This document explores the performance of taboo on the stage. The exploration is focused around the establishment of my personal aesthetic, which was developed through my studies at Virginia Commonwealth University. Starting with my first trip to Broadway, my journey goes through the class work that I did at VCU and the two plays that I did on the Shafer Street Alliance Laboratory Theatre stage: my performance and use of latex costumes in Funnyhouse of a Negro, and my direction and the troubles with producing Killer Joe. The exploration concludes with a look at the theatre in parts of Virginia and the ability to pursue an acting career with an aesthetic that pushes boundaries.

The goal of this thesis is to analyze international license contract institute, the function and the position it occupies in the sphere of international business with incorporeal goods and legal regime which it, on the level of the Czech rule of law and European Union law, is subject to. The thesis consists of four parts. The first part focuses on the institute of contractual license in general. It outlines its conception and basic definitional framework. It reflects the function and the position which the institute of license contract occupies in the Czech rule of law as well as its shift within the framework of Czech private law recodification. It presents diverse typology of contractual license and in the process it thoroughly focuses on its modifications, respectively on marginal agreement models such as franchise agreement and know how agreement. The second part of the thesis continues with text dedicated to the institute of license contract with international element. It presents its general classification and it also analyzes sources of its modification. The third part of the thesis treats legal regime which the international license contract is subject to, and the focal point of the text lies in the union modification included in the Rome Convention and in Regulation Rome I. The problem is discussed...

This paper will examine the hidden history of the New Orleans Pharmacy Museum and investigate the claims regarding the first licensed pharmacist in the United States. Drawing from legislative, church, medical, legal and institutional records, this study argues that colonial control, such as regulations governing medical practice and licensing requirements, established by continental powers in their overseas colonies, tended to recreate traditions and laws found in the home countries. For instance, the more rigorous licensing requirements for medical professionals, as practiced in France and Spain, were also the custom in Louisiana. However, when Louisiana became part of the Unites States, these regulations were relaxed, reflecting the laissez-faire policy of English laws and custom. This work challenges the bias often found in the presentation of American historical experience that makes claims for English colonial traditions informing the entire American experience.

Avec l'arrivée du magazine Elle Vietnam en 2010, une nouvelle figure internationale de la presse magazine féminine haut-de-gamme apparaît au Vietnam. Avec la politique du Đổi Mới (Renouveau) lancée dans les années 1980, le Vietnam se tourne vers la « modernité». Elle, créé dans les années 1950 en France, se tourne vers les femmes modernes, tournées vers l'international, le luxe, la beauté. C'est cet objectif de déploiement de la marque internationale Elle au sein de ce contexte politico-économique que nous avons questionné. Comment les acteurs locaux du magazine Elle Vietnam adaptent-ils la marque du magazine Elle dans le marché local ? Nous avons inscrit notre réflexion dans la compréhension de ce « réservoir mythologique » cher à Roland Barthes, mais cette fois-ci, à la lumière des producteurs et référentiels vietnamiens. / With the new Doi Moi policy launched in the eighties in Vietnam, Vietnam created a new environment geared towards modernity. In 2010, Elle Vietnam stepped up in Vietnam as a new women's magazine international leader, as a branch of Elle, a French women's magazine dedicated to modern, international, beautiful women as well as luxury. We will focus our developments on the framework that led to "modernity" in Vietnam, as well as the international brand designed by Elle Vietnam. Also, how do the Vietnamese producers adapt to the global brand Elle expansion? With the point of view of Vietnamese producers, we will focus our developments on the understanding of what Roland Barthes once called a “mythological tank”.

