It is important to track how a requirement changes throughout the software lifecycle. Each requirement should be validated during and at the end of each phase of the software lifecycle. It is common to build traceability matrices to demonstrate that requirements are satisfied by the design. Traceability matrices are needed in various tasks in the software development process. Unfortunately, developers and designers do not always build traceability matrices or maintain traceability matrices to the proper level of detail. Therefore, traceability matrices are often built after-the-fact. The generation of traceability matrices is a time consuming, error prone, and mundane process. Most of the times, the traceability matrices are built manually. Consider the case where an analyst is tasked to trace a high level requirement document to a lower level requirement specification. The analyst may have to look through M x N elements, where M and N are the number of high and low level requirements, respectively. There are not many tools available to assist the analysts in tracing unstructured textual artifacts and the very few tools that are available require enormous pre-processing. The prime objective of this work was to dynamically generate traceability links for unstructured textual artifacts using information retrieval (IR) methods. Given a user query and a document collection, IR methods identify all the documents that match the query. A closer observation of the requirements tracing process reveals the fact that it can be stated as a recursive IR problem. The main goals of this work were to solve the requirements traceability problem using IR methods and to improve the accuracy of the traceability links generated while best utilizing the analysts time. This work looked into adopting different IR methods and using user feedback to improve the traceability links generated. It also applied wrinkles such as filtering to the original IR methods. It also analyzed using a voting mechanism to select the traceability links identified by different IR methods. Finally, the IR methods were evaluated using six datasets. The results showed that automating requirements tracing process using IR methods helped save analysts time and generate good quality traceability matrices.

金門位處福建省南海岸與廈門、漳州、泉州對口的孤島，住民沿習中華閩南文化生活，自1949年大陸國共兩黨內戰成為台灣反共前哨，長年來的兩岸歷史恩怨，隨著歷史的變遷，時局的更迭，兩岸的敵對關係逐漸轉為緩和，進而共謀發展，其具體表徵之一為金門與廈門實施「小三通」。而小三通之實施，對於金門人來說，為前所未有之經驗，此項措施對於金門人來說，帶來何種衝擊，金門人真正需要的是什麼，自小三通實施以後，金門人的感受又是如何？此項課題值得深究，而研究者為金門的一份子，基於長年以來對於鄉土的熱愛，以學術的角度，對此議題加以研究，是理所當然亦是職責所在。 本研究為瞭解「小三通」與金門住民生活需求及滿意度，事涉受訪者主觀經驗詮釋，本文採用深度訪談法，以40歲以上金門原住民13位在不同職業、性別、年齡、居住地作為訪談對象。研究發現： 一、「小三通」以來金門住民環境依賴對岸。金門需要擴張港口基礎整建。教育環境：採認開放承認大陸學歷、規劃金門為大學城。醫療環境：開放與廈門醫院合作醫療健保。消費娛樂：提升更多元化的優質休閒管道。產業環境：創造有利的投資環境，開放陸資進駐金門、設置免稅區，提升觀光人口增加創業就業。 二、金門住民對「小三通」的生活滿意度： （一）、交通改善最大受益是台商。 （二）、地方建設看不到實質的成效。 （三）、在文化親情方面呈一致性的滿意。 （四）、在生活品質上持正面的看法與滿意。 三、金門住民對「小三通」經濟滿意度： （一）、對金門的復活商機呈現不滿意。 （二）、金門的資源條件遠不如廈門。 （三）、產業成長：金門酒廠除外百業萎縮，惟有旅遊業與特產業有微幅成長。 四、依據本研究發現提供以下建議 （一）、加速修正落實「離島建設條例」。 （二）、落實民生基礎建設、交通建設、水資源開發政策。 （三）、觀光產業配套：金門重新定位、流程法令鬆綁、提升觀光基礎建設內涵、實施兩岸交流合作。 （四）、落實醫療環境軟硬體設施。 （五）、落實金門設為大學島構思，作雙學歷採認制度。 / Situated as an offshore island on the Southern coast of Fujian Province and opposite to Xiamen, Changzhou and Quanzhou, Kinmen inherited Chinese culture from the South Min and its residents were thus imbued. Kinmen has become Taiwan’s outpost against China since the Civil War between KMT and the Chinese Communists in 1949. In recent years, the long-term aversion and hostility between Taiwan and China has been fading with the pass of time and change of cross-Strait political tides. In this regard, further cooperation and development are mutual concerns for both sides of the Strait, and one of the concrete symbolic policies is the so-called Kinmen-Xiamen “Mini Three Links”. For the people of Kinmen, the policy is an unprecedented experience; therefore, it is important to understand what impact will be brought forth, and what Kinmen’s residents exactly need and how they feel after the implementation. Being a local resident of Kinmen, the author tends to pay more attention and enthusiasm to this homeland; moreover, it is thus the responsibility as well for the author to concentrate on the study in the context of “Mini Three Links”. The objective of the study is to understand Kinmen residents’ livelihood demand and satisfaction with the “Mini Three Links”. A semi-structured interview method was applied and conducted in this study, focusing on 13 local residents of different occupations, genders, ages, and townships. