The role of tax havens in the global issue of tax evasion has been illustrated by numerous studies. In 2009, a major international initiative has been launched by G20 and OECD with a purpose to put an end to offshore tax evasion. Yet the outcomes of this tax haven crackdown are often contested. This thesis brings new findings to the empirical research that has been done on the field of crackdown's evaluation. First, I confirm the results of earlier academic papers and I find a negative impact of information exchange treaties on the value of funds placed in tax havens. Second, I extend the existing research shifting the attention to deposits in non-havens, concluding that also the money from tax havens placed on non-havens' bank accounts disappear after signing a treaty. In the final part of the thesis, I - for the first time in literature - link the data on cross-border deposits with a measure of financial secrecy. I find that a decrease in secrecy score corresponds to a decline in deposits on a sample of all countries and non-havens. All my findings suggest that weakening the financial secrecy is associated with a significant outflow of cross-border deposits.

This thesis is an analysis of the law of vicarious liability and its application within the legal framework of delict in South Africa. A brief overview of the historical development of this branch of law is given, with reference to the influences of Roman, Roman-Dutch and English law. That is followed by an exposition of the 'modem' interpretation of vicarious liability as applied in South African courts, highlighting apparent inconsistencies and the need for reform in what has become a persistently controversial area of law. Specific attention is paid to the so-called 'course and scope enquiry' and to the enduring difficulties associated with attributing liability to employers for the deliberate wrongful conduct of their employees. It is argued that the courts have yet to reach consensus on a general principle capable of being applied to the facts of so-called 'deviation cases', and that consequently the legal divergence on these matters gives rise to uncertainty and concern. It is submitted that the way in which the traditional test for vicarious liability is currently applied fails to give true effect to the policy considerations upon which this branch of law is founded. By way of comparison with the South African position, a detailed account of the law of vicarious liability in comparable foreign jurisdictions is given, with emphasis placed on recent developments in England and the British Commonwealth. The study then moves to an analysis of the various policy considerations behind vicarious liability, with particular attention being paid to the role of risk-related liability and the role of risk-assumption in the 'course and scope' enquiry. A comparative analysis follows, highlighting differences between the approaches of the foreign jurisdictions and that taken by the South African courts. The work concludes with a proposal that the South African courts should broaden the scope of vicarious liability and opt for a model similar to that which has recently been adopted in Canada.

This thesis attempts to address perennial concerns, mostly raised in some quarters in Africa, pertaining to the development of the complementarity regime established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It grapples with a very important question, whether the principle of complementarity, embodied in article 17 of the Rome Statute, was formulated and is being applied by the ICC in a manner that upholds the ideals and theories upon which the regime was founded. The principle of complementarity is designed to mediate the imperatives of State sovereignty and a legitimate international criminal justice system. Essentially, complementarity gives States latitude to try genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression nationally, with the ICC only intervening where States are either unable or unwilling to prosecute genuinely. Africa constitutes the biggest regional block of membership to the Rome Statute, however, over the years; support for the ICC on the African continent has waned. It has been argued in some quarters that the ICC is anti-African and that it has interpreted and applied complementarity in a manner that diminishes State sovereignty. The thesis argues that this tension may also be due to textual deficiencies inherent within the Rome Statute, in the provisions that embody this principle. It therefore examines complementarity from a theoretical perspective to provide a comprehensive account of the system contemplated by the drafters of the Rome Statute. In this regard, the thesis argues for expansion of States’ ability at the national level to deal with international crimes without compromising international criminal justice processes or threatening State sovereignty. This is suggested as a way of relieving the tension that has characterised the relationship between African States and the ICC. The thesis further sketches out some of the complexities inherent in the modalities through which the Court may exercise its complementary jurisdiction, particularly within the African continent, given that legal systems in most African countries are particularly weak. It thus dissects the provisions that outline the principle of complementarity in tandem with the Court’s interpretation and application of complementarity in practice. Furthermore, through an exploratory survey of the referral of the Situation in Uganda, and the ICC Prosecutor’s proprio motu investigation of the Situation in Kenya, the thesis illustrates how a positive approach to complementarity can help establish a healthy cooperative synergy between the ICC and States, thereby promoting a functional expeditious criminal justice system. This will go a long way towards assuaging State’s fears that the ICC merely pays lip service to complementarity and arbitrarily supersedes national jurisdiction.