A presente pesquisa tomou por objeto de estudo central a dimensão social (mais conhecida como \'componente antrópico\' ou \'componentes do meio socioeconômico\') consubstanciada na prática e no discurso de avaliação de impacto ambiental. Buscou-se analisar as ausências, lacunas, insuficiências, distorções e omissões ativas no trato dessa dimensão social, procurando compreendê-las como indícios da configuração momentânea das fronteiras do \'social\' na regulação ambiental de projetos no Brasil, enquanto construção histórica atravessada por interesses conflitantes entre os envolvidos nas disputas por hegemonia do campo ambiental, sem perder de vista seu diálogo com outros campos do espaço social, como o político e o econômico. Através dessa chave interpretativa, foi possível retomar as origens e características históricas que conformaram os sentidos dominantes de termos como \'meio ambiente\', \'impacto ambiental\' e \'atingido\' na regulação pública e na atividade de avaliação de impacto, subsumindo da equação os impactos e processos sociais relacionados à implantação de grandes projetos. A pesquisa argumenta, nesse sentido, que ao componente social tem sido atribuído um papel marginal, frágil e bastante delimitado espacial e temporalmente, corroborando com críticas históricas a este instrumento de planejamento. Diagnósticos empobrecidos, avaliações que escamoteiam a complexidade de impactos sociais cumulativos, indiretos e de segunda ordem (cujas marcas são o longo prazo, a fluidez das fronteiras espaciais, a imprevisibilidade, a intangibilidade e a dificuldade de valoração monetária) e medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias insuficientes são ilustrados empiricamente pela pesquisa, tomando o estudo de impacto ambiental de um projeto de anel rodoviário recente, situado no Litoral Norte do estado de São Paulo, como matéria-prima principal de análise. Aliado a uma metodologia investigativa, baseada no levantamento de documentos oficiais do processo licenciatório, a pesquisa procurou identificar os meandros, os mecanismos, as operações e os filtros que recolocam o \'social\' como parte subordinada da avaliação de impacto ambiental, dando pouquíssimo relevo a questões fundamentais, como: fluxos migratórios, crescimento demográfico, demanda adicional sobre infraestrutura e serviços urbanos, transformações da paisagem e novas configurações urbanas, mudança de perfil sociocultural e econômico em nível regional, etc. Em paralelo, após extensa revisão bibliográfica nacional e internacional na área de avaliação de impacto social (que serviu de embasamento teórico-conceitual à pesquisa), procurou-se averiguar em que medida as novas formulações discursivas emergentes, tanto no campo ambiental quanto no subcampo profissional da avaliação de impacto, nos últimos trinta anos, têm encontrado ressonância na prática da avaliação de impacto ambiental de projetos, no país - i.e., como têm sido apropriadas por agentes reguladores e consultores técnicos responsáveis pelos EIAs. Por fim, a pesquisa buscou tecer reflexões sobre as potencialidades e limitações inerentes à avaliação de impacto ambiental como instrumento de planejamento regional, integrado, democrático, fundado em princípios de equidade ambiental e no reconhecimento das demandas de grupos sociais atingidos. / The present study has focused on the social dimension (better known as \'anthropic component\' or \'components of the socioeconomic environment\'), based on the practice and discourse of environmental impact assessment. It sought to analyze the absences, gaps, inadequacies, distortions and omissions that are active in the treatment of this social dimension, seeking to understand them as signs of the momentary configuration of the boundaries of the \'social\' in the environmental regulation of projects in Brazil, as a historical construction crossed by interests Conflict between those involved in environmental hegemony disputes, without losing sight of their dialogue with other fields of social space, such as political and economic. Through this interpretive key, it was possible to return to the origins and historical characteristics that conformed the dominant meanings of terms such as \'environment\', \'environmental impact\' and \'reached\' in public regulation and impact assessment activity, subsuming impacts And social processes related to the implementation of large projects. The research argues, in this sense, that the social component has been assigned a marginal, fragile and quite delimited spatial and temporal role, corroborating historical criticism of this planning instrument. Impoverished diagnostics, assessments that eschew the complexity of cumulative, indirect and second-order social impacts (whose long-term marks, fluidity of spatial boundaries, unpredictability, intangibility and difficulty in monetary valuation) and insufficient mitigating and compensatory measures Are empirically illustrated by the survey, taking the environmental impact study of a recent road ring project, located in the North Coast of the state of São Paulo, as the main raw material for analysis. In addition to an investigative methodology, based on the collection of official documents of the licensing process, the research sought to identify the meanders, mechanisms, operations and filters that replace the \'social\' as a subordinate part of the environmental impact assessment, giving very little emphasis to Such as: migration flows, population growth, additional demand on infrastructure and urban services, landscape transformations and new urban configurations, socio-cultural and economic profile change at the regional level, etc. In parallel, after extensive national and international literature review in the area of social impact assessment (which served as a theoretical-conceptual basis for research), it was sought to determine to what extent new emerging discursive formulations, both in the environmental field and in the professional subfield Of the impact assessment over the last thirty years have found resonance in the practice of assessing the environmental impact of projects in the country - ie as they have been appropriated by regulators and technical consultants responsible for EIAs. Finally, the research sought to reflect on the potentialities and limitations inherent to environmental impact assessment as a regional, integrated, democratic planning tool based on principles of environmental equity and the recognition of the demands of affected social groups.

