Since 2005, all companies quoted at European stock exchange are obligated to report their financial statements under IFRS. As the Czech companies primarily issue their financial statements under Czech acounting standards, the bookeeping under both accounting system raise the necessity of knowledge of mutual differences. The object of this work is to bring the attention to the accounting area of tangible and intangible assets from the point of view of both systems.

Desde a onda de abertura de capital ocorrida com o setor de real estate brasileiro entre 2006 e 2007, a discussão em como identificar por meio de informações disponíveis ao público o valor das empresas que compõem esse importante setor se intensificou tanto entre seus gestores como nos analistas do mercado de capitais. Os modelos tradicionais de avaliação de empresas se mostraram inadequados e necessitam de adaptações para serem utilizados em empresas do setor, bem como a identificação e caracterização dos direcionadores de valor. Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver uma rotina de avaliação de empresas de Real Estate e sua relação com os direcionadores de valor, intangíveis ou tangíveis, identificando quais são os ativos que possuem maior influência na geração do valor e o porquê dessa influência, possibilitando aos investidores e analistas avaliar melhor o valor de empresas do setor. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica em conjunto com a análise dos prospectos de abertura de capital e das demonstrações financeiras disponibilizadas ao público, foi proposta uma taxonomia para medir o valor das empresas de real estate em quatro dimensões: capital de propriedade, capital humano, capital de mercado e capital relacional. Em cada dimensão foram mapeados os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que as formam e estes relacionados à geração de valor por meio de indicadores e benchmarks. / Since the wave of IPO occurred in the Brazilian real estate sector between 2006 and 2007, the discussion on how to identify by disclosure information the fair value of those companies intensified both among its managers and capital market analysts. Traditional valuation models proved inadequate and require adaptations for use in those companies, as well as the identification and characterization of value drivers. This dissertation aims to develop a routine valuation of Real Estate from the drivers of value, tangible or intangible, identifying which are the assets that have greater influence on the value generation and why this influence, enabling investors and analysts to better assess the value of companies in the sector. After a literature review as well as the analysis of the IPO Prospectus and the financial statements available to the public, taxonomy was proposed to measure the value of the real estate companies in four dimensions: property capital, human capital, market capital and relational capital. In each dimension were identified tangible and intangible assets and these related to value generation through indicators and benchmarks.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-05T13:32:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - ?rica Sai?o Caputo.pdf: 973917 bytes, checksum: e44041e60dbf27ce142b265b8d22da99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T13:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - ?rica Sai?o Caputo.pdf: 973917 bytes, checksum: e44041e60dbf27ce142b265b8d22da99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-23 / This work presents an analysis on brand, intangible asset that has assumed increasing contribution in the process of generation of value to the business, characterizing itself as a differentiation factor. One strong brand can surpass the factor price in the purchase decision and allows to move away the perception of commodity that the customers can attribute to the product or service. This study considers an analysis of the force of the brand in a segment where the product basically does not have differentiation, that is the sector of woollen steel sponge, in order to verify its contribution for the company performance as a competitive distinction. For this analysis the Bombril, whose brand was chosen it is synonymous of the category, being applied an adaptation of the method of brand evaluation considered by Oz?rio (2003) to confirm the premise of that a strong brand is an asset that handspike the result of the business. As Oz?rio model (2003) is indicated for brands considered strong, we performed a qualitative analysis based on the Muniz?s study of the dimensions of brand personality (2005), which is a determining factor for the strength of the brand, and premises identified by Aaker (1998) as characteristics of a company with a strong brand, which confirmed its applicability to the case. According to the model, a strong brand add value to the company by generating marginal cash flow, compared to operating margin typical of companies without the attribute of the brand in the industry and the value of company with brand attribute. The calculation of brand value would be obtained by the difference of the market value of the one company with brand value of the another company without brand value. Considering that the brand is an asset which leverages business results, whether by maintenance of