With discussion of Indigenous laws on the rise in Canada, this thesis explores the question of law’s power: jurisdiction. In this project, I ask whether Indigenous jurisdiction is active in conflicts between Indigenous and state actors over the environment, in the context of the Heiltsuk Nation on the central coast of British Columbia. This project looks to critical legal theory for an understanding of jurisdiction. It identifies three aspects of jurisdiction that are discussed in critical legal theory and related fields: that it is technical, it is authoritative, and it is spatial. Adopting these qualities as provisional indicators of jurisdiction, it applies thefzm to three case studies of Heiltsuk (or “Haíɫzaqv”) conflicts with the state, which engage colonial law in different ways. The three case studies concern (1) herring harvest and management, which was litigated in R v Gladstone; (2) land use and forestry, which is the subject of the Great Bear Rainforest agreements; and (3) trophy hunting for bears, which is the subject of a grassroots campaign based on Indigenous law. Adopting a qualitative approach adapted from institutional ethnography, this project applies a critical jurisdictional lens to each case study, using documentary review and interviews to explore the technical, authoritative, and spatial aspects of each conflict. Ultimately, I find that expressions of Heiltsuk jurisdiction – as understood from a colonial, critical perspective – are already at play in each conflict, although this is not immediately visible from the point of view of colonial law. In the conclusion, I explore the different manifestations and strategies of Heiltsuk jurisdictional expressions, and the ways that colonial jurisdiction interacts with them. / Graduate / 2021-12-19

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Because of its mandate and its enforcement powers, the ICC has been hailed as a major advance on the road towards individual accountability for the perpetration of the most heinous violations of human rights (international crimes) and thus as a major contribution to the prevention of such horrible crimes. However, with its limited resources in terms of human and financial means, the ICC will not be able to deal with all perpetrators of the crimes that come under its jurisdiction wherever such crimes are committed throughout the world. For this reason, in order to end impunity in the commission of international crimes, there will always be a need for combined efforts by the ICC and national courts. This reality is recognised by the Rome Statute which, in the preamble and article 1 of the Statute, provides that the jurisdiction of the ICC is “complementary” to national courts and that, therefore, States Parties retain the primary responsibility for the repression of international crimes. In legal literature, this is generally referred to as the “principle of complementarity” or the “complementarity regime of the Rome Statute”. In order to give effect to the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute, South Africa passed the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002 (hereafter the Implementation Act); which determines the modalities of prosecuting perpetrators of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in South African courts. The Implementation Act also provides that South African courts will have jurisdiction over these crimes not only when they are committed on South African territory but also when they are committed outside the Republic, thus empowering South African courts to exercise “universal jurisdiction” over these three international crimes. This thesis examines the extent to which South African courts, acting under the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute are, or are not, allowed to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States. The study is based on two assumptions. First, it is assumed that since under the principle of complementarity South African courts are required to do the same job as the ICC, they should have the same powers as those States Parties gave to the ICC when they adopted the Rome Statute. Secondly, it is assumed that, although having the same mandate as the ICC in terms of the complementarity principle, South African courts are nonetheless domestic courts as opposed to the ICC which is an international court and that, accordingly, the international law principle of State sovereignty may impose limitations on their ability to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States. In the light of the above assumptions, this study investigates three issues. Firstly, do South African courts have the same powers as the ICC has to disregard immunities of foreign States’ officials which, under international customary law, attach to their functions or status? Secondly, are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to disregard amnesties granted by foreign States, either in the process of national reconciliation or as means to shield the criminals from prosecution by the ICC? Finally, are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to retry a case which has already been tried in a foreign country but with the aim of shielding the accused from criminal responsibility or where, for example, the sentence imposed was too lenient in comparison with the gravity of the crime? / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Because of its mandate and