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. For Kinmen’s residents, their living environment deeply relies on the Mainland after the implementation of the “Mini Three Links”. Thus it is necessary for Kinmen to expand its infra-structure on harbor construction. With reference to education, it is suggested that Chinese educational system and degrees should be recognized, and a university community should be established in Kinmen. In the medical-care environment, future cooperation in health insurance with Xiamen hospitals is highly recommended. With respect to consuming and recreational conditions, it is indispensable that a pluralistic channel for upgrading leisure and recreation development has to be explored. As to the industrial environment, the policies such as creating a better investment surrounding, openness of Chinese funds in Kinmen, setting up a duty-free zone, and increasing tourists to Kinmen are also highly recommended. 2. Kinmen residents’ livelihood satisfaction with the “Mini Three Links”: a. Taiwanese businesspeople benefit the most from the improvement of traffic. b. Local infra-structure and construction is not substantially upgraded. c. Residents have overall satisfaction with cultural and fraternal relations. d. Positive opinion and satisfaction with living quality. 3. Kinmen residents’ satisfaction with economy: a. Dissatisfaction with likely rehabilitation of Kinmen’s economy. b. Kinmen’s resource conditions are much worse than that of Xiamen. c. Excluding Kinmen’s liquor company, business industries have been declining. However, tourism industry and local specialties are slightly flourishing. 4. Suggestions: a. Speeding up revision of the “Offshore Island Construction Act”. b. Substantiating policies of infra-structure, traffic, and water resources exploration and development. c. Repositioning Kinmen’s role in the cross-Strait relations, enhancing in-depth infra-structure in tourism industry, and strengthening cross-Strait interflow and cooperation. d. Building up medical-care surrounding and hardware and software facilities. e. Constructing Kinmen an Island of Universities, and bilaterally recognizing educational degrees and diplomas with China.

Knot nullification is an unknotting operation performed on knots and links that can be used to model DNA recombination moves of circular DNA molecules in the laboratory. Thus nullification is a biologically relevant operation that should be studied. Nullification moves can be naturally grouped into two classes: coherent nullification, which preserves the orientation of the knot, and incoherent nullification, which changes the orientation of the knot. We define the coherent (incoherent) nullification number of a knot or link as the minimal number of coherent (incoherent) nullification moves needed to unknot any knot or link. This thesis concentrates on the study of such nullification numbers. In more detail, coherent nullification moves have already been studied at quite some length. This is because the preservation of the previous orientation of the knot, or link, makes the coherent operation easier to study. In particular, a complete solution of coherent nullification numbers has been obtained for the torus knot family, (the solution of the torus link family is still an open question). In this thesis, we concentrate on incoherent nullification numbers, and place an emphasis on calculating the incoherent nullification number for the torus knot and link family. Unfortunately, we were unable to compute the exact incoherent nullification numbers for most torus knots. Instead, our main results are upper and lower bounds on the incoherent nullification number of torus knots and links. In addition we conjecture what the actual incoherent nullification number of a torus knot will be.