L'assurance maritime constitue la première forme d'assurance connue, qui s'est développée à la fin du Moyen-Âge et a gagné l'ensemble de l'Europe au XVIe siècle. Rouen, l'une des plus importantes villes commerciales et maritimes du royaume de France, fut la première – et la seule – à être dotée d'un greffe des assurances dès 1556. Elle constitue donc un lieu de choix pour l'étude de ce contrat dans notre pays. Le caractère aléatoire de l'assurance a posé très tôt le problème de l'équilibre des intérêts des parties. D'une part, l'assuré devait pouvoir bénéficier de garanties suffisantes pour recourir à l'assurance. Il s'agissait d'autre part de protéger l'assureur, qui, en plus de prendre les risques de l'expédition à sa charge, se trouvait en grande partie dépendant de la bonne foi de son assuré. Aux côtés de leur « commis aux assurances », les marchands rouennais ont alors recherché et adopté des solutions. L'ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, première législation française sur les assurances, a ensuite tenté d'unifier les usages et pratiques du royaume. Elle a proposé différentes mesures pour promouvoir ce contrat tant auprès des assurés que des assureurs. L'assurance maritime, en lien avec les nombreux domaines juridiques que sont le droit des obligations, le droit commercial, le droit maritime, le droit cambiaire ou encore celui des sociétés, a alors évolué sous l'influence conjuguée des juges et des marchands, toujours soucieux de trouver un équilibre contractuel. / Shipping insurance is the first known form of insurance. It was instituted at the end of the Middle Ages and spread to the whole of Europe in the sixteenth century. Rouen, as one of the largest commercial and maritime cities in the Kingdom of France, was the first and indeed the only city to be given a patent for insurance as early as 1556. It is therefore the ideal place in which to study such a contract in this country. The fluctuating nature of insurance quickly pinpointed the problem of balancing the interests of the parties involved. On the one hand, the insured person needed to be able to benefit from guaranties allowing him to resort to insurance. Similarly, the insurer needed to be protected since he not only had the responsibility of the voyage, with the risks that that implied, but was also dependent on the honesty of the person insured. Together with their “insurance agents”, the merchants of Rouen therefore sought and adopted solutions to this problem. The Royal Ordinance of Shipping, in 1681, – the first French legislation on insurance – then endeavoured to unify the customs and uses carried out in the Kingdom of France. It offered various measures to develop this contract between the insured and the insurer. Maritime insurance, together with the many other sectors of law such as that of obligations, commercial law, maritime law, law pertaining to Exchange or to Societies, then evolved under the combined influence of the judiciary and of merchants, continually seeking a contractual balance.

[pt] O objetivo do presente trabalho é tratar do fenômeno do ativismo judicial utilizado pela jurisdição constitucional brasileira para sindicar inúmeras omissões legislativas, dentre as quais se destaca a condução da reforma eleitoral pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), a partir da regulamentação da perda do mandato por infidelidade partidária pela Resolução 22.610/07. O objetivo do estudo é examinar os impactos negativos do ativismo judicial em relação ao princípio da separação de poderes e ao princípio democrático, bem como a possibilidade de aplicação da teoria de autocontenção judicial da autoria de Sunstein ao direito brasileiro visando combater tanto o ativismo judicial quanto o institucionalismo assimétrico, que sobrevalorizam a capacidade institucional do Poder Judiciário em detrimento do Poder Legislativo para tratar de questões constitucionais complexas. Aborda-se, ainda, a potencialidade desta teoria para incentivar a prática de um diálogo material entre os poderes Legislativo e Judiciário num contexto de interpretação cooperativa da Constituição, com intervenções recíprocas destes poderes no aprimoramento do sentido e do alcance do texto constitucional. Ao final do trabalho, pretende-se demonstrar que a aplicação da referida teoria ao constitucionalismo brasileiro garante ao Poder Legislativo igual capacidade institucional para interpretar a Constituição, ao lidar com questões constitucionais complexas, o que atesta a sua potencialidade de combater o ativismo judicial e incentivar o debate público a partir do ideal de democracia deliberativa. / [en] The aim of this paper is to address the phenomenon of judicial activism used by the Brazilina constitucional jurisdiction to syndicate several legislative omissions among which stands out the conduct of electoral reform the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), based on the regulation of the disqualification by party loyalty by Resolution 22.610/07. The objective is to examine the negative impacts of judicial activism in relation to the principle of separation of powers and the democratic principle and the possibility of applying the theory of judicial selfrestraint Sunstein authored by Brazilian law to combat both judicial activism and asymmetrical institutionalism, which overemphasize the institutional capacity of the judiciary at the expense of the Legislature to deal with complex constitutional issues. Covers are also the potential of this theory to the practice of encouraging a dialogue between the legislative material and judicial interpretation in the context of cooperative Constitution, with powers of reciprocal assistance in enhancing the meaning and scope of the constitutional text. At the end of the work is intended to demonstrate that the application of that theory to the Brazilian constitutionalism provides the legislature with equal institutional capacity to interpret the Constitution, dealing with complex constitutional issues, which attests to their potential to combat judicial activism and encourage public debate from the ideal of deliberative democracy.

