The problem is the investigation of the possibility of an alternative theory of literature that attempts to show literature's relation to human consciousness. A phenomenological theory of literature is presented as a comprehensive theory of literature as opposed to extrinsic theories that are not comprehensive. The basic assumption is that a comprehensive theory of literature must take into account literature's relationship to human consciousness. The shortcomings of traditional modes of literary theory are discussed in order to provide grounds for the proposed intrinsic alternative. The philosophical foundations for the proposed alternative are laid in the phenomenology of Husserl, Ingarden, Heidegger, and the French existentialists. These four positions are mediated through the introduction of the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Finally, the proposed alternative theory of literature is applied to the test case of Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim.

This thesis explores the theme of freedom in Goliarda Sapienza's narrative, focusing in particular on three works: Lettera aperta (1967), L'arte della gioia (1998, posthumous) and Io, Jean Gabin (2010, posthumous). The analysis concentrates on the interplay between body and power in processes of identity formation; the main aspects taken into consideration are gender, sexuality and political ideology, with specific attention to the power involved in human relationships. This thesis comprises four chapters. The first three develop a close textual analysis of individual works, each one progressing from the exploration of the internal composition of the self to the analysis of identity in its interpersonal and socio-political dimension. The fourth chapter engages with a comparative analysis of the same works’ narrative structures, accounting for the role of writing in the evolution of Sapienza’s narrative. I identify the pivotal tension of Sapienza's works in the ideal of freedom, and propose to define her narrative as Epicurean and anarchic, characteristics that place it at the intersection of post-structuralist and Marxist-feminist discourses. Overall, I argue in favour of Sapienza's originality and significance within the context of 20^th-century Italian literature. I suggest an affinity between Sapienza's works and the literary legacy of Pirandello and Svevo, as well as certain tenets of postmodern fiction, but also a significant difference, concerning the presence of a tension towards agency and subjectivity, extraneous to the trajectory of the modern and postmodern subject. From a position of marginality and ex-centricity, Sapienza gives voice to a radical aspiration to individual and social transformation, in which writing and literary communication are granted a central role. Her works trace the parable of a strenuous deconstruction of oppressive norms and structures, aimed at retrieving a space of powerful bodily desire, which constitutes the foundation of the process of becoming a subject.

The aim of this thesis named Transforming of the Revolver Revue (1990-2000) and its Critical Analysis is to describe the image and development of the cultural magazine Revolver Revue, including its supplement Kritická Příloha Revolver Revue during the first decade after the 1989 "Velvet revolution". Special attention is given to its literature reviews that largely determined the reception of of the magazine. Because the magazine was strongly influenced by its underground roots and the examined period of 1990s was full of remarkable socio- political changes the historical context, especially the developments of media and literature of that period, is discussed. To get an image of the magazine's role and its transformations as seen from the outside we describe how it was received by the contemporary press. The theoretical part focuses on issues of the conception of the literary criticism, which relates to the search for the role of criticism in the 1990s and it outlines the diversity of different perspectives, concepts and attitudes. The section dedicated to Kritická Příloha includes analysis of a few chosen reviews and aims to explore the form of criticism published in this magazine. The thesis also includes interviews with the chief editor of Revolver Revue Terezie Pokorná, and with Jáchym Topol,...

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. / "Why do women read the romance?" cannot be answered by Anglo-American feminist literary criticism; a critique is brought against feminist definitions of gender and genre, and the question, "Why did women begin to write (novels)?" Gender definition and genre formation are integrally interrelated in the modern period; this can be traced through textual analyses of textual practices in early nineteenth century texts. Analyses of Wuthering Heights, Emma, and Madame Bovary enable critique to be brought against tenets central to feminist criticism: the figure and function of the female author; the definitions of gender, desire and sexuality; the social and the sexual contracts; and the role of Oedipus in feminist-psychoanalytical debates. Moi's Sexual/Textual Politics provides a. critique of feminism, Armstrong's Desire and Domestic Fiction a feminist history of the novel, and Radway's Reading the Romance a feminist account of romance fiction. / Andrew Chakane 2018

