The study critically explored the language of reportage of the Zimbabwe Land Reform programme as presented in selected Shona and English newspapers in Zimbabwe. The study focused on Kwayedza, The Herald, The Daily News and The Daily Mirror. The objective was to find out whether or not the verbal and visual languages used in reporting the Land Reform programme left readers more knowledgeable about the programme, and then adopt a critical attitude towards the Land Reform exercise. The study used qualitative textual analysis to unpack the language frames used in representing Land Reform in the selected newspapers. Some relevant critical voices from readers were also enlisted in order to support or complicate interpretations of how Land Reform was portrayed in the selected stories. Kwayedza and The Herald unequivocally supported the Land Reform. This official stance was contested in Chapter Four in which The Daily News adopted an ideological position opposed to both the idea of the Land Reform and the confiscatory way the land was repossessed. The Daily News’ extremely negative criticism of the Land Reform was challenged and then modified in The Daily Mirror. The Daily Mirror criticised both the government’s extremely supportive view of the Land Reform. The Daily Mirror also openly criticised The Daily News for refusing to acknowledge the historical inevitability and necessity of the Land Reform. The Daily Mirror advanced a perspective that suggested that Land Reform programme should benefit the masses more than the elites. It was argued that in contexts of political change such as that of Zimbabwe, newspapers take a stance and support particular ideological interests. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This dissertation presents an analysis of small-scale farmers’ experiences of and responses to the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe. It is argued that this topic has been understudied, especially in the geographical areas of Mushandike and Mvurwi. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Data collection techniques include questionnaires, participant observation, life histories, interviews and focus group discussions. Theories and debates on land reform and poverty alleviation that inform this study are discussed. It was evident from the field research that small-scale farmers experienced an improvement in their quality of life as was witnessed in improved levels of income, diets, types of housing and acquired assets. Land distribution according to gender is a particular concern. Very few women own land despite the fact that they till the land. The study concludes that land reform is essential for the improvement of the lives of the landless and the rural poor. Support systems are however necessary to achieve improved livelihoods. / Dissertation (MSoSci (Development Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Anthropology and Archaeology / MSc / Unrestricted

Purpose: The purpose of this was to assess skills and experience in commercial farming among black farmers; identify s kills required in commercial farming among black farmers; and empirically gain an insight of experience and constraints black farmers face in commercial farming. Design/methodology/approach : Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used. Qualitatively, 12 participants were interviewed and 41 participants answered a closed-ended questionnaire. The following variables were used to assess black farmers' s kills in commercial farming: skills in farm management principles; skills in decision making science; skills in farm record keeping; skills in farm risk management; skills in creating a competitive advantage for a farm business; skills in farm financial management; and experiences and constraints facing black commercial farmers. Findings: It was found in this study that there is a significant deficiency in black farmer ' skills in commercial farming. The study further found that black farmers require skills in farm management principles, decision making science in farming, farm record keeping, risk management in farming, creating a competitive advantage for a farm business and farm financial management. In terms of their experience from their successes and failures, black farmers perceive that they need to be committed and determined, to have passion, patience and perseverance, and need to work collectively in farming business. Research limitations/implications: A number of participants in both methods of collecting data limited the generalization of results. However, bridging of skills gap among black farmers could improve on their current practice in commercial farming. In their own experiences continuous support from relevant structures could impact positively in their commercial farming. / Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2010

The relationships between trends in migration patterns and regional employment structures during and after the Peruvian agrarian reform years are explored. Population movements, particularly the outmigration from the Peruvian countryside, are seen as influenced primarily by structural conditions of the regional economies. Census data is used to compare rates of migration between 1972, when the land reform was taking place, and 1981, after the reform measures had taken effect. These findings are compared with an analysis of trends in the regional labor force. It is found that the regional disparities in socioeconomic development would suggest much greater outmigration than is indicated by the departmental migration rates. Due to the seasonality of labor demand in agriculture, many population movements are necessarily of a temporary or circular nature. No direct correlations are made between land reform measures and rates of migration; rather, the study describes regional socioeconomic contexts of the reform, and the likely impact of the land reform on the propensity to migrate.

