Language maintenance investigations have, for the most part, been limited to the study of the effect that socio-cultural factors have on language preservation. Unfortunately, language maintenance has been studied in tandem with language shift. Language shift has generated more interested from scholars than has language maintenance. This dissertation is an attempt to open up new ways to look at the study of language maintenance by presenting a theoretical framework whereby the domain of language use is the principal focus of study. I studied the domain of religion, subdivided into several dimensions. One dimension, that of ideology, is at the center of my study. The main objective of the dissertation was to identify ideological themes within the doctrinal body of the church selected for the study. Twenty-five such themes were identified and analyzed to determine the ways in which the themes influence language maintenance among the church members. The case study approach and the use of several ethnographic data collection methods were employed to assist us in having a better understanding of the phenomenon of language maintenance and to pave the way for future language maintenance studies.

The recent emphasis on Affirmative Action policies in South African corporations has illuminated the issue of cultural diversity in organizations and the difficulties arising from this transition and change. One such difficulty is the problem of intercultural communication where miscommunication can have life-threatening consequences. This problem is particularly critical in the operational environment of the passenger aircraft flight deck where small group factors, as well as intercultural issues must be taken into account. In this thesis the problem of intercultural communication in such contexts as a consequence of Affirmative Action is examined. The data for this thesis comprises the communication of five culturally diverse flight crews. A multi-method was used for the gathering and analysis of this data. This involved the use of video-taped flight simulator sessions, and personal interviews with each crew member. The subjects themselves were involved in identifying key communication problems from the video and interpretation of the data. Three levels of analysis were used in the interpretation of the findings - the individual, the group and the organization. The factors which affected communication at each level in the small, culturally diverse group are highlighted. Furthermore, factors which influence the climate in which communication takes place are also considered. The implications for Affirmative Action are discussed.

Thesis (Master of Education (Education)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / This research aims to establish the relationship between language acquisition for isiXhosa as an additional language and the use of e-learning as well as the effect that such an approach will have on the students of the target group. The researcher selected a group of students from those whom she taught, and used e-learning by means of the Blackboard platform in the teaching process. A B-Ed 3 group was identified as target group out of which six candidates were randomly selected as case studies in order to monitor the process of implementation and usage. In an attempt to obtain underlying and rich information, they each maintained a journal about the e-learning usage, completed two questionnaires and attended a focus group discussion. These sources of information supplied data which reflected the students’ true feelings about e-learning. The lecturer, who had no previous experience of e-learning, attended e-learning courses and also from her perspective, noted the process of implementation in a journal. E-learning tasks were used as support to subject content which were used in the classroom. The students were therefore expected to attend all classes and complete the e-learning tasks outside of class time. The research determined that e-learning has the potential to be applied successfully to additional language teaching. Both the lecturer and the students experienced the process positively.

CAPES / Esta pesquisa traz uma proposta de se repensar quais são os diálogos estabelecidos entre a linguagem da Literatura e da História em Quadrinhos, com base nas quatro adaptações para os quadrinhos – publicadas por Francisco Vilachã e Fernando Rodrigues (Editora Escala Educacional 2006); Fábio Moon e Gabriel Bá (Editora Agir 2007); César Lobo e Luiz Aguiar (Editora Ática 2008) e Lailson Cavalcanti (Companhia Editora Nacional 2008) - do conto O Alienista, publicado por Machado de Assis em 1882. Além do estudo da forma, percebe-se também ser necessário um estudo daquilo que perpassa os elementos estruturais de uma obra, ou seja, seus aspectos sociais, históricos e econômicos. Objetivou-se pensar sobre os aspectos visuais que pudessem auxiliar nas discussões sobre espaço, tempo e caracterização das personagens. Espera-se poder demonstrar que a interpretação de um texto, seja ele visual ou verbal, interage com fatores sociais e materiais, os quais permeiam a existência tanto do artista quanto do leitor; e que as técnicas utilizadas para a produção influenciam no modo como o discurso será interpretado. / This research brings a proposal to rethink what are the conversations between the language of Literature and Comics, based on the four adaptations for the comic books - published by Francisco Vilachã & Fernando Rodrigues (Editora Escala Educacional 2006), Fabio Moon & Gabriel Bá (Publisher Act 2007), César Lobo & Luiz Aguiar (Ática 2008), and Lailson Cavalcanti (Companhia Editora Nacional 2008) – form the short story O Alienista, published by Machado de Assis in 1882. In the study of form, they also perceive a need to study the elements that trespass the structural aspects of a piece, like their social, historical and economic outlines. The objective was to think about the visual aspects that could be helpful in discussions about space, time and description of the characters. It is hoped to demonstrate that the interpretation of a text, whether visual or verbal, interacts with social and materials factors, which permeate the existence of both the artist and the reader, and to think about the techniques used to produce influence in the way speech will be interpreted.