customers, or by premium pricing and operating margins over industry companies that do not have the same brand recognition, for this study, we proposed an adaptation in Oz?rio model, evaluating the company's value with and without the brand attribute from the comparative premium pricing. The analysis allowed estimating Bombril brand?s value in R$ 190 million, similar to ranking published by Brand Finance in 2006, which had reference to the financial statements for 2005, the same base year of the analysis, R$ 183 million. / Este trabalho apresenta uma an?lise sobre marca, ativo intang?vel que tem assumido crescente contribui??o no processo de gera??o de valor aos neg?cios, caracterizando-se como um fator de diferencia??o. Uma marca forte pode superar o fator pre?o na decis?o de compra e permite distanciar a percep??o de commodity que os clientes possam atribuir ao produto ou servi?o. Este estudo prop?e uma an?lise da for?a da marca em um segmento em que o produto basicamente n?o tem diferencia??o, que ? o setor de esponja de l? de a?o, de modo a verificar a sua contribui??o para a performance da empresa como diferencial competitivo. Para essa an?lise foi escolhida a Bombril, cuja marca ? sin?nimo da categoria, sendo aplicada uma adapta??o do m?todo de avalia??o de marcas proposto por Oz?rio (2003) para avaliar a premissa de que uma marca forte ? um ativo que alavanca o resultado do neg?cio. Como o modelo de Oz?rio (2003) ? indicado para marcas consideradas fortes, foi realizada uma an?lise qualitativa, com base no estudo das dimens?es da personalidade da marca, que ? um fator determinante para a for?a da marca, de Muniz (2005), e nas premissas identificadas por Aaker (1998) como caracter?sticas de uma empresa com marca forte, que confirmou a sua aplicabilidade ao caso. De acordo com o modelo, uma marca forte acrescentaria valor para a empresa atrav?s da gera??o marginal de fluxo de caixa, comparando-se a margem operacional t?pica de empresas sem o atributo da marca no setor e o valor da empresa com o atributo da marca. A apura??o do valor da marca seria obtida pela diferen?a do valor de mercado da empresa com marca e do valor da empresa sem o valor da marca. Considerando que a marca ? um ativo que alavanca o resultado do neg?cio, seja pela manuten??o dos clientes, seja pela pr?tica de pre?os premium e margens operacionais superiores a empresas do setor que n?o desfrutam do mesmo reconhecimento da marca, para esse estudo, foi proposta uma adapta??o ao modelo de Oz?rio, avaliando-se o valor da empresa com e sem o atributo marca a partir do comparativo da pr?tica de pre?os premium. A an?lise permitiu valorar a marca Bombril em R$ 190 milh?es, valor aderente ao divulgado no ranking de 2006 da Brand Finance, que teve como refer?ncia os demonstrativos financeiros do ano de 2005, mesmo ano-base da an?lise, de R$ 183 milh?es

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas de Barros Junior.pdf: 1588088 bytes, checksum: 53438860621c052e0041ebfe7c689fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-10 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The main incentive of the work is due to the substantial increase that intangible assets are acquired in recent decades, this was shown by statistical evidence of variables that are part of those assets.Because of this, the construction of indices capable of measuring the intangible capital inside the companies from financial and accounting information available, and the study of the association of these indices, with the value creation of enterprises, and return through the variation of stock prices may provide a new perspective and essential for companies and their shareholders, and may even become an important competitive differentiator.With that comes the need to measure these assets for future management. Aware of this need, this paper examines one of the ways proposed to measure the intangible assets within organizations, and their relation to the profitability offered to shareholders.Inside the exhibition of the proposal, we opted for the model proposed by Gu and Lev evaluation of intangible assets and with this methodology, we evaluated their evidence in American companies from the sectors of Electronic and Electrical and Health Care. The sample data was obtained through the database of the Thomson Datastream and was treated a total of 706 companies in the Health Care and 559 for the sector of the Electronic and Electrical.The data of the companies were arranged in the form of panel data and analyzed by the method of pool panels, fixed and random, which is an original way the proposed method.Initially we tested the variable proposed by the authors, IDE with variables that assess the business innovation and degree of intangibility. The second part of the tests, 3º and 4ºhypotheses assesses the statistical significance of the proposed index with a return to shareholders. / O incentivo principal do trabalho se deve ao aumento substancial em importância que os ativos intangíveis estão adquirindo nas últimas décadas, fato este demonstrado por meio de evidências estatísticas de variáveis que fazem parte destes ativos. Devido a isso, a construção de índices capazes de medir o capital intangível dentro das empresas a partir de informações financeiras e contábeis disponíveis, e o estudo da associação desses