No description available.

No description available.

Att skapa statiska länkar från dynamiskt JSP-innehåll / The generation of static links from dynamic JSP content

Yes / In this paper, 17 years of high resolution surface and radiosonde meteorological data from 1997-2013 for the subtropical Gulf region are analysed. Relationships between the upper air refractivity, Nh, and vertical refractivity gradient, ΔN, in the low troposphere and the commonly available data of surface refractivity, Ns are investigated. A new approach is discussed to estimate Nh and ΔN from the analysis of the dry and wet components of Ns, which gives better results for certain cases. Results are compared with those obtained from existing linear and exponential models in the literature. The investigation focusses on three layer heights at 65 m, 100 m and 1 km above ground level. Correlation between the components of Ns with both Nh and ΔN are studied for each atmospheric layer. Where high correlations were found, empirical models are derived from best-fitting curves.

No

This thesis presents two methods for designing four-bar function generators by matching a plot of the desired function with curves and charts derived from the computer solution of the displacement equation relating the input and output angles of the four-bar linkage. A series of curves and charts is presented for various assumed ratios of link lengths. An accuracy check procedure is presented, and tabulated computer data are included so that accuracy checks can be made for the function generators designed by these methods. / M.S.

Malgré un large éventail d'applications de la gélatine et en dépit de son utilisation très ancienne, sa composition et sa structure ne sont pas encore entièrement connues et comprises. La gélatine est obtenue à partir de tissus animaux (peaux ou os) et est le résultat de l'hydrolyse partielle du collagène. La production de gélatine la plus abondante est celle de peau de porc qui représentait 46% de la production totale en 2007. Parmi les nombreuses applications, la gélatine de peau de porc est utilisée comme ingrédient principal des gélules dures pour l'industrie pharmaceutique. Une propriété importante de ces gélules est qu'elles fondent dans l'eau à une température au-dessus de 30° C et libèrent facilement les médicaments qu’elles contiennent dans le tube digestif. Les gélules dures doivent répondre à des spécifications de dissolution strictes tout au long de leur durée de conservation d'environ cinq ans. Ainsi, un test de dissolution dans l'eau est appliqué à la gélatine artificiellement vieillie dans des conditions de température et d'humidité élevées. Bien qu'avant le vieillissement le taux de dissolution de la gélatine corresponde toujours aux besoins de l'industrie pharmaceutique, une grande variabilité du taux de dissolution est observée après vieillissement. De plus, cette variabilité de dissolution dépend de l'origine de production de la gélatine. Dans ce contexte, un premier objectif était de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents impliqués dans la variabilité de la qualité de dissolution de la gélatine de peau de porc. Un deuxième objectif était d'identifier d'éventuels "marqueurs" de la dissolution de la gélatine afin de prédire son comportement au cours du vieillissement. Trois différents sites de production ont été choisis: deux en Europe et un aux USA. Au cours du vieillissement, la formation de cross-links a été mise en évidence et parmi ces cross-links, la dityrosine a été identifiée comme marqueur du vieillissement. En outre, les taux d'amines et d'aldéhydes ont diminué. Etant donné que ces deux fonctions sont connues pour réagir ensemble; ce résultat suggère qu'elles pourraient former d'autres cross-links au cours du vieillissement. Le processus d'oxydation dans la gélatine a été clairement démontré. De plus, la quantité de triple-hélices et leur stabilité au chauffage ont diminué alors que la quantité de conformation aléatoire et, probablement, de boucles-β augmente. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que l'origine de production affecte la composition chimique de la gélatine. Par exemple, la quantité de cross-links formés, comme la dityrosine, dans les gélatines fraîches et vieillies, différait selon l'origine de production. Nous avons également pu souligner que l'environnement physico-chimique de l'arginine permettait de distinguer l'origine de production de la gélatine. En ce qui concerne la dissolution de la gélatine, celles présentant des taux de dissolution non conformes avaient plus de phase amorphe après vieillissement que les gélatines conformes. L'implication des lipides dans la diminution de la dissolution de la gélatine a également été mise en évidence. La haute teneur en fer était également liée à la diminution de la dissolution mais seulement dans un site de production, ce qui suggère que la variabilité de dissolution a probablement des causes multifactorielles et dépendantes de l'origine de production.Avec le dichroïsme circulaire, nous avons pu discriminer les gélatines conformes des non-conformes avant même le vieillissement de ces gélatines. Cependant, l'interprétation des résultats reste très difficile en raison du manque d'information dans la littérature. Un tel résultat est important pour prédire le comportement de la gélatine avant le vieillissement. De manière générale, nos résultats ont mis en évidence qu’il serait pertinent de contrôler et de réduire le niveau d'oxydation et la teneur en lipides de la gélatine pour diminuer sa variabilité de dissolution. (...) / Despite a wide range of applications of gelatin and despite its very former use, gelatin composition and structure remains not fully known and understood. It is derived from animal tissue (skins or bones) and is the result of partial hydrolysis of collagen. The most abundant gelatin production, which is the focus of the present work, is pig skin gelatin which represented 46% of total production in 2007. Among numerous applications, gelatin is used as the main ingredient of the hard capsules for the pharmaceutical industry. An important property of hard capsules is that they melt in water at a temperature above 30°C and easily release drugs in the human digestive tract. Hard capsules have to meet strict dissolution specifications all along a shelf life of about five years. Thus, a dissolution test in water is applied to the gelatin constituting the hard capsules, after being artificially aged under high temperature and humidity conditions. While before aging the dissolution rate of gelatin always fit with requirement of pharmaceutical industry, a high variability in dissolution rate is observed after aging. Moreover, this dissolution variability was shown depending on the gelatin origin of production. In this context, a first objective of this work was to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the variability of the dissolution quality of pig skin gelatin. A second objective was to identify possible “markers” of gelatin dissolution in order to predict the behaviour of gelatin through aging. Three different sites of production were chosen: two in Europe and one in USA. Cross-links formation was evidenced during aging, and among them, dityrosine was expressly identified as a marker of aging. In addition the levels of amines and aldehydes were decreased. Given that these two functions could react together; this result suggests that they could form other cross-links. Oxidation process in gelatin was clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, the quantity of triple-helices and their stability to heating decreased while the quantity of random coil and, probably, β-turns conformations increased. The results highlighted that origin of production impacts the chemical composition of gelatin. For instance, the extent of cross-link formation, such as dityrosine, in both fresh and aged gelatins, differed according to the origin of production. It was also pointed out that the physico-chemical environment of arginine allowed the distinction of production origin of gelatin. Regarding the gelatin dissolution, those showing non-compliant dissolution rates exhibited higher content of amorphous phase after aging than compliant ones. The implication of lipids in the decrease of gelatin dissolution rate was also evidenced. The decrease in dissolution was linked to the iron content only in one production site supporting the fact that dissolution variability has probably multifactorial causes, depending on the origin of production. The compliant and non-compliant dissolution rates were discriminate even before aging of gelatins by circular dichroism. However, the results interpretation remains quite difficult due to lack of literature information.Such a result is of importance in a view of predicting the behavior of gelatin before aging. To display a general overview, our results highlighted that, in order to reduce variability in the dissolution of gelatin, controlling and reducing the oxidation level and the lipid content will be relevant levers. To study the structural conformation thoroughgoing small angles neutrons would be an interesting tool. To complete the characterization of gelatin composition, quantifying and profiling lipids and sugars would be useful to better understand the gelatin oxidative instability.