An historiographical analysis of the present political debates regarding land reform in Scotland provides the point of departure for a case study of the Isle of Eigg and the 1997 purchase of the island by the Isle ofEigg Heritage Trust. The case study details the island community's historical development and researches the building pressures that culminated in two successive campaigns for community ownership in 1992 and 1996-7. Through interviews, focus groups, and 3 years of regular visits to the island a comprehensive social history of Eigg is consequently compiled and analysed, within which, particular attention is given to the role of island proprietors and their problematic relationships with the resident community. Using a highly participative methodology of research, the author took an active role in the facilitation and promotion of the islanders' ideas for community ownership. This is detailed together with the participative management plan that resulted from planning workshops and exhaustive interviews with island households. The process of community empowerment is traced through the workshops, the drafting of the management plan and the unique partnership that was eventually formed between the islanders, the Highland Council, and the Scottish Wildlife Trust. This is followed by an 'insider's view' of the Isle of Eigg Appeal, which had as much impact on the island as it did in the national media. The most successful public appeal in the Highlands and Islands to date is also examined from a marketing perspective, that explains how indeed, 64 islanders managed to raise £1.6 m in just 8 months without mains electricity nor Lottery backing. Finally, the central lessons of the community's success are used to highlight the importance of community development in any future policies of land reform in Scotland. The conclusion thereby emphasises the importance of integrated planning, community participation, and appropriate packages of support in establishing similar community trust models of ownership.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Land is a precious resource that forms the basis of our security, pride and history. The ownership and use of land have always played an important role in the shaping of all political, economic and social processes in South Africa. Therefore it is a very sensitive issue for all South Africans. Colonialism and the Apartheid policy deprived the majority of South Africans of the right to own land or took away their land, and this contributed to the large degree of prevailing poverty, especially of the rural black population. One of the primary purposes of the first democratic government, elected in 1994, was to introduce land reform that would return 30% of all agricultural land to the previously deprived population. The purpose of this study is to research the government policy, and prevailing theories, on land reform, and the impact of this policy on the socio-economic development of the Cradock and Somerset East districts of the Eastern Cape. The current power behind the new land policy is the land reform programme, which consists of redistribution, security of tenure and land restitution. Land reform means, among other things, the redistribution of land with the main objectives of achieving socio-economic development and reducing poverty. From the research it transpired that land reform is a complex issue with widely divergent opinions. The Government itself changed its policy since 1994, and the World Bank has also change its policy. Of the burning issues are: must land reform mainly deal with land restitution, or rather with socio-economic development; is commercial farming on large farms better for land restitution, or small scale farming on small farms; is the capitalistic viewpoint driven by the market mechanism the best, or a more socialistic approach; is communal ownership of land better than individual ownership; should only applicants with farming experience be considered or also people with no experience? All these issues have proponents, mostly it seams as if compromises between these viewpoints would yield the best results. From the case studies, as well as the literature and interviews, it transpired that support services for emerging farmers are of prime importance. Mentors that assist emerging farmers could make a positive contribution. Existing commercial farmers should also be involved as advisers. It also seemed as if it was very difficult for large groups of unrelated beneficiaries to successfully work on one farm. The success of the policy does not only depend on the mere access to land, as the quality of life and potential job opportunities can only be increased by the provision of support services, infrastructure and other development programmes, which result from land reform. This requires a cooperative partnership between national, provincial and local governments. The socio-economic analysis revealed that there are large scale poverty and unemployment in the districts of Cradock and Somerset East. Although the rural population is on the decline, there still are large rural black and coloured populations that may benefit from land restitution. However, because of the dry climate and poor soil quality, it is unlikely that many of these households could be helped by means of land restitution to escape from poverty. Opinions of experts on the degree to which land reform contributed towards socio-economic development, are divided. It seems that projects where upcoming farmers are assisted by a mentor, or where a small number of beneficiaries, related to each other, are farming together, have a greater chance of succeeding. However, for the land reform programme to meet its objectives, it is important to formulate an adequate land policy to ensure peace, reconciliation and national stability. Without these aspects, economic growth and secure livelihoods cannot be ensured. Effective land programmes can contribute directly to increased production and the reduction of poverty, but only if implemented correctly. Land forms the corner stone of development, but cannot be used or maintained as the only way to decrease or eliminate poverty. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grond is 'n kosbare hulpbron wat nie net die basis van welvaart vorm nie, maar ook van sekuriteit, trots en geskiedenis. Die eienaarskap en gebruik van grond het nog altyd 'n belangrike rol gespeel in die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale prosesse van 'n land. Gevolglik is dit ook 'n sensitiewe kwessie vir alle Suid-Afrikaners. Kolonisasie en die Apartheidsbeleid het die meerderheid Suid-Afrikaners ontneem van die reg om grond te besit of hul grond afgeneem, wat bygedra het tot die grootskaalse armoede van veral die landelike swart bevolking. Een van die belangrike doeleindes van die eerste demokratiese regering wat in 1994 verkies is, was om grondhervorming in te stel wat 30% van alle landbougrond weer aan die voorheen benadeelde sektor van die bevolking sou teruggee. Die doel van die werkstuk is om die beleid van die regering, en die teorieë, oor grondhervorming na te gaan en om die potensiële impak van dié beleid op sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van die Cradock en Somerset-Oos distrikte van die Oos-Kaap te bepaal. Die dryfkrag agter die nuwe grondbeleid is die grondhervormingsprogram, wat bestaan uit herverdeling, sekerheid van eienaarskap en restitusie van grond. Grondhervorming behels onder andere die herverspreiding van grond met die hoofdoel om sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling te bevorder en armoede te verminder. Uit die navorsing het dit geblyk dat grondhervorming 'n ingewikkelde kwessie is waaroor verskeie sterk uiteenlopend standpunte gehuldig word. Selfs die Regering het sy beleid verander sedert 1994, en die Wêreldbank het ook sy beleid verander. Van die brandpunte is: moet grondhervorming hoofsaaklik gaan oor die herverdeling van grond of oor sosioekonomiese opheffing; is kommersiële boerdery op groot plase die beste vir herverdeling of kleinskaal boerdery op klein plase; is die kapitalistiese siening met die markmeganisme as dryfveer die beste, of moet 'n meer sosialistiese benadering gevolg word; is kommunale besit van grond die beste of individuele eienaarskap; moet slegs aansoekers met ondervinding in landbou van grond voorsien word, of ook mense met geen ondervinding nie? Al dié standpunte het voor- en teenstanders, en heelwaarskynlik sal 'n middeweg meestal die beste resultate lewer. Uit die drie gevallestudies, sowel as die literatuur en onderhoude, het dit geblyk dat ondersteuningsdienste vir opkomende boere van kardinale belang is. Mentors, wat hulp aan opkomende boere verleen en hulle help met besigheidsplanne kan 'n positiewe bydrae maak. Hierin behoort bestaande kommersiële boere ook 'n rol speel. Dit het ook geblyk dat dit moeilik is vir groot groepe onverwante begunstigdes om suksesvol op een plaas saam te werk. Die sukses van hierdie elemente van grondhervorming is afhanklik van meer as blote toegang tot grond - die kwaliteit van lewe en moontlikheid van werksgeleenthede kan slegs verbeter word deur die lewering van ondersteuningsdienste, infrastruktuur en ander ontwikkelingsprogramme, wat voortspruit uit grondhervorming. Dit vereis 'n opbouende vennootskap tussen nasionale-, provinsiale- en plaaslike regerings. Volgens die sosio-ekonomiese analises blyk dit dat daar groot armoede en werkloosheid in die Somerset-Oos en Cradock distrikte is. Alhoewel die landelike bevolking daal, is daar nog steeds 'n groot swart en bruin landelike bevolking wat kan baat by grondhervorming. Weens die droë klimaat en swak grondgehalte van dié gebied is dit onwaarskynlik dat baie van dié gesinne met grond herverdeling gehelp sal kan word om uit armoede te ontsnap. Daar was verdeelde opinie by betrokkenes oor die mate waartoe grondhervorming reeds bygedra het tot die bevordering van sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Dit blyk dat projekte waar 'n mentor opkomende boere bystaan, of waar daar 'n klein aantal lede is wat verwant is aan mekaar, 'n groter kans op sukses het. Effektiewe grondprogramme kan moontlik direk bydra tot verhoging in produksie en die uitwissing van armoede - mits dit korrek toegepas word. Grond vorm die hoeksteen tot ontwikkeling, maar kan nie die enigste manier wees om armoede te probeer verlig nie.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe apžvelgta Šilalės rajono savivaldybės nekilnojamojo turto registre užregistruotų žemės sklypų skaičiaus kitimo tendencijos per 2004 – 2009 m. laikotarpį. Apžvelgti teisės aktai reglamentuojantys žemės sklypų kadastrinius matavimus. Aptarti keliami kvalifikaciniai reikalavimai matininkams ir matininkams ekspertams. Išanalizuoti žemės sklypai pagal pagrindinę tikslinę žemės naudojimo paskirtį. Taip pat pateiktos dažniausiai daromos klaidos atliekant kadastrinius matavimus. Išanalizuotas žemės reformos metu atliktų darbų kiekis, o žemės sklypų duomenys pateikti diagramų pavidalu. Darbe naudoti analitinis, statistinis bei grafinis duomenų vaizdavimo būdai. / Master's Degree thesis looked Šilalė Municipal Real Estate Register, the number of plots the trend over 2004 - 2009 on period. To review the legislation governing land cadastral measurements. Discuss the qualifications of surveyors for surveyors and experts. To analyze the lands within the main target of land use. It is also the most commonly made mistakes in the cadastral measurements. Analyzed land reforms carried out during the work content and data to land in the form of graphs. Study uses an analytical, statistical and graphical data visualization methods.