Side friction factors are defined as all those actions related to the activities taking place by the sides of the road and sometimes within the road, which interfere with the traffic flow on the travelled way. They include but not limited to pedestrians, bicycles, non-motorised vehicles, parked and stopping vehicles. These factors are normally very frequent in densely populated areas in developing countries, while they are random and sparse in developed countries making it of less interest for research and consequently there is comparatively little literature about them. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the effect of these factors on traffic performance measures on urban roads. To carry out this work, a research design was formulated including specific methods and prescribed limitations. An empirical case study methodology was adopted where Dar-es-salaam city in Tanzania was chosen as a representative case. The scope was limited to include only road-link facilities. A sample of these facilities including two-lane two-way and four-lane two-way roads were selected and studied. The study was conducted in two parts, of which each involved a distinctive approach. Part one involved a macroscopic approach where traffic and friction data were collected and analyzed at an aggregated level, whereas part two involved a microscopic approach where data of individual frictional elements were collected and analysed individually. Data collection was mainly performed by application of video method, which proved to be effective for simultaneous collection of traffic and side friction data. Data reduction was conducted chiefly by computer, using standard spreadsheet and statistical software packages, mainly SPSS and some computer macros. The analysis part was based on statistical methods, chiefly regression analysis. In the macroscopic approach, traffic and friction data from all sites were adjusted through a process called ‘normalization’, which enabled the data from the different sites to be merged, and consequently to obtain speed-flow curves for each road type. The individual friction factors through regression analysis were weighted and combined into one unit of measure of friction called "FRIC". The effect of "FRIC" on speed-flow curves was analyzed. The results showed significant impact on speed for both road types. Impact on capacity was identified on two-lane two-way roads while field data on four-lane two-way roads did not allow this. In the microanalysis approach, effect of individual side friction factors on speed was analyzed. The results showed that on two-lane two-way roads, all studied factors exhibited statistically significant impact on speed, while on four-lane two-way roads, only one factor showed the same. The results also identified impact values characteristic to the individual friction factors on some roads. Recommendations were made based on these results that highway capacity studies particularly in developing countries, should include the friction variable, though in the form suitable to their own particular circumstances. Further recommendations were made that these results should be applied to formulate management programs seeking to limit levels of side friction on high mobility urban arterial streets in order to improve traffic safety and operation efficiency. / <p>QC 20100701</p>

Comorbidade é a coocorrência de dois ou mais distúrbios em uma pessoa. Identificar quais fatores genéticos ou quais são os mecanismos subjacentes à comorbidade é um grande desafio da ciência. Outra constatação relevante é que muitos pares de doenças que compartilham genes comuns não mostram comorbidade significativa nos registros clínicos. Vários estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que a comorbidade é uma situação médica universal porque pacientes com vários transtornos médicos são a regra e não a exceção. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma metodologia de predição de associação doença-doença por meio da integração de dados públicos sobre genes e sobre doenças e suas comorbidades. Analisando as redes formadas pelos genes e pelas doenças, a partir da utilização de cinco métodos de predição de links: Vizinhos Comuns, Adamic-Adar, Índice de Conexão Preferencial, Índice de Alocação de Recursos e Katz, a fim de encontrar novas relações de comorbidade. Como resultados foram criadas duas redes: uma rede epidemiológica chamada de rede_DATASUS com 1.941 nós e 248.508 arestas e uma rede gênica, rede_KEGG, com 288 nós e 1.983 arestas. E a predição em cima da rede_KEGG, e dentre as associações de doenças preditas e analisadas encontramos 6 associações preditas que estão presentes na rede_DATASUS e relatos na literatura. Acreditamos que as associações entre genes podem elucidar as causas de algumas comorbidades / Comorbidity is the co-occurrence of two or more heath disturbances in a person. Identify which genetic factors or what are the biological mechanisms underlying the comorbidity is a big challenge in science. Another relevant finding is that many pairs of diseases that share common genes do not show significant comorbidity clinical records. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that comorbidity is a universal medical situation because patients with various medical disorders are the rule and not the exception In this work, a methodology of prediction of disease-illness is provided through the integration of data on genes and on diseases and their comorbidities. Analyzing how to redesign genes and diseases, using five link prediction methods: Common Neighbours, Adamic-Adar, Preferential Attachment Index, Resource Allocation Index and emph Katz, an end to find new relationships of comorbidity. As a redesigned network: an epidemiological network called network_DATASUS network with 1,941 nodes and 248,508 edges and a genetic network, network_KEGG, with 288 nodes and 1,983 edges. And the prediction over network_KEGG, and among the predicted and analyzed combinations are 6 predicted classes that are present in network_DATASUS and reports in the literature. We believe that the associations between genes can elucidate the causes of some comorbidities

Avec une démarche clinique et à l’aide d’outils originaux, cette thèse explore et analyse les mouvements psychiques et sociaux que provoque l’adolescence chez les jeunes trisomiques 21 et leurs parents. Le vécu des adolescents est apprécié grâce à une méthodologie croisée (entretien, supports projectifs, observations, groupe de parole). Des entretiens semi-directifs ont permis d’explorer le vécu des parents. Les transformations liées à l’adolescence ont eu des répercussions sur l’évolution du rapport à soi et aux autres de l’adolescent trisomique 21 et sur l’expérience des parents. Au cours de cette période marquée par le changement, les blessures psychiques et affectives causées par les effets traumatiques du handicap sont réactivées. L’adolescent et le parent sont retraversés par un vécu de violence (en lien avec l’émergence de la sexualité, les limites et les formes de rejet qu’imposent le handicap) qui les fragilisent sur le plan narcissique. Chacun développe des stratégies défensives, pour y faire face. Dans ce contexte, il apparaît que l’investissement de la sphère sociale par le parent et l’adolescent, l’acceptation d’un Tiers dans la relation puissent offrir des voies de dégagement au jeune pour poursuivre sa construction. Les réflexions méthodologiques permettent de souligner l’importance de donner la parole à ces jeunes, qui traduisent un grand désir de se raconter. Elles montrent aussi les limites de l’utilisation des outils cliniques classiques auprès de cette population, et de la nécessaire adaptation des supports / With a clinical approach and by means of original implement, this thesis explores and analyses the psychological and social movements which adolescence engenders for the Down's syndrome young persons and their parents. The adolescent's living experience is appreciated thanks to a mixed methodology (interviews, projective tests, observations, group talks). Semi-direct interviews enabled to explore the parent's personal experience. The transformations related to adolescence had repercussions on the evolution of the Down's syndrome adolescent's relation to the self and the others and on the parents' experience. During this period of time marked by changing, the psychological and affective wounds caused by the handicap's trauma effects are reactivated. The adolescent and the parent go again through a living experience of violence (linked to the emergence of sexuality, the limits and forms of reject imposed by the handicap) which weaken themselves on the narcissistic point of view. To confront it, each of them develops defensive strategies. In that context, it appears that the adolescent's and the parents' investment in the social sphere, the acceptance of a third party in the relationship, would offer ways to liberation so that the adolescent is able to pursue their construction. The methodological reflexions enable to underline how important it is to talk for these young persons, who reveal a great desire to tell about themselves. These reflexions also show the limits in the use of standard clinical implement with this population, as well as the back-ups' required adjustment