CAPES / Esta pesquisa traz uma proposta de se repensar quais são os diálogos estabelecidos entre a linguagem da Literatura e da História em Quadrinhos, com base nas quatro adaptações para os quadrinhos – publicadas por Francisco Vilachã e Fernando Rodrigues (Editora Escala Educacional 2006); Fábio Moon e Gabriel Bá (Editora Agir 2007); César Lobo e Luiz Aguiar (Editora Ática 2008) e Lailson Cavalcanti (Companhia Editora Nacional 2008) - do conto O Alienista, publicado por Machado de Assis em 1882. Além do estudo da forma, percebe-se também ser necessário um estudo daquilo que perpassa os elementos estruturais de uma obra, ou seja, seus aspectos sociais, históricos e econômicos. Objetivou-se pensar sobre os aspectos visuais que pudessem auxiliar nas discussões sobre espaço, tempo e caracterização das personagens. Espera-se poder demonstrar que a interpretação de um texto, seja ele visual ou verbal, interage com fatores sociais e materiais, os quais permeiam a existência tanto do artista quanto do leitor; e que as técnicas utilizadas para a produção influenciam no modo como o discurso será interpretado. / This research brings a proposal to rethink what are the conversations between the language of Literature and Comics, based on the four adaptations for the comic books - published by Francisco Vilachã & Fernando Rodrigues (Editora Escala Educacional 2006), Fabio Moon & Gabriel Bá (Publisher Act 2007), César Lobo & Luiz Aguiar (Ática 2008), and Lailson Cavalcanti (Companhia Editora Nacional 2008) – form the short story O Alienista, published by Machado de Assis in 1882. In the study of form, they also perceive a need to study the elements that trespass the structural aspects of a piece, like their social, historical and economic outlines. The objective was to think about the visual aspects that could be helpful in discussions about space, time and description of the characters. It is hoped to demonstrate that the interpretation of a text, whether visual or verbal, interacts with social and materials factors, which permeate the existence of both the artist and the reader, and to think about the techniques used to produce influence in the way speech will be interpreted.