Esta pesquisa analisa o sistema de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) do Estado do Espírito Santo. O objetivo é explorar uma lacuna existente na literatura crítica, chamando a atenção para as evidências empíricas em um estudo de longo prazo sobre a prática da AIA. A efetividade do sistema de AIA foi analisada considerando as dimensões procedimental, substantiva, transativa e normativa e utilizando como métodos: levantamento, pesquisa documental, estudos de caso, consulta a especialistas e entrevistas. Utilizando uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, a pesquisa foi amparada pela análise de 47 processos de tomada de decisão analizando os Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) e documentos submetidos em um período de dez anos (2007 a 2016). Os resultados indicam que o sistema de AIA se mostrou pontualmente efetivo, ainda que prevaleçam os resultados negativos. Foram identificados elementos de efetividade e evidências de influência da AIA sobre os projetos com resultados favoráveis ao meio ambiente, bem como elementos de aprendizagem a partir da prática da AIA que sinalizam para a perspectiva de aprimoramento do sistema. Como aspectos a serem destacados em busca deste aprimoramento, os resultados alcançados sinalizam para a necessidade de estabelecimento de parâmetros locacionais que possam orientar a triagem dos projetos encaminhados ao processo de AIA; realização de esforços para o aumento da qualidade das informações encaminhadas no EIA à tomada de decisão, sobretudo em relação à identificação e avaliação de impactos relevantes, consideração de impactos cumulativos, previsão de magnitude e avaliação da significância dos impactos. A qualidade dos EIA é apontada como fator que contribui decisivamente para o tempo de tramitação dos processos e custos relacionados à necessidade de reanálise de documentos complementares. Além disso, é importante promover a valorização dos princípios e fundamentos que orientam a AIA, com vistas a corrigir uma perspectiva desfocada quanto à sua prática e ao papel do órgão ambiental identificado no discurso dos atores que integram o órgão de meio ambiente, o que sugere um posicionamento basicamente reativo no âmbito do processo decisório. Embora os resultados indiquem que a prática da AIA ainda tenha um longo caminho para ser considerada efetiva no estado do ES, as evidências pontuais de boas práticas e as lacunas identificadas podem ser utilizadas para orientar ações voltadas para o aprimoramento do sistema de AIA bem como direcionar melhorias dos projetos de desenvolvimento implantados no estado. / This thesis is investigating the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system which is implemented in Espírito Santo State (Brazil). I aim to fill a gap in existing critical literature, by bringing attention to empirical evidence in a long-term study of EIA practice. The effectiveness of the EIA system was analyzed by applying an analytical framework focusing on four dimensions: procedural, substantive, transitive and normative effectiveness. As for the methods used during the analysis, they are: survey, documentary analysis, case studies, expert consultation and interviews. Using a qualitative-quantitative approach, the research was supported by 47 decision-making processes, analyzing the Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and documents submitted in a period of ten years (from 2007 to 2016). The results indicate that the EIA system proved to be punctually effective, although the negative results prevail. Elements of effectiveness and evidence of EIA influence on the projects with favorable results to the environment were identified, as well as elements of learning from the EIA practice that signal to the perspective of improvement of the EIA system. However, the results indicate weakness related to the absence of locational parameters for the screening of EIA processes. Regarding the quality analysis of EIS, the results indicate faults in the information presented in the decision-making step. The main fragilities are associated with the identification and evaluation of relevant impacts, consideration of cumulative impacts, the prediction of magnitude and the evaluation of the significance of the impacts. The previously-mentioned deficiencies of the EIS information are the main contributors to a longer processing time and to an increase in the costs which is due to the need for reanalysis of complementary documents. In addition, the environmental agency\'s analysts\' opinion reveals a blurred perspective of EIA practice and regarding the role of the environmental agency. This obscure perspective suggests a passive and reactive positioning of actions and decisions within the environmental agency studied. Therefore, it is important to promote the valorization of the principles and foundations guiding the EIA in order to correct this perspective. Although the research findings suggest that EIA practice still has a long way to go in order to achieve effectiveness in the system studied, I identified evidence of best practice and weaknesses. This which can be used to guide actions aimed at enhancement of the EIA system as well as improvements of the development projects implemented in the State of Espírito Santo.