<p>Land ownership, control and reform have been some of the most contentious issues in contemporary Zimbabwe. The land question has generated a lot of emotional debate and there is a general consensus that it represents a critical dimension to the crisis the country is going through. This thesis intended to offer some insights into the modus operandi and outcomes of land reform in the country.</p>

This thesis analyses the dynamics, complexities and numerous obstacles that serve to constrain rural development within the ‡Khomani Community of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Following the end of Apartheid, given the disparity in wealth evident among the country’s population, in 1994, the South African Government embarked on a process to address inequality. In regard to the rural poor, who constitute the majority of the country’s poor, the Government envisioned that a more equitable distribution of land would result in economic development and poverty alleviation for land reform beneficiaries. Consequently, a Land Reform Policy was introduced, which was used by the ‡Khomani Bushmen to reclaim ancestral land in South Africa’s rural Northern Cape in 1999. More than ten years on, however, the living conditions of the ‡Khomani have not improved, and the Community continues to live in poverty. Despite the award of land and financial input from government and development agencies, the ‡Khomani have no basic services and are unable to significantly diversify or increase livelihood strategies. Multiple factors including a lack of Community cohesion and capacity, limited opportunities due to remote rural location, and the inability of government and development actors to successfully apply effective interventions, serve to constrain development, and maintain ‡Khomani disempowerment. The thesis argues that governments, development institutions and actors must recognise the need for a multidimensional approach to development to alleviate poverty, while recognising the limits of external actors and the role of communities in this regard. Essentially, sustainable rural development will only ensue when communities are able to make effective decisions based on meaningful choices.

The analysis of agrarian change presented in this thesis integrates state practices and wider politics to the study of rural differentiation, using a case study of Zimbabwe. Most studies of agrarian change in the 21st century have tried to come to grips with rural differentiation in Africa, its causes and effects, by using particular models such as those of neo-classical economics, livelihood approaches, Marxist analysis of accumulation and social and cultural networks, or a combination of variables from the four approaches. However, these theoretical approaches fail to comprehensively integrate the role of the state and politics into the analysis of rural differentiation. My study explains differentiation by exploring beneficiary selection, production and accumulation processes on Zimbabwe’s Fast Track land reform resettlement schemes. Fast Track involved a series of partisan and violent invasions of largely white owned commercial farms from 2000, which constituted the largest land redistribution in post-colonial Africa. Scholars exploring politics and the Zimbabwean state have not applied their insights to an analysis of field based data on production and accumulation on Zimbabwe’s resettlement farms. I argue that the restructuring of the state and politics as an instrument of violence and as a site of accumulation dominated by patronage-both justified through ideology-was central to agrarian change after 2000. I find the three concepts of violence, patronage and ideology more useful in capturing the nuances and modalities of empirical realities on resettlement schemes than neo-patrimonial theories that provide generalised accounts of the African state. Though still acknowledging the role of other differentiating factors such as social networks, hard work by resettled farmers and economic factors, it is through the integration of political processes into the analysis of agrarian change that, I argue, one can understand better the dynamics shaping rural differentiation in post-2000 Zimbabwe.