Orientador: Marisa Lajolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T02:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zorzato_LucilaBassan_M.pdf: 2160403 bytes, checksum: b00eb30e7f2d1683614cbee0dd589331 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A pesquisa A Cultura alemã na obra infantil Aventuras de Hans Staden, de Monteiro Lobato examina, a partir das obras Meu cativeiro entre os selvagens do Brasil (1925) e Aventuras de Hans Staden (1927), a relação de Monteiro Lobato com a cultura alemã. O estudo dessas obras suscita indagações a respeito não só dos processos de tradução e adaptação adotados por Lobato e da recepção da obra pelo público, como também questões referentes à relação do autor com o universo alemão. Sob este aspecto, a pesquisa investiga, através da análise de documentos e da correspondência lobatiana, a representação da cultura alemã para Lobato, as propostas de versão de sua obra para o alemão, sua recepção entre leitores de língua alemã e a relação do autor com a própria língua / Abstract: This research entitled The German Culture in Aventuras de Hans Staden in Monteiro Lobato.s juvenile literature looks into the relationship betwenn Monteiro Lobato and the German culture through the analyses of two pieces of work: Meu cativeiro entre os selavagens do Brasil (1925) and Aventuras de Hans Staden (1927). The study of the previously cited works brings up some questioning concerning not only the translation and adaptation processes used by the author as well as the reader.s acceptance, but also questioning corcerning the author.s relation with the German universe. Therefore, in order to investigate the importance of the German culture for Lobato, his work German version proposals, the German readers acceptance of his work as well as the authors relationship with his own language, this research will analise some documents and Lobato¿mail / Mestrado / Literatura Brasileira / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eliane.pdf: 4076469 bytes, checksum: a4604fb254e1954d8ca5dbc6eb5e477b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-09 / The present work has as its theme the study of the German language and culture in Missal, a municipality located in the extreme west of the state of Paraná, which provides an expressive context of languages and cultures in contact, some resulting from the situation of border among Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, a place called Tríplice Fronteira, others are a result of a migration process. Taking this context into account, we wonder why and what factors lead the residents of Missal, two hundred years after their immigration, to speak German (in its dialectal variety Hunsrückisch/ Brasildeutsch) and express, through parties and other local traditions, their linguistic and cultural identity. Bearing these questions in mind, the aim of this research is to analyze the factors that underlie the maintenance and regression of the German language and culture in this municipality. Although we acknowledge that language is part of individuals own culture and social group, both language and culture will be analyzed separately, i.e, the influence of cultural aspects regarding the maintenance and regression of the German language and culture. With this study, we intend to contribute to other previous studies, especially in the western region of Paraná, about bilingualism, identity and minority languages in complex sociolinguistic contexts in relation to bi(multi)lingualism from authors such as Pereira (1999); Heye (2003); Damke (1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2008); Savedra (2003, 2009); von Borstel (1992, 1999, 2011).This study also aims to contribute to the appreciation and maintenance of the German language and culture, not only in Missal, but also in other localities where bilingualism occurs. In this sense, this work is relevant to both current speakers and future generations, German descendants or not. This qualitative ethnographic research will be based on a Sociolinguistic perspective, focusing on concepts of identity, bilingualism, language/culture and linguistic policies. It is understood that the construction of a more critical human being, more responsive to other people´s culture, is only possible through the acceptance of difference and, in this sense, accepting an identity that is different from yours is a sign of respect, without stigmatizing culture and beliefs, especially the language, since languages exist because of speakers and their history is unquestionably linked (CALVET, 2002). Based on Calvet (2002), Napolitano (2005) e Damke (2008) attitudes of unity in diversity, of respect and of a pacific coexistence in this linguistic, cultural and ethnical mosaic which constitute Brazil is possible, acceptable, normal. / O presente trabalho tem como tema o estudo da língua e cultura alemãs em Missal, município localizado no extremo oeste do Estado do Paraná, que apresenta um contexto expressivo de línguas e culturas em contato, algumas resultantes da situação de fronteira do Brasil com o Paraguai e a Argentina, a chamada Tríplice Fronteira, outras consequência de processos migratórios. Levando-se em consideração este contexto, questiona-se o porquê e quais os fatores que levam os moradores bilíngues de Missal, passados quase duzentos anos desde sua imigração, a falarem o alemão (em sua variedade dialetal Hunsrückisch/ Brasildeutsch) e manifestar, por meio das festas e outras tradições locais, sua identidade linguística e cultural. A partir deste questionamento, tem-se, como objetivo principal desta pesquisa, analisar os fatores que estão subjacentes na manutenção e na regressão da língua e da cultura alemãs no referido município. Mesmo reconhecendo que a língua faz parte da própria cultura do indivíduo e do grupo social, os dois elementos língua e cultura serão aqui analisados de forma separada, isto é, a influência dos aspectos culturais na manutenção e regressão da língua e cultura alemãs. Pretende-se, com este estudo, contribuir com outras pesquisas já realizadas, especialmente na região oeste do Paraná acerca do tema bilinguismo, identidade e línguas minoritárias em contextos sociolinguisticamente complexos face ao bi(multi)linguismo de autores como Pereira (1999); Heye (2003); Damke (1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2008); Savedra (2003, 2009); von Borstel (1992, 1999, 2011). Objetiva-se também, contribuir para a valorização e da própria manutenção da língua e cultura alemãs, não somente no município de Missal, mas também em outras localidades onde há situações de bilinguismo. Neste sentido, este trabalho torna-se relevante tanto para os falantes atuais quanto para com as gerações vindouras, descendentes, ou não, de alemães. A pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, tomará como base os pressupostos da Sociolinguística, com enfoque nos conceitos de identidade, bilinguismo, língua/cultura e políticas linguísticas. Entende-se que a construção de um ser humano mais crítico, mais acessível à cultura do outro passa pela aceitação da diferença e, neste sentido, aceitar uma identidade diferente da sua é respeitar a do outro, sem estigmatizar cultura e crenças, muito menos sua língua, já que as línguas existem em função de seus falantes e suas histórias estão ligadas entre si de modo inconteste (CALVET, 2002). Com base em Calvet (2002); Napolitano (2005) e Damke (2008) atitudes de unidade na diversidade, de respeito e de coexistência pacífica neste mosaico linguístico, cultural e étnico que forma o Brasil, é possível, aceitável e normal.