índices com a geração de valor das empresas, e retorno por meio da variação dos preços das ações, pode fornecer uma perspectiva nova e fundamental para as organizações e seus investidores, podendo até mesmo tornar-se um diferencial competitivo importante.Surge então a necessidade de mensurar estes ativos para posterior administração dos mesmos. Atento a esta necessidade, este trabalho busca analisar uma das formas propostas para a mensuração dos ativos intangíveis dentro das organizações, e sua relação com a lucratividade proporcionada aos acionistas. Dentro da exposição da proposta, optou-se pelo modelo idealizado por Gu e Lev de avaliação de ativos intangíveis. Fazendo uso desta metodologia, avaliamos suas evidências em empresas norte americanas dos setores de Electronic e Electrical e Health Care .A amostra dos dados foi obtida utilizando banco de dados da Thomson Datastream e foi analisado um total de 706 empresas no setor de Health Care e de 559 para o setor de Electronic and Electrical . Os dados das empresas foram dispostos em forma de painel de dados e analisados por meio do método de painéis em pool , painéis fixos e painéis aleatórios, o que constituiu uma forma diferente e original de emprego da metodologia proposta pelos autores anteriormente citados. Inicialmente nas duas primeiras hipóteses, testamos a variável que mede intangibilidade das empresas, IDE (Intangible Driven Earnings) com variáveis que avaliam a inovação das empresas e se grau de intangibilidade. A segunda parte dos testes, 3º e 4º hipóteses avaliam a significância estatística do índice proposto com o retorno ao acionista.

Cada vez mais tem sido evidenciado pela performance das empresas nos mercados financeiros que uma parcela significativa do seu valor não está vinculado aos ativos tangíveis que ela possui. Diversos estudos acadêmicos sugerem que outros ativos são responsáveis por esta geração de valor adicionado nas empresas: os ativos intangíveis. Dentre os vários ativos intangíveis que aportam valor a uma empresa, a marca tem sido destaque em diversos trabalhos. Existem evidências que marcas fortes geram valor adicionado às empresas, sendo a sua mensuração um grande desafio. Diante disso, neste estudo elaborou-se uma metodologia alternativa de mensuração do valor de marcas baseada no método do fluxo de caixa descontado. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta denominada Scorecard da Marca que identifica e quantifica a influência que a marca exerce na capacidade de geração de fluxos futuros de uma empresa. A metodologia alternativa foi aplicada a empresas de diferentes segmentos de mercado, a saber: Banco Itaú e Unibanco do setor de Serviços Financeiros e Perdigão e Sadia do setor Alimentício. Ficou demonstrado, pelos resultados obtidos, que a metodologia proposta captou as diferenças entre as empresas analisadas e possibilitou a mensuração do valor específico de cada uma das marcas. Assim, foi possível incorporar, de maneira mais abrangente, o impacto que as marcas agregaram aos resultados financeiros das empresas. / The performance of companies in the financial markets for the past few years has led to the conclusion that a very significant portion of their value can not be directly explained by the tangible assets they possess. Recent academic studies have suggested that the value creation in these companies are caused by the intangible assets. Amongst the various different intangible assets that help create value in companies, the brand has been focus of several studies. Empirical evidence have shown that strong brands help create added value for the companies that control them. Additionally, the identification and calculation of the value of brands has posed as a huge challenge. In this context, the main objective of this study was the development of an alternative methodology for brand valuation, based on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. In order to accomplish this objective, an instrument called Brand Scorecard was developed in order to capture the brand’s influence in the companies’ excess cash flow creation. This alternative methodology was applied to four different companies, participating in two distinct market segments. They are: Banco Itaú and Unibanco of the Financial Services segment and Perdigão and Sadia from the Food segment. The results indicate that the proposed methodology was efficient in capturing the main differences among the companies and brands. The methodology was also capable of capturing the value of the brands by identifying and isolating their relationship with the companies’ excess cash generation capacity.

This study investigates two variables, number of investors and an intangible assets/revenue ratio, that are potential industry-specific predictors of deal failure in technology M&A. I document that number of investors has a significant ability to predict deal failure in all M&A transactions: an increase in number of investors decreases deal failure rates. However, I find that neither variable is able to significantly predict deal failure differently for transactions involving technology targets and those involving non-technology targets. Broadly, my findings suggest that technology M&A and non-technology M&A may share more similarities than previously expected in the ultimate goal of properly evaluating them.