A contemporaneidade tem como uma de suas principais marcas o excesso de individualismo ou narcisismo. Além disso, traz consigo uma série de transformações nos níveis subjetivo, intersubjetivo, familiar e social, dentre os quais destacamos aqueles sentidos na esfera familiar. O atual avanço tecnocientífico é apontado como um fator de peso nessas transformações, desde o surgimento da televisão até o das mais recentes tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TICs). Apesar de haver divergências na literatura, frequentemente a população idosa é apontada como prejudicada por esse avanço tecnológico e considerada excluída digital. Ao mesmo tempo, vivenciamos um aumento dessa população e da expectativa de vida, o que levou também a mudanças na função dos avós na família, numa diversidade de possibilidades. Diferentemente da psicanálise tradicional, que teve como foco as dinâmicas envolvidas entre pais e filhos, a psicanálise vincular, referencial aqui elegido, enfatiza aquelas implicadas na dimensão do entre, o que significa uma compreensão sobre a família mais ampla. Investigar se e como a TIC poderia estar influindo sobre o vínculo avós-netos na atualidade, partindo do pressuposto da transmissão psíquica geracional, foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. Para tanto, foi adotado o método clínico-qualitativo e realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas com quatro duplas de avós idosos e netos adolescentes que apresentassem algum contato virtual entre si, totalizando oito participantes; a forma de análise dos dados seguiu o método de estudo de caso. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que cada dupla fazia um determinado uso da TIC entre si, ainda que tenha havido aspectos em comum entre todas ou algumas delas. A inversão geracional e certa desconfiança na comunicação virtual foram duas constantes; bem como a constatação de que o uso que era feito da tecnologia se relacionava com determinadas características da dinâmica de funcionamento psíquico dos sujeitos, do vínculo entre eles ou mesmo da família. Em três duplas observou-se a geração de um efeito paradoxal causado pela interferência da tecnologia, qual seja, o fato de ela propiciar a aproximação entre as partes quando estavam distantes, mas seu afastamento quando estavam juntas, devido ao uso excessivo dela feito pelos netos, que então passavam a dispensar menos atenção aos respectivos avós. Nas duplas entrevistadas, a presença da tecnologia não pareceu comprometer o papel dos avós, uma vez que eles tinham uma posição bastante importante para os seus netos. Para alguns destes últimos, o papel dos avós ainda era visto relativamente a um lugar de saber e de superioridade. Em suma, pôde-se perceber que, em algumas situações, a TIC facilitava o vínculo das duplas e em outras o subtraía, e em outras ainda ela não passava de um mero complemento. Mesmo assim, observou-se que sua influência não tinha mais poder do que o vínculo em si mesmo, este, sim, fator suficiente e determinante para ditar a qualidade da relação da dupla, pelo menos no que se referiu a avós e netos / Contemporaneity has as one of its main brands the excess of individualism or narcissism. In addition, it brought several transformations on the subjective, intersubjective, family and social levels, among which we highlight those taking place in the family sphere. The current techno-scientific progress is key in these transformations, from the beginning of television to the recent information and communication technologies (ICTs). Although literature may differ, often the elderly population is seen as precluded by this technological advance and considered digitally excluded. On the same token, we experienced an increase in this population and a rise in life expectancy, leading to changes in the role of grandparents in the family, in a diversity of possibilities. Unlike traditional psychoanalysis, which focused on the dynamics between parents and children, the links psychoanalysis, referential chosen for this work, emphasizes the dynamics involved in the \"between\" dimension, implying a broader understanding about the family. The objective of this research was to investigate whether and how ICT could be influencing the link between grandparents and grandchildren in the current generation, based on the theory of the generational psychic transmission. For this purpose, the clinical-qualitative method was applied and semi-structured interviews were done with eight participants, consisting of four pairs of elderly grandparents and their adolescent grandchildren, both having virtual contact between them; the form of data analysis followed the case study method. The results showed that each pair made a particular use of ICT among themselves, although there have been aspects in common among all or some of them. The inversion of generations and a lack of trust in virtual communication were two constants, as well as the finding that the use of technology was related to certain characteristics of the subjects\' psychic dynamics, the relation between themselves or even the family. In three of the pairs a \"paradoxical effect\" was observed, being caused by the interference of technology, as