A ocorrência de eventos erosivos acelerados associados à implantação de sistemas de transportes é um dos principais problemas socioambientais enfrentados pelas concessionárias brasileiras. Feições erosivas do tipo linear e laminares são observadas tanto ao longo da plataforma, nos cortes e aterros, como fora dela, em caixas de empréstimo, áreas de jazidas exploradas, junto aos pés de aterros e jusante das obras de transposição. Em geral, na literatura, os estudos relativos às analises de dinâmica de desenvolvimento e ocorrência de processos erosivos, bem como o risco oferecido ao meio, estão inseridos nas abordagens ambientais teorizadas como Análise Integrada da Natureza e nas análises de riscos e suscetibilidades (hazards) subsidiadas pela Cartografia Geotécnica e Geoambiental, ambas amparadas pela utilização da ciência e sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) em plataformas computacionais. Especificamente no campo de engenharia de transportes, tais abordagens estão relacionadas aos estudos das áreas de influência pertencentes aos traçados e domínios de empreendimentos lineares (rodovias e ferrovias) em operação ou em implantação, atuando como ferramenta de gestão e monitoramento frente a requisitos ambientais exigidos pela legislação vigente e almejados pelas concessionárias responsáveis pelas vias. Inserido no viés da problemática ambiental envolvendo o setor ferroviário, e no sentido de subsidiar processos de licenciamento ambiental e regularização de linhas férreas em operação, além de fornecer bases metodológicas para a implantação de empreendimentos futuros preocupados com a prevenção de problemas relacionados à erosão, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a elaboração de um estudo que realize a análise do risco oferecido à linha férrea pelos processos erosivos identificados ao longo do traçado da malha. Através da utilização de informações espaciais em plataformas SIG, a pesquisa apresenta a aplicação de um conjunto de metodologias que compõem todo o procedimento, desde o registro dos pontos mapeados, espacialização, o fornecimento de mapas temáticos ambientais intermediários, a identificação de graus de suscetibilidade da área de estudo até a definição de parâmetros para a análise de risco dos processos erosivos em relação à linha férrea em análise. Os resultados fornecem a leitura das características analisadas para composição do indicador de suscetibilidade e a análise de risco (baixo, médio ou alto) de cada processo erosivo mapeado em relação à linha férrea. / The occurrence of accelerated erosion events associated with the implementation of transport systems is one of the main environmental problems facing brazilian concessionaires. Erosive features of linear and laminar type are observed both along the platform, in the sections and embankments, and outside in boxes loan areas explored deposits, at the foot of embankments and downstream of the works transposing. In general, studies on the analysis of dynamics of development and occurrence of erosion (and risks induced to the environment) are inserted in environmental approaches theorized such as Integrated Analysis of the Nature and analysis of risks and susceptibility (hazards) subsidized by the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Cartography, both supported by the use of science and geographic information systems (GIS) in computing platforms. Specifically in the area of transportation engineering, such approaches are related to studies of areas of influence belonging to the plan and domain of linear transport developments (roads and railways) in operation or in implementation, acting as a management tool and monitoring against environmental requirements by current legislation and sought by the concessionaires responsible for roads. Inserted into the bias of environmental issues involving the railway sector, and in order to support the processes of environmental licensing and regulation of railways in operation, besides provide methodological foundations for the implementation of future projects concerned