Labor Law is called to solve and prevent arisingconflicts between employers and employees. In light of this, certain conflicts between the employer and a union, or his own employees, can be solved by an arbitration board.In that line, it is important to take into account the many existing differences between juridical labor arbitration and economic labor arbitration; the author, in the present article, arguments that those differences represent the fundamental reason why the first one does exercise jurisdictional function and the second one does not. On that basis, the author affirms that it’s possible to exercise diffuse control in economic labor arbitration. / El Derecho Laboral está llamado a solucionary prevenir la mayor cantidad de conflictos que puedan darse entre trabajadores y empleadores. A la luz de ello, existen determinados supuestos en los cuales un conflicto entre el empleador y una organización sindical o sus propios trabajadores puede ser visto o solucionado en sede arbitral.Es importante tener en cuenta, para ello, las diferencias entre un arbitraje laboral jurídico y un arbitraje laboral económico; el autor, en el presente artículo, afirma que las mis- mas constituyen el fundamento de porqué el primero sí ejerce función jurisdiccional  y  el segundo no. En base a ello, se puede afirmar que no es posible ejercer el control difuso enlos arbitrajes laborales económicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_erivaldo_medeiros.pdf: 1060775 bytes, checksum: d0c7cf369a5fc98fa6c3dc08c4880c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-18 / This work, here in evidence, aims at State and its Jurisdiction in the contemporaneous society in this perspective we have undertaken a systematical approach in State´s contours and its evolution as well as regarding to Law and its constant adaptation in view of the complexity that characterizes the social network, always under mutation. In this perspective, it is commanding reflecting regarding to Social State and Neoliberal State, in front of consequences concerning the rights recognition in their providence configurations and in front of new look appropriated to the minimal State resurgence and regarding to the argument that needs being efficient truthfully, society, departing from state formulation, has never known a zero level intervention, since it has been set itself as a permanent reality, in all its phases and adaptations in order to reach its goals concerning its power legitimation jurisdiction, principal apparatus at disposal for State-Judge in order to mediate the social rapport aiming at solving conflicts, arriving at the summit of the process target, meat for social peacefulness, but first of all, assuring juridical security, it has shown up itself as fully expanded on account of its propulsion performed by the constitution normative action and by the new reality, brought out by prestation law, since the access to justice and imminent need regarding to an effective guardianship and to effective results, too, compel the judge and his jurisdictional function other perspectives on practices and attitudes, leading him assuming undeniably the productivity, sings the Brazilian public jurisdiction, in view of the rights recognition in this consumeristic society and with several held out pretensions, impels judiciary power to take on the society trench, in the struggle for right effective accomplishment, but first of all, the social pacification generalized consistence, distributing judicial security naturally the available tools set to its disposal, have needed suffering changes, adjustments, as it has occurred in civil process, in view of the contemporaneous constitutional jurisdiction the collective process, as a kind of alternative, regarding to the rights recognition, the criminal system and its changes, facing contemporaneous legal and political features in the contemporary age as well as the work division, in its expectations, concerning the rights recognition, all these facts brought about moved by the current constitutional empathy felt by society in the path for fundamental rights materialization never the less, on account of the promulgating the privatizations tendency, deregulation, flexibility, arbitration and transactions, private jurisdiction formation has been seeded, expanding, spreading the ideology which efficiency according to is synonym for being privation, being all and all masterminded by the bourgeoisie will, driven by globalization, of ascending up, new horizons that once again will show up its triumph as for the state, in front of post-modernity with a society, in globalization times, has more and more cleared out room in favour of international economical