it would bring the parties closer when they were distant, but set them apart when they were together, due to the excessive use of it by the grandchildren, who then paid less attention to their grandparents. For the interviewed pairs, the presence of technology did not seem to jeopardize the role of grandparents, since they held a very important position for their grandchildren. For some of the latter, the role of the grandparents was still seen as one of knowledge and superiority. In short, it was possible to perceive that in some situations ICT facilitated the bonding process between the pairs, while for others it would prejudice it, and even for some it was only a mere complement. Even so, it was noted that their influence had no more power than the bond in itself, factor sufficient and determinant to dictate the quality of the relationship between the pairs, at least when it comes to grandparents and grandchildren

Most of the reference information, nowadays, is found in repositories of documents semantically linked, created in a collaborative fashion and freely available in the web. Among the many problems faced by content providers in these repositories, one of the most important is Wikification, that is, the placement of links in the articles. These links have to support user navigation and should provide a deeper semantic interpretation of the content. Wikification is a hard task since the continuous growth of such repositories makes it increasingly demanding for editors. As consequence, they have their focus shifted from content creation, which should be their main objective. This has motivated the design of automatic Wikification tools which, traditionally, address two distinct problems: (a) how to identify which words (or phrases) in an article should be selected as anchors and (b) how to determine to which article the link, associated with the anchor, should point. Most of the methods in literature that address these problems are based on machine learning approaches which attempt to capture, through statistical features, characteristics of the concepts and its associations. Although these strategies handle the repository as a graph of concepts, normally they take limited advantage of the topological structure of this graph, as they describe it by means of human-engineered link statistical features. Despite the effectiveness of these machine learning methods, better models should take full advantage of the information topology if they describe it by means of data-oriented approaches such as matrix factorization. This indeed has been successfully done in other domains, such as movie recommendation. In this work, we fill this gap, proposing a wikification prediction model that combines the strengths of traditional predictors based on statistical features with a latent component which models the concept graph topology by means of matrix factorization. By comparing our model with a state-of-the-art wikification method, using a sample of Wikipedia articles, we obtained a gain up to 13% in F1 metric. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of the model performance showing the importance of the latent predictor component and the attributes derived from the associations between the concepts. The study still includes the analysis of the impact of ambiguous concepts, which allows us to conclude the model is resilient to ambiguity, even though does not include any explicitly disambiguation phase. We finally study the impact of selecting training samples from specific content quality classes, an information that is available in some respositories, such as Wikipedia. We empirically shown that the quality of the training samples impact on precision and overlinking, when comparing training performed using random quality samples versus high quality samples. / Atualmente, informações de referência são disponibilizadas através de repositórios de documentos semanticamente ligados, criados de forma colaborativa e com acesso livre na Web. Entre os muitos problemas enfrentados pelos provedores de conteúdo desses repositórios, destaca-se a Wikification, isto é, a inclusão de links nos artigos desses repositórios. Esses links possibilitam a navegação pelos artigos e permitem ao usuário um aprofundamento semântico do conteúdo. A Wikification é uma tarefa complexa, uma vez que o crescimento contínuo de tais repositórios resulta em um esforço cada vez maior dos editores. Como consequência, eles têm seu foco desviado da criação de conteúdo, que deveria ser o seu principal objetivo. Isso tem motivado o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de Wikification automática que, tradicionalmente, abordam dois problemas distintos: (a) como identificar que palavras (ou frases) em um artigo deveriam ser selecionados como texto de âncora e (b) como determinar para que artigos o