This thesis argues against the claim of linguistic and cultural homogenization widely believed to be induced by the spread of English worldwide by looking at how native and non-native speakers alike re-appropriate the perceived model of 'Standard English' to fit the frames of their own culture and to express their own identity. The hypothesis that this thesis builds on is that the language each of us speaks reflects one's own individual background, the communities that one belongs to, and the identity that one wants to convey. As English is assimilated by the people of the world, their cultural diversity is re-expressed through the common language. By looking at the ways in which English is used in a multicultural setting and at the speakers' attitudes towards it, this paper makes a claim for an alternative to the current educational paradigm in refocusing English teaching on its potential for intercultural communication rather than on specific knowledge of Anglo-American cultures. In order to identify the cultural factors that are involved in the production of one's speech in English as a lingua franca situations, the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE) – a collection of naturally occurring spoken interactions in English – will be used. Close attention will be paid to the communicative strategies that the participants use, to the way their identities are expressed in their speech, to instances of code-switching or to neologisms that they may use, and to the ways in which they accommodate each other whenever communication is not clear.

Sous l’impulsion des travaux du Conseil de l’Europe, l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle s’est développée jusqu’à devenir aujourd’hui une option morale dominante en didactique des langues-cultures. En vue de clarifier la question de l’éthique professionnelle des enseignants de langue-culture en contexte multiculturel et de la constituer comme un véritable champ de recherche, notre thèse se propose d’abord d’interroger les conceptions morales véhiculées par les discours du Conseil de l’Europe en didactique des langues-cultures. Pour cela, nous recourons principalement aux apports conceptuels de la philosophie morale et plus particulièrement à la distinction entre le maximalisme et le minimalisme. Dans une perspective normative, nous montrons que l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle, en ce qu’elle repose notamment sur l’idée de perfectionnement personnel, correspond à une conception maximaliste de la morale. Face à la dérive moraliste d’une telle visée éducative, nous prônons une conception plus minimaliste, laquelle apparaît aussi comme mieux adaptée à des contextes marqués par le pluralisme moral. Dans une perspective empirique, notre étude montre un décalage entre les repères moraux mobilisés par les enseignants dans leur pratique et ceux mobilisés par les experts du Conseil de l’Europe dans leur discours. Sur la base de cette observation, nous en appelons à une prise en compte des limites contextuelles de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle. Contre la logique de l’expertise caractéristique des travaux du Conseil de l’Europe et contre le monisme de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle, nous proposons finalement l’idée d’une formation complexe à l’éthique, laquelle suppose une diversification des options morales disponibles en didactique des langues-cultures et, consécutivement, le développement des recherches empiriques menées sur l’éthique professionnelle des enseignants de langue-culture. / Under the impetus of the Council of Europe’s work, plurilingual and intercultural education has now grown to be a dominant moral choice in language and culture didactics. The primary aim of our dissertation is to examine the moral concepts conveyed by the Council of Europe’s discourse on language and culture didactics. This is for the purposes of clarifying the issue of professional ethics for teachers of language and culture in a multicultural context, and making it into a genuine field of research. To this end, we shall turn principally to the conceptual contributions of moral philosophy and, more specifically, to the distinction between maximalism and minimalism. From a prescriptive standpoint, we shall show that plurilingual and intercultural education, inasmuch as it is based on the notion of personal development, represents a maximalist concept of morality. Faced with the drift into excessive moralism of such an educational aim, we advocate a more minimalist model which also seems best suited to contexts marked by moral pluralism. Taking an empirical approach, our study shows a discrepancy between the moral reference points incorporated by teachers into their classroom practice and those taken up by the Council of Europe in their discourse. Based on this observation, we call for the contextual limitations of plurilingual, intercultural education to be taken into consideration. Lastly, in opposition to the system of expert assessment which is typical of the Council of Europe’s work, and contrary to the monism of plurilingual, intercultural education, we put forward the idea of sophisticated ethical training. This presupposes a diversification of the moral options available in language and culture pedagogy and, consecutively, the development of empirical research conducted into the professional ethics of teachers of language and culture.

I continue my work on the cognitive-linguistic research of somatisms (names of body parts) and conceptual profiles, into which I bring research findings of Czech sign language. I performed a structural analysis of the signs, where a place of articulation is on the nose. Then I categorized these signs using conceptual profiles: GESTURE, APPEARANCE/ MANIFESTATION, FUNCTION and LOCALIZATION. On the basis of such profiles are shown new possibilities etymological interpretation of a relatively large number of collected signs. The created linguistic picture of the nose in the Czech sign language I compared with the image with the linguistic picture of the nose in the Czech language. I also conducted preliminary probes into other sign languages, which I have served as a guide for effective grasp of the issues.