[pt] Entre 1971 e 1978 o artista plástico carioca Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980) morou em Manhattan, Nova York. Batizada por Oiticica de Babylon, é durante sua estadia na cidade que ele investe grande parte de seu trabalho em um novo projeto: publicar uma série de textos escritos nesse período, em um livro cujo formato e conteúdo permaneceram em constante transformação ao longo dos anos, sem atingir um resultado final. Batizado com alguns nomes como Newyorkaises e Conglomerado, o projeto de publicação torna- se o epicentro da produção de Oiticica e, ao mesmo tempo, uma promessa não realizada. A Tese visa analisar a relação produtiva entre a obra de Oiticica e a escritura, além da forte presença da literatura em seus trabalhos e reflexões. A análise dessa relação percorrerá alguns espaços criativos desse escritor- leitor, como seu arquivo, seus escritos pessoais, cartas, cadernos e fontes de leitura por ele utilizadas. Ao apresentar e analisar documentos de pouca ou nenhuma divulgação escritos por Hélio Oiticica, a Tese pretende não só ampliar os debates sobre arte e literatura em geral como divulgar novas temáticas e possibilidades de pesquisa em relação à sua obra. / [en] From 1971 to 1978, Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980), a native of Rio de Janeiro, lived in Manhattan. During his sojourn in New York, a city he referred to as Babylon, he put much of his effort into a new project: that of publishing a number of texts written in this period as a book whose format and content would constantly change throughout the years, never reaching a final result. Variously known as Newyorkaises and Conglomerado, the publication project became both the epicenter of Oiticica`s production and a promise that never came to fruition. This dissertation analyzes the relationship between Oiticica`s art and his writings and addresses the marked presence of literature in both his works and his reflections. The analysis of the relation between the two takes into account different manifestations of this writer/reader`s creativity, such as his archive, intimate writings, letters and notebooks, as well as his reading. By presenting and analyzing little-known or previously unpublished texts by Oiticica, this dissertation aims not only to broaden the scope of debates on art and literature in general but also to disseminate new themes and possibilities of research into Oiticica`s work.

Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo principal analisar o conjunto da produção ensaística de Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852), composta por Literatura e civilização em Portugal; Lucano; Alfredo de Musset: Jacques Rolla e George Sand: Aldo o rimador. A pesquisa elenca as principais questões levantadas pelo autor enquanto crítico literário e delineia as polêmicas em que cada um desses quatro ensaios se insere. Simultaneamente, a análise identifica as características formais e estilísticas desses textos, nos quais pode se perceber um elemento recorrente que os unifica: a prática da citação. O levantamento daquilo que é citado por Álvares de Azevedo em seus ensaios permite relacioná-los a um importante conjunto de textos, na maior parte das vezes de origem internacional, composto por jornais, revistas, livros e manuais de literatura que se encontravam em circulação no Brasil do século XIX. A investigação sistemática do vasto material compulsado por Álvares de Azevedo evidencia o papel de destaque conferido à Revue des deux mondes, indubitavelmente uma de suas principais fontes bibliográficas, nas páginas da qual ele teve contato com um aparato crítico-teórico proveniente dos estudos de literaturas estrangeiras, em voga na França a partir de 1830. A visada cosmopolita que norteia os artigos de escritores como Jean-Jacques Ampère, Xavier Marmier e Edgar Quinet, ajudou o poeta brasileiro a moldar seu ponto de vista crítico. Embasados na pesquisa filológica, os trabalhos produzidos por esses estudiosos franceses de literaturas estrangeiras sugerem inúmeras ramificações entre as culturas partícipes do tronco indo-europeu e parecem ter fornecido um instrumento teórico importante para que Álvares de Azevedo equacionasse sua posição particular frente ao problema nuclear da crítica romântica do seu tempo: refutando a tese hegemônica, que defendia a autonomia da literatura brasileira frente à portuguesa, o autor da Lira dos vinte anos, de uma perspectiva internacionalista, defendia a unidade das duas literaturas e a relação da produção poética local com o rico patrimônio legado pela tradição ocidental. O diálogo com o periodismo do século XIX, sobretudo com os artigos de literaturas estrangeiras, precursores dos estudos de literatura comparada, permite colocar o debate proposto por Álvares de Azevedo no panorama mais amplo das discussões que se desenrolavam internacionalmente e ajudam a compreender o seu anseio de que as letras locais também participassem de um movimento de circulação cultural entrevisto por ele nas obras das literaturas matriciais analisadas em seus ensaios. Esta tese de doutorado dá continuidade a uma investigação iniciada no mestrado, dedicado ao estudo dos prefácios e cartas em que Álvares de Azevedo refletiu sobre sua produção poética e ficcional. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyse the essay production set of Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852), made up of Literatura e civilização em Portugal; Lucano; Alfredo de Musset: Jacques Rolla and George Sand: Aldo o rimador. The study compiles the main questions raised by the author as a literary reviewer and delineates the polemics in which each one of those four essays gets engaged. Simultaneously, the analysis identifies the formal and stylistic characteristics of those texts, in which it can be noticed a recurrent element that unifies them: the quotation practice. The gathering of the quotations done by Álvares de Azevedo on his essays allows us to relate them to another set of texts, mostly of international origin, comprised of newspapers, magazines, books and literature manuals that were circulating in the XIX century Brazil. The systematic investigation of the extensive material consulted by Álvares de Azevedo brings to light the important role of Revue des deux mondes, undoubtedly one of his main bibliographic sources, in which he had contact with the theoretical and critical apparatus of foreign literature, in vogue in France since 1830. The cosmopolitan view that guides the articles of the writers such as Jean-Jacques Ampère, Xavier Marmier e Edgar Quinet, helped the Brazilian poet to shape his critical viewpoint. Based on philological research, the works done by those French experts of foreign literature suggest innumerous ramifications among the participant cultures of the indo-european root and seem to have provided an important theoretical tool so that Álvares de Azevedo could equationate his own position related to the nuclear problem of the contemporaneous romantic review: refuting the hegemonic thesis, that defended the autonomy of the Brazilian literature from the Portuguese literature, the author of the Lira dos vinte anos, from an internationalist perspective, stood up for the union of both literatures and for the relation of the local poetic production to the rich heritage of the western tradition. The dialogue with the journalism of the XIX century, mainly with the foreign literature articles, ancestors of the comparative literature, allows to place the debate proposed by Álvares de Azevedo on the wider panorama of the international discussions and helps to understand his yearning for the participation of the local literature on the cultural circulation movement glimpsed by him on the works of matric literature analysed on his essays. This doctoral thesis continues an investigation initiated in the Master´s degree, dedicated to the study of the prefaces and the letters in which Álvares de Azevedo reflected on his poetic and fictional production.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo abordar dois recortes da obra de Mário Faustino. O primeiro deles abrange os anos 1956-1959, conhecidos como sua fase experimental. Esse período tem por vetor uma tensão centralizada no principal instrumento da poesia, o verso. O segundo recorte se volta para a análise da crítica literária realizada durante esses anos, concentrada nas páginas de Poesia-Experiência, publicadas no Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil. Os poemas anteriores a 1956, a partir dos quais se esboça uma crise entre o objeto e sua representação, são o assunto do primeiro capítulo. Em seguida, nos capítulos 2 e 3, veremos como o verso, posto em xeque, sustenta para utilizarmos termos do jornalismo o texto e a arte de Poesia-Experiência. Por fim, retornamos aos poemas de Mário, mais especificamente aos escritos entre 1956 e 1959, retomando a discussão sobre o poema e sua representação simbólica, a fim de buscar algumas características fundamentais da crítica e da poesia de Mário Faustino nessa fase de saturação do verso e aproximações com o concretismo. / This dissertation aims at discussing two selections of Mário Faustinos work. The first of them comprehends the years from 1956-1959, regarded as his experimental phase. This period has as vector a tension centralized in the main instrument of poetry, the verse. The second is devoted to the analysis of the literary criticism produced during these years, concentrated in the pages of Poesia-Experiência, published in the Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil. The poems before 1956, from which a crisis between the object and its representation is outlined, are the subject of the first chapter. After that, in chapters 2 and 3, we will see as the verse, put in check, sustains to use a jargon of journalism the text and the art of Poesia- Experiência. In the end, we come back to Mários poems, more specifically to those written from 1956-1959, returning to the discussion about the poem and its symbolic representation, in order to seek some fundamental characteristics of Mário Faustinos poetry and criticism in this phase of verse saturation and approximations with concretism.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto a edição de texto fiel e anotado de O empalhador de passarinho vigésimo volume das obras completas de Mário de Andrade (1893-1945), publicado pela Livraria Martins Editora em 1946, após sua morte. Apresentando o cotejo entre a edição princeps e as primeiras versões dos artigos em periódicos, esta Edição de texto fiel e anotado dO empalhador de passarinho de Mário de Andrade, inscrita no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura Brasileira da FFLCH-USP, é resultado do projeto temático FAPESP/ IEB e FFLCH-USP, Estudo do processo de criação de Mário de Andrade nos manuscritos de seu arquivo, em sua correspondência, em sua marginália em suas leituras, coordenado, entre 2006-2011, pela Profa. Dra. Telê Ancona Lopez. A partir do confronto documental, realizou-se a confecção de notas que buscam compreender o arte-fazer, operado por Mário de Andrade, das críticas realizadas entre 1938 e 1944 em periódicos do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo e reunidas por ele n O empalhador de passarinho. / This dissertation focuses the faithful and annotated edition of The taxidermist finch, twentieth volume of the complete works by Mário de Andrade (1893-1945), published by Editora Martins Bookstore in 1946, after his death. Introducing the collation of work with texts in newspapers and magazines, this edition is enrolled in the Graduate Program in Brazilian Literature at FFLCH-USP, it is a result of the thematic project FAPESP/ IEB/FFLCH-USP Mário de Andrades creative process study: in the manuscripts of his file, his correspondence, in his marginalia in his readings, coordinated between 2006-2011, by professor Telê Ancona Lopez. By analyzing documentation, we sought to understand Mário de Andrades creative process of the critics made by him, from 1938 until 1944 in newspapers and magazines from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