link, associado ao texto de âncora, deveria apontar. A maioria dos métodos na literatura que abordam esses problemas usam aprendizado de máquina. Eles tentam capturar, através de atributos estatísticos, características dos conceitos e seus links. Embora essas estratégias tratam o repositório como um grafo de conceitos, normalmente elas pouco exploram a estrutura topológica do grafo, uma vez que se limitam a descrevê-lo por meio de atributos estatísticos dos links, projetados por especialistas humanos. Embora tais métodos sejam eficazes, novos modelos poderiam tirar mais proveito da topologia se a descrevessem por meio de abordagens orientados a dados, tais como a fatoração matricial. De fato, essa abordagem tem sido aplicada com sucesso em outros domínios como recomendação de filmes. Neste trabalho, propomos um modelo de previsão para Wikification que combina a força dos previsores tradicionais baseados em atributos estatísticos, projetados por seres humanos, com um componente de previsão latente, que modela a topologia do grafo de conceitos usando fatoração matricial. Ao comparar nosso modelo com o estado-da-arte em Wikification, usando uma amostra de artigos Wikipédia, observamos um ganho de até 13% em F1. Além disso, fornecemos uma análise detalhada do desempenho do modelo enfatizando a importância do componente de previsão latente e dos atributos derivados dos links entre os conceitos. Também analisamos o impacto de conceitos ambíguos, o que permite concluir que nosso modelo se porta bem mesmo diante de ambiguidade, apesar de não tratar explicitamente este problema. Ainda realizamos um estudo sobre o impacto da seleção das amostras de treino conforme a qualidade dos seus conteúdos, uma informação disponível em alguns repositórios, tais como a Wikipédia. Nós observamos que o treino com documentos de alta qualidade melhora a precisão do método, minimizando o uso de links desnecessários.

Hannah Arendt définit la solitude selon trois modes différents, le premier se nomme « solitude » et recouvre les situations où nous sommes avec nous-mêmes.En philosophie, cette dichotomie ontologique permet à l’homme de prendre conscience de lui-même, et de dialoguer avec lui-même. La solitude permet la formation de la pensée. Le second mode définit par Arendt se nomme l’esseulement. Ce mode s’illustre par le fait que l’on peut se sentir très seul au milieu d’une foule.Enfin, le dernier mode exposé par la philosophe correspond à ce qu’elle spécifie d’isolement. Ce mode apparaît quand la personne est concernée par les choses du monde. Ce mode revêt un aspect politique. La personne se retrouve isolée quand les autres (avec qui elle partage le même souci du monde)se détournent d’elle. A partir de l’analyse donnée par Arendt nous allons mettre en parallèle cette distinction des formes de solitudes avec notre surexposition numérique et notre profusion de relations numériques dans nos sociétés de communications.Internet est devenu, dans notre vie, en très peu de temps une part de nous-mêmes.Quotidiennement nous nous rendons dans le monde virtuel pour différentes raisons. Nous souhaitons partager avec nos amis réels nos émotions,nos expériences, nos souvenirs sur des réseaux sociaux comme Facebook ou Twitter. Nous cherchons des « bonnes affaires », nous faisons nos courses, nous nous rendons sur des forums virtuels pour « discuter », nous utilisons des messageries en ligne pour continuer des conversations interrompues plus tôt ou encore pour entretenir un lien avec une personne chère qui se trouve éloignée.Certains utilisent Internet pour rencontrer des personnes, pour se faire des amis,vivre une vie normale et réelle dans le monde virtuel. La question de la solitude n’a jamais été aussi présente qu’aujourd’hui, la faute à notre société individualiste qui défait les liens entre les personnes. C’est dans ce contexte qu’Internet apparaît un peu comme un sauveur. Internet offrirait la possibilité de rapprocher les gens,de faire naître de nouvelles relations sociales, de créer des amitiés, de donner la possibilité aux personnes se sentant seules de sortir de la solitude. Mais Internet apporte-t-il réellement une solution au problème de la solitude ? Change-t-il fondamentalement le rapport que les individus vont avoir entre eux à l’avenir ? Quel impact sur les relations sociales réelles et/ou virtuelles qu’ont les individus ? / Hannah Arendt defines solitude according to three different modes, thefirst is called "Solitude" and covers the situations in which we are with ourselves.In philosophy, this ontological dichotomy allows man to become self-conscious,and to dialogue with himself. Solitude allows the formation of thought. Thesecond mode defined by aren't is called the horror. This mode is illustrated by thefact that one can feel very alone in the midst of a crowd. Finally, the last modeexposed by the