with the prevention of problems related to erosion, the present work aims to prepare a study that performs the analysis of the risk concerned to the railway line by erosion processes identified along the plan line. Through the use of spatial information in GIS platforms, a set of methodologies that make up the whole process will be presented, from registration and spatial distribution of mapped points, provision of environmental thematic maps intermediaries, identification of susceptibility levels of the study area until parameters settings for risks assessment of erosion in relation to railway line analysis.The results provide the reading of the characteristics analyzed for composition of susceptibility indicator and risk analysis (low, medium or high) of each erosion mapped in relation to the railway line .

O trabalho apresenta uma aplicação da ferramenta metodológica conhecida como FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) ao processo de identificação de aspectos e impactos ambientais. Tal processo é parte importante na implantação e na manutenção de Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), baseados na norma NBR ISO 14001. Além disso, pode contribuir, de forma complementar, para a avaliação e aperfeiçoamento da segurança nuclear da instalação analisada. Como objeto de estudo elegeu-se o Centro de Combustíveis Nucleares (CCN) do IPEN/CNEN-SP, localizado junto ao Campus da Universidade de São Paulo-Brasil, destinado à realização de pesquisas científicas e à produção de elementos combustíveis para o Reator IEA-R1. A partir de um levantamento sistemático de dados, obtidos por meio de entrevistas, documentos e registros operacionais foi possível identificar os processos, suas interações e atividades, cuja análise permitiu definir os diversos modos de falhas potenciais, as respectivas causas e conseqüências para o meio ambiente. Como resultado da avaliação criteriosa dos modos causas foi possível identificar e classificar os principais impactos ambientais potenciais, que constitui uma etapa essencial para a implantação e manutenção de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental para a instalação em estudo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram demonstrar a validade da aplicação da técnica FMEA aos processos de instalações nucleares, identificando aspectos e impactos ambientais, cujos controles são essenciais para a obtenção da conformidade com os requisitos ambientais do Sistema de Gestão Integrada do IPEN (SGI). Contribuíram também para fornecer uma ferramenta gerencial poderosa para a solução de questões relacionadas ao processo de atendimento de exigências legais aplicáveis no âmbito da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (IBAMA). / This work presents an application of Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) to the process of identification of environmental aspects and impacts as a part of implementation and maintenance of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in accordance with the NBR ISO 14001 standard. Also, it can contribute, as a complement, to the evaluation and improvement of safety of the installation focused. The study was applied to the Nuclear Fuel Center (CCN) of Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), situated at the Campus of University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The CCN facility has the objective of promoting scientific research and of producing nuclear fuel elements for the IEA-R1 Research Reactor. To identify the environmental aspects of the facility activities, products, and services, a systematic data collection was carried out by means of personal interviews, documents, reports and operation data records consulting. Furthermore, the processes and their interactions, failure modes, besides their causes and effects to the environment, were identified. As a result of a careful evaluation of these causes it was possible to identify and to classify the major potential environmental impacts, in order to set up and put in practice an Environmental Management System for the installation under study. The results have demonstrated the validity of the FMEA application to nuclear facility processes, identifying environmental aspects and impacts, whose controls are critical to achieve compliance with the environmental requirements of the Integrated Management System of IPEN. It was demonstrated that the methodology used in this work is a powerful management tool for resolving issues related to the conformity with applicable regulatory and legal requirements of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) and the Brazilian Institute of Environment (IBAMA).