The remarkable growth in the applications of low power wireless networks (LPWNs) in various disciplines such as health-care, wildlife monitoring, unmanned vehicles and the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) brings along various challenges. Such applications demand the transfer of large amounts of data in short durations. Unlike conventional medium access control protocols, which force each competing node to contend for each packet it transmits, bulk data transmission enables a node to exclusively use a channel for transferring a large amount of data in succession. Bulk data transmission is a technique in which a sender node is granted exclusive access of the channel in order to transmit all the packets accumulated in its buffer. However, there are two problems with this strategy: (1) For how long should bulk data transfer last if there are multiple contending nodes? (2) How should this strategy deal with the significant fluctuation in the quality of a low-power wireless link? Understanding link quality fluctuations in a wireless sensor network is useful for various reasons. For example, nodes can determine when and for how long they should transmit packets, so that they can reduce the packet loss rate and the cost of retransmission (delay as well as power consumption). However, the quality of a link depends on many factors, which cannot be known except in a probabilistic sense. In this dissertation, I propose an efficient burst transmission scheme that measures and models the dynamic link quality fluctuations. Introducing a large empirical study at the beginning of this dissertation leads to a good understanding of the effect of external factors such as the environment (indoor,outdoor), Cross Technology Interference (CTI) and mobility of a sender node causing link quality to fluctuate. The analysis and observations of the empirical study establishes the basis on which the model for link quality estimation is built and designed. Here I propose three approaches to deal with different aspects of link quality fluctuation. (i) Offline approach- long-term characteristics: The offline approach models the link quality fluctuations by taking into account a large set of data. To obtain such a data set, experiments were performed on the site under study for several weeks. It was observed that the link quality fluctuates considerably even in static deployment. Understanding the stable durations, good and bad alike contribute to the efficient transmission of packets. I propose two offline approaches: (i) The first uses the conditional probability distribution function of signal-to-noise (SNR) fluctuation to estimate the expected reliable and unreliable period. (ii) The second uses k-mean clustering to characterise the link quality fluctuations into different states where the relationship between the states is defined by transitional probabilities. The advantages of employing an offline approach is (i) availability of sufficient memory, (ii) low computational cost, and (iii) possible use of a complex algorithm. However, these approaches can not deal with short-term link quality fluctuation. (ii) Online approach- short-term characteristics: Unlike the offline approaches, an online approach models the link quality in real time and deals with short-term link quality fluctuation. However, this approach has some limitations, such as (i) limited memory space to store data, (ii) high computational cost, (iii) and employment of a simple algorithm to estimate the burst size. My proposed online approach uses adaptive history array to estimate the duration of good and bad states from the statistics of incoming acknowledgement packets. (iii) Hybrid approach- long-to-short-term characteristics: A hybrid approach combines both offline and online methods. I also take advantage of both offline and online models in my proposed hybrid approach. My aim is to characterise the long-term link quality fluctuation with statistics that are obtained offline and to employ the statistics of received acknowledgement packets in real-time to deal with short-term link quality fluctuations. The online statistics are used to fine-tune and calibrate the offline model. To evaluate the performance of my proposed approaches, I implement them in TinyOS and deploy them on TelosB sensor nodes. Furthermore, the proposed approaches in this thesis are compared with the state-of-the-art approaches. The thesis concludes by showing that my approaches efficiently model the link quality fluctuation and propose correct burst size to achieve high throughput, reduce transmission delay, and power consumption under different channel conditions.