its enforcement powers, the ICC has been hailed as a major advance on the road towards individual accountability for the perpetration of the most heinous violations of human rights (international crimes) and thus as a major contribution to the prevention of such horrible crimes. However, with its limited resources in terms of human and financial means, the ICC will not be able to deal with all perpetrators of the crimes that come under its jurisdiction wherever such crimes are committed throughout the world. For this reason, in order to end impunity in the commission of international crimes, there will always be a need for combined efforts by the ICC and national courts. This reality is recognised by the Rome Statute which, in the preamble and article 1 of the Statute, provides that the jurisdiction of the ICC is “complementary” to national courts and that, therefore, States Parties retain the primary responsibility for the repression of international crimes. In legal literature, this is generally referred to as the “principle of complementarity” or the “complementarity regime of the Rome Statute”. In order to give effect to the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute, South Africa passed the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002 (hereafter the Implementation Act); which determines the modalities of prosecuting perpetrators of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in South African courts. The Implementation Act also provides that South African courts will have jurisdiction over these crimes not only when they are committed on South African territory but also when they are committed outside the Republic, thus empowering South African courts to exercise “universal jurisdiction” over these three international crimes. This thesis examines the extent to which South African courts, acting under the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute are, or are not, allowed to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States. The study is based on two assumptions. First, it is assumed that since under the principle of complementarity South African courts are required to do the same job as the ICC, they should have the same powers as those States Parties gave to the ICC when they adopted the Rome Statute. Secondly, it is assumed that, although having the same mandate as the ICC in terms of the complementarity principle, South African courts are nonetheless domestic courts as opposed to the ICC which is an international court and that, accordingly, the international law principle of State sovereignty may impose limitations on their ability to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States. In the light of the above assumptions, this study investigates three issues. Firstly, do South African courts have the same powers as the ICC has to disregard immunities of foreign States’ officials which, under international customary law, attach to their functions or status? Secondly, are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to disregard amnesties granted by foreign States, either in the process of national reconciliation or as means to shield the criminals from prosecution by the ICC? Finally, are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to retry a case which has already been tried in a foreign country but with the aim of shielding the accused from criminal responsibility or where, for example, the sentence imposed was too lenient in comparison with the gravity of the crime? / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The statutory definition of the lock-out encompasses certain acts (inter alia termination of contracts of employment) which must be executed by the employer with a certain purpose. The Appellate Division has recently found that the employment relationship not necessarily terminates similarly to the common law contract of employment, but may subsist after termination of the contract of employment. The industrial court does not easily accept that it has been deprived of its unfair labour practice jurisdiction where terminations of employment take place in consequence of a lock-out. The motive of the employer seems to be decisive. In line with both the trend in first world countries and principles established by the courts in South Africa, the Constitution and especially recent labour legislation significantly curtail the bargaining power of the employer because it is progressively being believed that the employer has sufficient economic power to his disposal. / Die omskrywing van die uitsluiting in wetgewing omvat sekere handelinge {onder andere beeindiging van dienskontrakte) wat deur die werkgewer met 'n sekere doel verrig moet word. Die Appelhof het onlangs beslis dat die diensverhouding na beeindiging van die dienskontrak kan bly voortduur en nie noodwendig soos die gemeenregtelike dienskontrak ten einde loop nie. Die nywerheidshof aanvaar ook nie geredelik dat hy in geval van diensbeeindiging wat volg op 'n uitsluiting van sy onbillike arbeidspraktyk jurisdiksie ontneem is nie. Die motief van die werkgewer blyk hier deurslaggewend te wees. In lyn met sowel die ne1g1ng in eerstew~reldse lande, asook beginsels reeds deur die howe in Suid-Afrika gevestig, word die bedingingsmag van die werkgewer ingevolge die Grondwet en veral onlangse arbeidswetgewing betekenisvol ingekort omrede toenemend aanvaar word dat die werkgewer oor voldoende ekonomiese mag beskik. / Law / LL.M.

