de ativos intangíveis de uma entidade. Com isso, este trabalho passa a questionar-se sobre quais são os principais métodos de avaliação econômica de ativos intangíveis. Para tanto, o objetivo geral é estudar a mensuração dos ativos intangíveis e seu papel no meio empresarial. O estudo do ativo intangível torna-se fundamental dentro do atual cenário econômico mundial, vista a notória diferença entre o patrimônio contábil e o valor de mercado das empresas. A contabilidade vem se aprofundando, nas últimas décadas, no estudo do ativo intangível. Estudiosos, contadores e investidores têm buscado métodos de incorporar e divulgar, nas demonstrações financeiras, os ativos intangíveis das empresas. A pesquisa divide-se em definição de ativos; referencial teórico relativo aos ativos intangíveis e identificação e análise dos principais métodos de mensuração de ativos intangíveis. / Business is developing faster and faster these days. This expansion is represented by the predisposed valuation of intangible assets in terms of physical assets. But the main reason for the evaluation of intangible assets may be the strategic management of these assets. This challenge made scholars calculate and measure the value of different types of intangible assets of a company. Consequently, the objective of this work is to pose the question: what are the principal methods of economic valuation of intangible assets? The overall goal of this work is to study the measurement of intangible assets and their role in business. The study of intangible assets becomes crucial in the current global economic scenario, given the striking difference between the equity accounting and the market value of companies. In recent decades, accounting has been gathering strength in the study of intangible assets. Scholars, accountants and investors have sought methods to incorporate and report in the financial statements, the intangible assets of companies. The research has two aims: to define the assets, the theoretical framework related to the intangible assets and to identify and analyze the main methods of measurement of intangible assets.