本研究的目的有二，一是探討幼稚園組織創新，將從組織創新重要性、組織創新新穎性和組織創新等三方面，以釐清幼稚園組織創新的樣貌。二是探討幼稚園跨組織關係對組織創新的影響，其中跨組織關係又分為體制連結與資源連結。體制連結係指，園長是否為該協會成員，以及一年內參與政府和專業團體所舉辦的研習活動時數，和園所校外教學觀摩的次數；資源連結係指幼稚園在一年內與社區辦理活動次數或交流的頻率。 本研究經由分層隨機抽樣，在台北、台中與高雄縣市共寄發315份問卷，請各所的園長填寫。其中，回收的有效問卷為95份，回收率則為30.48%。且以t考驗、變異數分析、Pearson積差相關和層級回歸分析進行考驗。 本研究獲致之研究結果如下 一、本研究共列舉118項創新措施，其中教學創新為62項，行政創新 為58項。 二、不同組織規模的園長對教學創新重要性的評價也不相同，藉由 Scheff’s的多重比較後，發現小型幼稚園園長對教學創新重要 性的評價顯著高於中型幼稚園園長。 三、不同組織規模的園長對教學創新和行政創新的新穎性評價亦不 同，經Scheff’s多重比較後，發現小型幼稚園園長對教學創新 新穎性的評價遠高於中型幼稚園園長。 四、在教學創新上，私立幼稚園採用的創新措施顯著多於公立幼稚 園。 五、在行政創新上，私立幼稚園採用的創新措施顯著多於公立幼稚 園。 六、在教學創新上，城市地區的幼稚園採用的創新措施顯著多於鄉村 地區的幼稚園。 七、在行政創新上，城市地區的幼稚園採用的創新措施顯著多於鄉村 地區的幼稚園。 八、幼稚園園長對組織創新重要性的評價與教學創新有顯著的相關 性。 九、幼稚園園長對組織創新重要性的評價與行政創新有顯著的相關 性。 十、幼稚園的資源連結愈高，則教學創新愈多。 十一、幼稚園的資源連結愈高，則行政創新愈多。 關鍵字：幼稚園、組織創新、跨組織關係、教學創新、行政創新、體制連結、 資源連結 / The purpose of this article is to integrative organizational innovation and the relationship between organizational innovation and Interorganizational links in Kindergarten. A stratified random sampling and a questionnaires survey are adopted for the study and were distributed to 315 kindergartens in Taipei County, Taipei City, Taichung County, Taichung City, Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. The number of valid returns was 95, and the valid return rate was 30.48%. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, and hierarchical regression analysis. The results were as follow: 1.In the study, we particularized 118 innovations: instruction innovation are 62 items, and the administrative innovation are 58 items. 2.The difference in scale of kindergarten results in the difference in the importance of instruction innovation. 3.The difference in scale of kindergarten results in the difference in the degree of instruction innovation and administration innovation. 4.The difference in type of organization results in the difference in the instruction innovation. 5.The difference in type of organization results in the difference in the administration innovation. 6.The difference in area of organization results in the difference in the instruction innovation. 7.The difference in area of organization results in the difference in the administration innovation. 8.Our results showed a positive relationship between the importance of instruction innovation and the instruction innovation in Taiwan kindergartens. 9.Our results showed a positive relationship between the importance of administration innovation and the administration innovation in Taiwan kindergartens. 10.Kindergartens are more likely to adopt instruction innovations when they are linked with in resource links. 11.Kindergartens are more likely to adopt administration innovations when they are linked with in resource links. Key words: kindergartens、organizational innovation、interorganizational links、institutional links、resource links

In this work, we prove that the set of link-homotopy classes of generalized string links over a closed, connected and orientable surface M of genus g ≥ 1 form a group, denoted by Bn(M) and we find a presentation for it. Moreover, we prove that its normal subgroup PBnn(M), namely, the homotopy string links over M, is bi-orderable. These results extend results proved by Juan GonzalezMeneses in [GM], [GM2] and Ekaterina Yurasovskaya in [Y], respectively. Also, we obtain an exact sequence for link-homotopy braid groups, which is an extension of [Go, Theorem 1]. / Sem resumo