interests to the degree of extenuating its own sovereignty as an attribute emerging from the order that needs to legitimate its power / O trabalho, aqui destacado, visa a discorrer acerca do Estado e da Jurisdição na sociedade contemporânea. Para tanto, empreendemos uma abordagem sistemática dos contornos do Estado e sua evolução, bem como do Direito, e a constante adaptação, em face da complexidade que caracteriza o tecido social, sempre em mutação. Nessa perspectiva, é imperioso refletir no tocante ao Estado Social e ao Estado Neoliberal, diante das consequências para o reconhecimento de direitos em suas configurações de Providência e diante da nova roupagem atribuída, para o ressurgimento do Estado Mínimo, ao argumento que deve ser eficiente. Na verdade, a sociedade, desde a formulação do Estado, jamais conheceu um nível de intervenção zero, uma vez que ele sempre se processou como realidade permanente, em todas as suas fases e adaptações para atender a objetivos de Legitimação do Poder. A Jurisdição, principal mecanismo de que o Estado-Juiz dispõe para intervir nas relações sociais objetivando resolver conflitos, galgando à concretização do escopo do processo, destinado à pacificação social, mas, sobretudo, distribuindo segurança jurídica, revela-se totalmente ampliada em virtude da propulsão realizada pela presença normativa da Constituição e da nova realidade trazida pelo Direito Prestacional, uma vez que o acesso à justiça e a necessidade iminente de uma tutela efetiva e de resultados impõe ao Juiz e a sua função jurisdicional a necessidade de outros olhares sobre práticas e atitudes, levando a assumir, definitivamente, o papel de produtividade, uma vez que a Jurisdição Pública Brasileira, em face do reconhecimento de direitos, nesta sociedade consumeirista e com diversas pretensões resistidas, leva o Poder Judiciário a assumir o posto de última trincheira da sociedade na luta pela efetivação de direitos, mas, sobretudo pela densificação da pacificação social distribuindo segurança jurídica. Naturalmente, as ferramentas postas à disposição, principalmente o processo, necessitaram sofrer mutações, ajustes; como o processo civil, em face da jurisdição constitucional contemporânea; o processo coletivo, como alternativa no reconhecimento de direitos; o processo penal e suas modificações em face dos aspectos jurídicos e políticos na contemporaneidade; e o processo do trabalho, em suas expectativas, no reconhecimento de direitos; tudo motivado por uma realidade presente do sentir constitucional pela sociedade, na concretização dos direitos fundamentais. No entanto, em virtude da onda Neoliberal, propagando a moda das privatizações, desregulamentação, flexibilização, arbitragem e transações, vem sendo semeada a formação de uma Jurisdição Privada alterando a Jurisdição Pública, propagando a ideologia de que eficiência é sinônimo de ser privado, tudo arquitetado pela vontade da Burguesia, impulsionada pela Globalização, em galgar novos horizontes, que novamente demonstrem seu triunfo. Quanto ao Estado, diante da Pós-modernidade, em uma sociedade em tempos de efervescente globalização, cada vez mais cede espaço para atender interesses econômicos internacionais, a ponto de mitigar sua própria soberania como atributo emergente da ordem que necessita da legitimação de poder

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ricardo_sampaio.pdf: 357444 bytes, checksum: 4d6b142d62675ef2598381141a3e5416 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-19 / Brazil is a country of rigid constitution. Although the responsibility for drafting the laws belong, as a rule, to the parliamentarians who are elected directly by people, the judges, unlike those who are not elected, sometimes are submitted to public tender of evidence and securities or are indicated by political criterion , as the composition of the high courts that have the power to declare laws unconstitutional, nullifying them. Thus, there is a deficiency in the performance of the democratic constitutional jurisdiction. On this track, the doctrine suggests greater legitimacy as desirable in the interpretation made by the judges to exercise the control of constitutionality and reveal a mechanism of connection between the popular will and judgments of the intervention of civil society in the processes through Amicus curiae. The research examines the figure of the Amicus curiae in its trajectory inside concentrated control of constitutionality in Brazil, since the days when it was accepted informally, through its positive in Law 9868/99, until the present time in which the Supreme Court has granted other prerogatives that are under the law, showing the current phase which involves advancement of the judicial