A fase pós-aprovação caracteriza-se como a etapa do sistema de avaliação de impacto ambiental iniciada após a emissão da licença prévia. A etapa caracteriza-se pela produção de documentos de acompanhamento e pela gestão e tomada de novas decisões. No Brasil, esse processo caracteriza-se pela apresentação e execução dos Projetos Básicos Ambientais (PBA), que devem ser descritos e executados, pelo empreendedor, com a aprovação, o acompanhamento e a gestão dos órgãos ambientais. Na prática, tem-se a produção de muitos dados socioambientais, que são fundamentais para permitir a gestão no sistema de AIA. Por meio de análises documentais das licenças ambientais emitidas, dos relatórios decorrente do PBA e da aplicação de entrevistas com os gestores do processo de AIA, analisou-se o uso desses dados nos processos de gestões privada e pública. Com vistas aos programas de monitoramento de qualidade da água, o estudo foi aplicado para os empreendimentos hidrelétricos instalados na bacia do rio Corumbá. Verificou-se que: a maioria das licenças ambientais traz condicionantes e recomendações para a execução do programa de monitoramento de qualidade da água, indicando ser importante, na gestão da AIA; que os PBAs apresentam descrição do processo de coleta de dados, métodos de análise, distribuição espacial, cronograma de execução e processo de análise, mas tais projetos são alterados ao longo de sua execução. Os dados apresentam, muitas vezes, métodos adequados, mas carecem de certificações e responsabilidade técnica que confeririam maior confiabilidade aos dados. Por outro lado, na entrevista com os gestores do processo de AIA, todos consideram que o processo pós-aprovação é importante, e a maioria considera que a qualidade dos dados é boa. Nas entrevistas, constatou-se, também, indicativos da gestão desse processo de qualidade, como a devolução de relatórios; por outro lado, nem empreendedores nem os órgãos ambientais realizam gestão desses dados além do próprio processo de licenciamento. Mas acreditam ser possível dar publicidade aos dados para promover uma gestão mais ampla. Para que o sistema de AIA, na fase pós- aprovação, seja mais bem aplicado, é importante que se padronizem as solicitações dos programas ambientais, de modo que empreendimentos licenciados pelos estados ou pela federação tenham o mesmo padrão de detalhamento de dados e métodos, permitindo-se, com isso, uma futura integração de dados; que seja implantada uma ferramenta eletrônica de gestão da informação - preferencialmente com SIG -, o que permitiria maior publicidade; que os dados produzidos sejam adequadamente analisados; e que as atividades de ajustes e melhoras sejam implantadas. / The post-approval phase ls characterized as the environmental impact assessment system\'s stage which began after the issuance of the previous license. The stage is characterized by the production of documents, monitoring, management and making new decisions. In Brazil, this process is characterized by the presentation and implementation of the Basic Environmental Projects (PBA), which should be described and implemented by the entrepreneur, with the approval, monitoring and management of environmental agencies. In the practice, it has been the production of many social and environmental data, which are crucial to allow the management system of Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA). Through documents reviews related to issued environmental permits and reports resulting from the PBA and the application of the interviews with manegers of the AIA process, we analyzed the use of such data in the public and private process managements. With a close approach of water quality monitoring programs, the study was implemented for the hydroelectric plants installed in the Corumbá river. It was found that the majority of environmental licenses conditions provides recommendations for implementing the program of water quality monitoring, showing that the following tasks s in should be performed in the AIA process: PBAs should present description of the process of data collection, analysis methods, spatial distribution, timing of application and review process, but such projects are constantly changed thorough its execution. The data have often appropriate methods, but lack the certifications and technical responsibility that would give more reliability to the data presented. Moreover, in an interview with the managers of the AIA process, they consider that the post-approval process is important, and most of them think that data quality is good. In the interviews, there were also indicators of the quality management of this process, as the return of reports on the other hand, neither entrepreneurs nor the management of environmental agencies hold data beyond the actual licensing process. But all the actors involved believe it is possible to publicize the data in order to promote a more broad diffusion. For a better application of the AIA system in post-approval, it is imperative to standardize the demands of environmental programs, so that enterprises licensed by the states or the federation have the same standard of detail data and methods, allowing themselves, thereby further integration of data, which is implanted an electronic tool for managing information - preferably with GIS - which would allow more publicity, that the data produced are properly analyzed, and the activities of adjustments and improvements are implemented.