Bakgrund: Att driva ett företag innebär att investera pengar i en framtid som är osäker men som förhoppningsvis kommer att ge en vinst. Företag behöver kapital för att kunna investera i bland annat marknadsföring, lager, forskning, utveckling och utbildning av personal. När ett företag är i behov av finansiering vänder de sig ofta till banker för att låna pengar. Banken gör en kreditbedömning för att besluta om företaget blir beviljad krediten eller inte. Vid kreditgivning vill långivare inte använda immateriella tillgångar som en säkerhet eftersom de ser immateriella tillgångar som riskfyllda.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen för hur banker bedömer kreditgivning till företag med en stor andel immateriella tillgångar. Metod: Vår studie genomfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi intervjuade personer som är anställda hos Swedbank, Nordea, Handelsbanken, SEB och Länsförsäkringar. Resultat och slutsatser: Företag inom datorspelsbranschen behöver bevisa för banker att de inte är en bransch som är utsatt och löper risk för att hamna i konkurs. Bankerna är intresserade av att få tillbaka de pengar som de har lånat ut. Därför är det viktigt att visa banken en god återbetalningsförmåga oavsett vilken bransch företaget tillhör. / Background: Running a business means investing money in a future that is uncertain but which will hopefully yield a profit. Companies need capital to be able to invest in marketing, warehousing, research, development and training of staff. When a company is in need of funding, they often turn to banks to borrow money. The banks make a credit assessment to decide whether the company is granted the credit or not. When granting credit, lenders do not want to use intangible assets as collateral due to their view on intangible assets as risky. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge of how banks assess credit granting to companies with a large proportion of intangible assets. Method: Our study was conducted through qualitative interviews. We interviewed people who are employed by Swedbank, Nordea, Handelsbanken, SEB and Länsförsäkringar. Results & conclusions: Companies in the computer game industry need to prove to banks that they are not an industry that is exposed and are at risk of falling into bankruptcy. The banks are interested in getting back the money they have lent. Therefore, it is important to show the bank a good repayment ability regardless of which industry the company belongs to.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD), / The confluence of a number of marketplace phenomena has provided the impetus for the selection and conduct of this research. The first is the so called value relevance of intangibles in determining share market performance of publicly listed companies. The growing gap between market and book values has been proposed as an indication of the impact of intangibles on share price values. A second related phenomenon is the increasing reliance on share price appreciation as the principal means for shareholder return as opposed to returns through dividends. This suggests that share prices are becoming an even more critical firm performance measure than traditional accounting-based firm performance measures like return on investment (ROI). A third phenomenon is the rapid growth in marketplace alliances and joint ventures, the number of which has grown rapidly over the past 30 years. The explanation for these phenomena may lie in the concept of corporate social capital (CSC) which, as an intangible asset (IA), has been proposed in several normative studies. CSC has been defined as “the set of resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to a corporate player through the player’s social relationships, facilitating the attainment of goals” (Leenders & Gabbay, 1999, p3). However, constructs for CSC have only been loosely defined and its impacts on firm performance only minimally empirically tested. This research addresses this gap in the literature. The key aim of this research is to explore the impact of CSC on firm performance. Through the use of CSC as a lens for viewing a firm’s intangibles, several important sub-components of the CSC formulation are exposed. These include a firm’s market centrality (CENT), absorptive capacity (AC), internal capital (INC), human capital (HC) and financial soundness. Therefore, an extended aim for this research is to identify the differential impacts of the CSC sub-components on firm performance. Firm performance was measured as ROI, market-to-book ratios (Tobin’s Q) and total shareholder return (TSR). Overall, the research results indicate that CSC is a significant predictor of firm performance, but falls short of fully explaining the market-to-book value disparity. For this research an innovative computer-supported content analysis (CA) technique was devised to capture a majority of the data required for the empirical research. The use of a commercial news aggregation service, Factiva, and a standard taxonomy of terms for the search, allowed variables for intangible constructs to be derived from a relatively large sample of firms (n=155) from the global information technology services (ITS) sector from 2001 to 2004. Data indices for joint venture or alliance activity, research and development (R&D) activity, HC, INC and external capital (EC) were all developed using this CA approach. The research findings indicated that all things aren’t equal in terms of how the benefits of CSC accrue to different firms in the sector. The research indicated that for larger, more mature firms, financial soundness does not necessarily correlate with improved shareholder return. The inference is that these firms may have reached a plateau in terms of how the market is valuing them. In terms of market centrality, the research indicates that software firms could benefit from building a larger number of alliances and becoming more centrally connected in the marketplace. The reverse is true, however, for larger, more established firms in the non-software sectors. These companies can be penalised for being over-connected, potentially signalling that they are locked into a suite of alliances that will ultimately limit their capacity to innovate and grow. For smaller, potentially loss-making firms, the research indicates that investments in HC are potentially the only investment strategy that could result in improvements in profitability and shareholder return. Investments by such firms in R&D or INC developments are likely to depress shareholder value and therefore should be minimised in favour of HC investments. For larger, more established firms, investment in HC is beneficial for both ROI and TSR. Investments in areas like R&D and INC were found to be only beneficial to those firms who have the financial capacity to afford it. Firms that don’t appear to have the financial resources to support the level of investments they are making in R&D and/or INC were penalised by the market. Overall, the research provides specific insights into the links between firms and their performance, through appropriate investments in CSC. In terms of research practice, this research demonstrates the viability of computer-supported CA. Progress in the development of more intelligent search technologies will provide increasing utility to CA researchers, promising to unlock a vast range of textual source data for researchers that were previously beyond manual CA practices.