The Zuma case - important as the first decision of the Constitutional Court - is primarily concerned with the constitutionality of section 217(l)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In trying to fmd an answer to this question, the Constitutional Court also addressed other important issues. In this dissertation the Constitutional Court's decision on the constitutionality of section 217(1)(b)(ii) is examined, as well as important general principles laid down by the Court regarding incompetent referrals by the Supreme Court; constitutional interpretation; reverse onus provisions and the right to a fair trial; as well as the application of the general limitation clause. A closer look is taken at adherence to these principles in subsequent Constitutional Court decisions, and finally a conclusion is reached on the value of the Zuma case. / Law / LL.M. (Law)

This study analyses the nature and implementation of electronic commerce in order to identify possible problems for taxation and pinpoint those problems which may be relevant to South Africa. Solutions suggested by certain countries and institutions are evaluated for possible implementation in South Africa. The study suggests that although current taxation legislation in South Africa is apP'icable to electronic commerce transactions it is not sufficient to cater effectively for this type of business. The conclusion reached Is that international co-operation is essential in finding solutions. A number of recommendations are made regarding aspects of South African taxation legislation which need to be clarified through policy decisions. Title of / Taxation / M.Comm.

1999 m. gegužės 1 d. įsigaliojus Lietuvos Respublikos administracinių teismų įsteigimo įstatymui bei Lietuvos Respublikos administracinių bylų teisenos įstatymui, Lietuvoje greta bendrosios kompetencijos teismų sistemos pradėjo funkcionuoti savarankiška administracinių teismų sistema. Įsteigus administracinius teismus, tapo aktualus ir bendrosios kompetencijos teismų bei administracinių teismų kompetencijos atribojimo klausimas. Nepaisant to, kad administraciniai teismai Lietuvoje veikia jau vienuolika metų, tačiau teismų kompetencijos atribojimo klausimui teisės literatūroje skiriamas pernelyg menkas dėmesys, o tai ir nulemia šios temos aktualumą. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – pateikti išsamią bendrosios kompetencijos teismų bei administracinių teismų kompetencijos atribojimo analizę, išskiriant probleminius minėtos temos aspektus bei pateikti galimas įstatyminio reguliavimo tobulinimo kryptis. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro trys skyriai. Pirmajame skyriuje analizuojami bendrieji teismų kompetencijos atribojimo klausimai. Antrajame aptariama priskirtinumo ginčų nagrinėjimo tvarka bei priskirtinumo taisyklių nesilaikymo teisiniai padariniai, o trečiasis darbo skyrius skirtas mišraus teismų kompetencijos atribojimo būdo, taikomo Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje, analizei. Magistro baigiamajame darbe keliamas probleminis klausimas, ar bendrosios kompetencijos teismų ir administracinių teismų kompetencija atribojama rūšinio teismingumo ar vis dėlto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / -. / Mit dem In-Kraft-Treten des Gesetzes der Einrichtung von Verwaltungsgerichten der Republik Litauen und des Gesetzes des Verwaltungsstreitverfahrens am 1. Mai 1999, began in der Republik Litauen neben den Gerichten der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit das selbstständige System der Verwaltungsgerichte zu funktionieren. Mit der Einrichtung der Verwaltungsgerichte ist die Frage der Zuständigkeitsabgrenzung der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit und der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit aktuell geworden. Ungeachtet dessen, dass Verwaltungsgerichte bereits seit 11 Jahren in der Republik Litauen funktionieren, wird jedoch in der Rechtsliteratur zu wenig Achtung der Frage der Zuständigkeitsabgrenzung der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit und der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit geschenkt, was über die Aktualität des Themas entscheidet. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Magisterarbeit besteht darin, eine ausführliche Analyse der Zuständigkeitsabgrenzung der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit und der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit darzustellen, problematische Aspekte des erwähnten Themas hervorzuheben sowie mögliche Richtungen der Vervollkommnung der gesetzlichen Regelung zu präsentieren. Die Magisterarbeit besteht aus drei Kapiteln. Im ersten Kapitel werden allgemeine Fragen der Zuständigkeitsabgrenzung analysiert. Im zweiten Kapitel wird die Verhandlungsordnung von Streitigkeiten wegen der Zurechenbarkeit sowie die Folgen der Nichteinhaltung von Regeln der Zurechenbarkeit besprochen. Das dritte Kapitel der Magisterarbeit wird... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

Ce mémoire propose une étude jurisprudentielle de la compétence constitutionnelle que peut exceptionnellement faire valoir le Parlement en matière de relations de travail lorsque les activités d’une entreprise sont intimement liées à la compétence que détient le Parlement sur les Indiens. La présente étude a pour objet de circonscrire les critères permettant de déterminer laquelle, de la législation provinciale ou fédérale du travail, est applicable à un employeur dont les activités, la mission ou encore la gestion se rattachent à la spécificité autochtone. / This Master’s thesis proposes a jurisprudential study of the exceptional constitutional jurisdiction that Parliament may have over labour relations where the employer’s activities are intimately related to the jurisdiction of the Parliament over “Indians”. The main objective of this study is to identify the criteria to be used to determine whether provincial or federal labour legislation applies to an employer whose activities, mission or management relates in any way to Aboriginal specificity.

Cette étude aborde les questionnements relatifs à l’homologation et à l’entérinement d’une entente de règlement amiable conclue dans le cadre des processus de médiation ou de conciliation administrative. L’étude vise d’abord à clarifier les concepts en définissant précisément la terminologie privilégiée. La mise en œuvre des demandes est ensuite analysée au regard de la compétence des tribunaux administratifs et de celle des tribunaux de droit commun à l’égard d’un accord de conciliation ou d’une transaction conclu dans le cadre d’un litige administratif. Les formalités relatives à la présentation de la demande sont exposées. Les tests de conformité à la loi et à l’ordre public sont ensuite circonscrits pour terminer par un examen des conséquences de l’homologation ou de l’entérinement de l’entente sur les recours ultérieurs possibles tels que le recours en révision administrative ou le recours en révision judiciaire. / This study examines the homologation or approval of a settlement agreement reached under administrative mediation or conciliation. The first part aims to clarify the concepts by defining the preferred terminology in a comprehensive way. The implementation of these applications is then analyzed according to the jurisdiction of administrative tribunals and courts of law with respect to a conciliation agreement or a transaction concluded under administrative proceedings. The formalities relating to the submission of the demand are exposed. The tests for compliance with the law and with public order are then circumscribed to complete with an examination of the consequences of the agreement on eventual remedies, as administrative review or judicial review.