precedent in law / O Brasil é um país de constituição rígida. Embora a competência para a elaboração das leis pertença, em regra, aos parlamentares que são eleitos diretamente pelo povo; os juízes, ao contrário destes, que não são eleitos, ora se submetem a concurso público de provas e títulos ou são indicados por critério político, como acontece na composição das altas cortes, têm a prerrogativa de declarar a inconstitucionalidade das leis, anulando-as. Assim, se constata uma deficiência democrática na atuação da jurisdição constitucional. Nessa trilha, a doutrina aponta como desejável maior legitimação na interpretação realizada pelos juízes para o exercício do controle de constitucionalidade e revelam como mecanismo de ligação entre a vontade popular e as decisões judiciais a intervenção da sociedade civil organizada nos processos através do Amicus Curiae. A pesquisa analisa a figura do Amicus Curiae em sua trajetória no controle concentrado de constitucionalidade brasileira, desde a época em que era aceito informalmente, passando por sua positivação na Lei 9.868/99, até o momento atual em que o Supremo Tribunal Federal vem lhe concedendo prerrogativas outras não previstas na lei, evidenciando a fase atual de jurisprudencialização do direito

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_jose_geraldo.pdf: 1346376 bytes, checksum: be4023fd6a2c113fa120b9b53129e2c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Changes after the great world wars, especially the bad things caused by German's Third Reich caused an upheaval in the study and application of legal standards. The fear that Law could be used as a tool capable of inflicting such horrors fostered the establishment of Constitutional Courts besides the development of the American judicial review of judicial construction of Law, that also spread during this time its ideals of democracy and the application of rules to the rest of the world. The model of the welfare and democratic state brings new rights, especially of a fundamental basis and the institutes of political intervention in judges decision-making when established only by the Legislative and Executive Powers put into question the state of the triple division of power, created under the liberal state and it no longer can explain the reality of an interventionist state that brings the danger of government of the toga . Among the propellers of this effervescence of the Judiciary Power there are the globalization, the concepts of post-modernity with the breach of all paradigms on modern age; the failure of Cartesianism based on the concepts of positivism due to law enforcement with the breaching of the myth of neutrality , inertia and impartiality of the judiciary; besides the violation of the theory that the judge does not create law able to innovate the legal system beyond the Neo constitutionalism and the freedom of interpretation of the law especially those ones of Constitutional Law, those as we said are allies to the fact that there is judicialization and there is a pro active of the judges behavior in the direction of judicial proceedings. The existence of open laws and a set of principles allied with the failure of the Legislative Power with the sense of crisis in the statutory law and the performance of the Executive Power cannot effect rights and gave judges the power to increase their jurisdiction enlarging their boundaries. So, it is necessary to consider alternatives to solve conflicts that may arise with this phenomena. Especially those ones connected to the needy of controlling the interpretation done by the judges, setting limits and also to the fact that the questioning of legitimacy of their decisions to the lack of democratic instruments of analysis and the lack of popular legitimacy through suffrage bringing the explanation of the subjectivist and procedural theories. In addition to this the ideas developed by Dworkin and Viehweg as possible solution to solving the problem of hard cases and legislative gaps. It is necessary to think about the lasting or eternity of concepts of the Legalization of Judicial Activism in societies emerging from this new reality / As transformações ocorridas no mundo pós grandes guerras, principalmente os males provocados pelo III Reich alemão, causaram uma reviravolta no estudo e aplicação das normas jurídicas. O temor de que o Direito voltasse a ser usado como instrumento capaz de causar tais horrores fomentou a instituição de Tribunais Constitucionais, além do desenvolvimento do judicial review americano de construção judicial do Direito, que disseminou também nesse período seus ideais de democracia e aplicação normativa ao resto do mundo. O advento do modelo de Estado Social e