<p>Datum: 2006-10-10</p><p>Nivå/utbildning: Kandidat uppsats</p><p>Författare: Diana Joseph och Ander Sandström</p><p>Handledare: Gösta Söderlund</p><p>Titel: IAS/IFRS?</p><p>Problem: Hur påverkas företag och dess intressenter av IAS/IFRS</p><p>implementeringen och hur har deras föreberedelser fungerat?</p><p>Syfte: Att få en djupare inblick i hur företagsintressenterna i form av revisorerna och analytiker har förberett sig inför IAS/IFRS införandet.</p><p>Metod: En kvalitativ studie</p><p>Resultat/slutsatser: Att respondenterna till stor utsträckning varit väl förberedda inför den nya standarderna och att de överlag är positivt inställda till en ökad jämförbarhet och harmonisering av redovisningsreglerna. Det finns dock vissa värderingsproblem av tillgångar som uppstår och där inte alla respondenter har samma åsikter om hur de kan lösas.</p><p>Sökord: IAS/IFRS, Goodwill, redovisning, koncernredovisning, de nya</p><p>standarderna, impairment test, intangible assets</p><p>Omfång, sidor: 50</p><p>Antal ref/källor: 26</p>

<p> </p><p>Redovisningen är anpassad efter den gamla ekonomin och fyller därför inte dagens behov av redovisad information. Istället för att endast redovisa företagets materiella tillgångar behöver bland annat kunskapsföretag presentera osynliga tillgångar vilka utgör en stor del av företagens värde. Detta så kallade intellektuella kapital behöver framhävas i företagens finansiella rapporter för att intressenter ska kunna göra en rättvis bedömning av företaget. Problem uppstår vid värdering och redovisning av intellektuellt kapital eftersom begreppets definition är otydlig och därför uppfattas olika av olika personer. Problem uppstår även eftersom det inte finns några allmänt etablerade principer för hur värderingen och redovisningen ska gå till. Frågan är då hur olika företag har uppfattat begreppet och hur de har valt att presentera detta i sina rapporter. Syftet är att identifiera vilken information företag presenterar om intellektuellt kapital vid tre olika tidpunkter. Studien syftar också till att beskriva på vilket sätt företag valt att framhäva denna information. Resultatet visar att 17 av 32 företag inte har ändrat sin redovisningsteknik under en nioårsperiod. Bland resterande företag har valet av redovisningsteknik förändrats över tid. En skillnad är att de företag som år 1999 presenterade intellektuellt kapital genom en modell, har till år 2007 valt att ändra redovisningsteknik. Detta motiveras med att det antingen blivit för kostsamt för företaget eller att företaget fortfarande arbetar med modellen internt men har valt att inte presentera den i offentliga rapporter. Resultatet visar även att det är främst information om medarbetarna som presenteras i företagens rapporter. Det kan ses både vid jämförelse av företag sinsemellan och inom ett företag över tid. Att medarbetarna får ta störst plats kan bero på att de är grundstenen till de övriga delarna av det intellektuella kapitalet, och företagen vill därför framhäva att de innehar denna tillgång.</p><p> </p>