philosopher corresponds to what it specifies isolated. This modeappears when the person is concerned with the things of the world. This mode hasa political aspect. The person finds himself isolated when the others (with whomshe shares the same concern of the world) turn away from her. From the analysisgiven by Arendt we will put in parallel this distinction of forms of solitudes withour digital overexposure and our profusion of digital relations in our society.The Internet has become, in our life, in a very short time a part ofourselves. Every day we go to the virtual world for different reasons. We want toshare with our real friends our emotions, our experiences, our memories on socialnetworks like Facebook or Twitter. We search for "bargains", shop, go to virtualforums to "chat", use online messaging to continue interrupted conversationsearlier, or maintain a connection with a loved one find distant. Some people usethe Internet to meet people, to make friends, to live a normal and real life in thevirtual world. The question of loneliness has never been more present than it istoday, the fault of our individualistic society that undoes the bonds betweenpeople. It is in this context that the Internet appears a little like a savior. TheInternet offers the opportunity to bring people together, to create new socialrelationships, to create friendships, to give people who feel lonely out of solitude.But does the Internet really solve the problem of loneliness? Does itfundamentally change the relationship that individuals will have with each otherin the future? What impact on the real and / or virtual social relationships thatindividuals have?

Le développement de spécifications formelles correctes pour des systèmes et logiciels commence par l’analyse et la compréhension des besoins du client. Entre ces besoins décrits en langage naturel et leur spécification définie dans un langage formel précis, un écart existe et rend la tâche de développement de plus en plus difficile à accomplir. Nous sommes face à deux mondes distincts. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’expliciter et d’établir des interactions entre ces deux mondes et de les faire évoluer en même temps. Par interaction, nous désignons les liens, les échanges et les activités se déroulant entre les différents documents. Parmi ces activités, nous présentons la validation comme un processus rigoureux qui démarre dès l’analyse des besoins et continue tout au long de l’élaboration de leur spécification formelle. Au fur et à mesure du développement, des choix sont effectués et les retours des outils de vérification et de validation permettent de détecter des lacunes aussi bien dans les besoins que dans la spécification. L’évolution des deux mondes est décrite via l’introduction d’un nouveau besoin dans un système existant et à travers l’application de patrons de développement. Ces patrons gèrent à la fois les besoins et la spécification formelle associée ; ils sont élaborés à partir de la description de la forme des besoins. Ils facilitent la tâche de développement et aident à éviter les risques d’oublis. Quel que soit le choix, des questions se posent tout au long du développement et permettent de déceler des lacunes, oublis ou ambiguïtés dans l’existant. / The development of correct formal specifications for systems and software begins with the analysis and understanding of client requirements. Between these requirements described in natural language and their specification defined in a specific formal language, a gap exists and makes the task of development more and more difficult to accomplish. We are facing two different worlds. This thesis aims to clarify and establish interactions between these two worlds and to evolve them together. By interaction, we mean all the links, exchanges and activities taking place between the different documents. Among these activities, we present the validation as a rigorous process that starts from the requirements analysis and continues throughout the development of their formal specification. As development progresses, choices are made and feedbacks from verification and validation tools can detect shortcomings in requirements as well as in the specification. The evolution of the two worlds is described via the introduction of a new requirement into an existing system and through the application of development patterns. These patterns manage both the requirements and their associated formal specifications ; they are elaborated from the description of the form of the requirements in the client document. They facilitate the task of development and help to avoid the risk of oversights. Whatever the choice, the proposed approach is guided by questions accompanying the evolution of the whole system and makes it possible to detect imperfections, omissions or ambiguities in the existing.