Innovation ist von zentraler Bedeutung für Entwicklung und Wirtschaftswachstum. Innovation findet in einem institutionellen Rahmen statt. Auktionen und auktionsähnliche Mechanismen sind Institutionen. Sie organisieren Transaktionen zwischen ökonomischen Agenten. Auktionen enthüllen private Information indem sie Wettbewerb zwischen Agenten erzeugen. Wenn sie günstig gestaltet werden, dann nutzen sie die enthüllte private Information zur Erfüllung bestimmter Ziele, wie z.B. Gewinnmaximierung oder Effizienz. In drei Aufsätzen untersucht diese Dissertation die Verwendung von Auktionen im Kontext von Innovation. Kapitel 1 betrachtet die übliche Praxis der öffentlichen Subventionsvergabe an private Unternehmen. Wir weisen auf Nachteile dieser Praxis hin und machen Verbesserungsvorschläge, die man einzeln oder in Kombination anwenden kann. Unsere Vorschläge wurden mit Hilfe von Laborexperimenten und Simulation getestet. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass unsere Vorschläge eine erhebliche Verbesserung der Subventionsvergabe ermöglichen. Kapitel 2 betrachtet den Verkauf, bzw. die Versteigerung, von Lizenzen zur Nutzung einer patentierten Innovation an Unternehmen in einem oligopolistischen Markt. Das Kapitel analysiert eine modifizierte Lizenzauktion, die profitabler ist als die in der Literatur untersuchten Mechanismen. Bei dieser Auktion wird eine begrenzte Anzahl Royalty-Verträge (Royalty = mengenabhängige Lizenzgebühren) versteigert und die Verlierer der Auktion erhalten ebenfalls die Option auf Royalty-Verträge. Kapitel 3 untersucht Innovations-Turniere. Zwei bekannte Institutionen, Festpreis-Turnier und Scoring-Auktion, werden mit einer Auktion kombiniert, in der um die Teilnahme am Turnier geboten wird (entry auction). Diese Variante wurde in der Literatur vorgeschlagen. Wir charakterisieren Bayesianische Nash-Gleichgewichte bei denen die beiden Mechanismen zu gleichartigen Ergebnissen führen. / Innovation is central to development and economic growth. Innovation happens within some institutional framework. Auctions and auction-like mechanisms are institutions that organize transactions between economic agents. In the face of private information, they provide a means of revealing part of that information by inducing competition between agents. If well designed, they make use of the revealed information in order to achieve a certain objective, e.g., to maximize profit or to allocate efficiently. In three essays, this dissertation studies the use of auctions in the context of innovation. Chapter 1 looks at the widely used practice of allocating government R&D subsidies to private companies. We point out flaws of that practice and propose improvements that can be adopted separately or in combination. Our proposals are tested in controlled lab experiments and by simulation. The results suggest that adopting the proposals might substantially improve the allocation of subsidies. Chapter 2 revisits the literature on the sale, and, in particular, auctioning, of patent licenses by an innovator to a downstream oligopoly. It analyzes a modified auction that turns out to be more profitable than many other mechanisms that have been analyzed in the literature. There, a restricted number of royalty contracts is auctioned while all losers of the auction are granted the right to sign a royalty contract. Chapter 3 looks at R&D tournaments. It starts from two well-known auction institutions, the fixed-prize tournament and the scoring auction. It combines both with an entry auction, a feature that has been proposed in the literature. We characterize Bayesian Nash equilibria such that both mechanisms are equivalent in a number of ways.