Democrático de Direito traz à baila novos direitos, sobretudo de natureza fundamental, que precisam ser concretizados. Os institutos da intervenção política dos juízes em esferas de decisão outrora estabelecidos apenas ao Legislativo e Executivo, põem em xeque a permanência da tripartição de poderes, idealizada sob a égide do Estado Liberal e que agora não mais serve para explicar uma realidade de Estado intervencionista, traz o perigo do governo do toga . Entre os propulsores desta efervescência do Poder Judiciário estão a globalização, os conceitos de pós-modernidade, com a quebra de todos os paradigmas da modernidade, a insuficiência do cartesianismo subsuntivo baseado nos conceitos do positivismo para aplicação do direito, com a quebra dos mitos da neutralidade, inércia e imparcialidade do Judiciário, além do desarranjo da teoria de que o juiz não cria norma capaz de inovar o ordenamento jurídico, além do Neo constitucionalismo e da liberdade de interpretação das normas, sobretudo aquelas de Direito Constitucional são, como dissemos, aliados do fato de existência da Judicialização e da atitude pró ativa dos juízes na condução do processo judicial. A existência de normas abertas e principiológicas aliados a inoperância do Poder Legislativo, atrelado ao sentido de crise do direito legislado e da atuação do Poder Executivo, o qual não consegue efetivar direitos, deram aos juízes o Poder de incrementar, na sua atuação, agigantando seus limites. De sorte que faz-se necessário o pensar de alternativas para solução dos conflitos que possam surgir com este fenômeno. Sobretudo aqueles que estejam ligados à necessidade de controle à interpretação efetuada pelos magistrados, impondo-se limites, como ainda o fato do questionamento sobre a legitimidade de suas decisões, haja vista a franca ausência de instrumentos de análise democrática, ausência de legitimação popular por meio do sufrágio, traz-nos as explicações das teorias procedimentalistas e subjetivistas; além das idéias desenvolvidas por Dworkin e Viehweg como possíveis solução para resolução do problema dos hard cases e das lacunas normativas. De certo faz-se necessário o pensar sobre a perenidade ou eternidade dos conceitos de Judicialização e do Ativismo Judicial nas sociedades emergentes desta nova realidade que se desenha

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sergio_paulo_ribeiro_silva.pdf: 517862 bytes, checksum: 0cf63aefe65988a18aecc882657efacc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / The dissertation examines legal and constitutional viability of the special civil courts, those courts are ruled by the Law 9.099, of 26th of September 1995, may exercise jurisdiction in preventive causes of lower complexity, ie, jurisdiction intended to prevent threatened injury to right material will actually materialize or should be limited in order to exercise jurisdiction exclusively to repair or repression of injury to an already consummated substantive law. Examines whether the interpretation, which does not allow the exercise of jurisdiction in special courts preventive finds resonance in the Federal Constitution or admits the possibility of a court, be prevented from exercising preventive custody or be deprived of the power of general caution. This dissertation also analyzes the idea that in the prospect of jurisdiction be considered a fundamental right, the state court may relinquish power and duty to decide or decline to hear request for judicial review, especially that seeks to prevent the threat subjective right of the injury will be consummated in the world of facts. / A presente dissertação examina (i) a viabilidade jurídicoconstitucional de os juizados especiais cíveis, regidos pelo regramento da Lei 9.099, de 26 de setembro de 1995, poderem exercer jurisdição preventiva nas causas de menor complexidade, ou seja, exercer jurisdição destinada a evitar que ameaça de lesão a direito material venha de fato se concretizar ou devem se limitar a exercer jurisdição visando exclusivamente à reparação ou a repressão de lesão já consumada a um direito substantivo. Examina (ii) se a interpretação que não admite o exercício da jurisdição preventiva nos juizados especiais encontra ressonância na Constituição Federal ou se a Carta Política admite a possibilidade de um órgão jurisdicional ser impedido de exercer tutela preventiva ou mesmo ser desprovido do poder geral de cautela. Também, diante da perspectiva de a jurisdição ser considerada um dos direitos fundamentais, se o estado-juiz pode abrir mão do poder-dever de decidir ou negar-se a conhecer de pedido de tutela jurisdicional, especialmente, a que visa impedir que a ameaça de lesão a direito subjetivo venha se consumar no mundo dos fatos.