Ao longo do século XX, houve um aumento significativo da importação de teorias anglo-americanas na crítica literária brasileira, nem sempre correspondendo a uma demanda interna. Uma das consequências desse processo foi o afastamento progressivo entre parte da pesquisa acadêmica e os recursos teóricos e metodológicos utilizados para o ensino da literatura na educação básica. Este trabalho trata de um momento importante desse fenômeno: a importação do New Criticism feita por Afrânio Coutinho. O objetivo é demonstrar como este caso pode ser interpretado como a primeira fase de um processo de abstração teórica que hoje está naturalizado no estudo da literatura nas universidades brasileiras. / Throughout the twentieth century, there was a significant increase in the import of Anglo-American theories in Brazilian literary criticism, not always corresponding to a domestic demand. One consequence of this process was the gradual withdrawal from part of academic research and the theoretical and methodological resources used for teaching literature in elementary education. This work deals with an important moment of this phenomenon: the import of the New Criticism made by Afrânio Coutinho. The goal is to demonstrate how this case can be interpreted as the first step in a process of theoretical abstraction that is now naturalized in the study of literature in Brazilian universities.

Esta dissertação nasceu com um propósito simples: ler Monções (1945). Lê-lo, contudo, carregou o signo de um esforço duplo: de encarar o livro ora como documento da história intelectual do Brasil da primeira metade do século XX, e ora como artefato que interage com a nossa atualidade, e que nos permite interpelá-lo através do diálogo e do comentário crítico. O objeto desta pesquisa é a linguagem deste livro. Mobilizamos como método de análise procedimentos criados por Roland Barthes para o estudo daquilo que ele designou como \"o plural do texto\"; e de Michel Foucault, no que ele denominou como \"pesquisa arqueológica\", \"autor\" e \"arquivo\". Estas são nossas referências teóricas mais explícitas. Afora elas, operamos metodicamente com objetivo de estabelecer com a dissertação a crítica literária do livro e a exposição histórica da linguagem de seu texto. Devido à referida leitura dupla, por mais que inquiramos em Monções o seu sentido no contexto de uma obra, o \"autor\" de sua produção, e a biografia de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, esta pesquisa não se confunde com o estudo da obra, da vida e do pensamento do autor. Neste instante, tal distinção pode aparentar sutil, mas será decisiva para que a investigação faça da \"linguagem do texto\" o seu objeto de estudo. Para cumprirmos este objetivo de investigação, contextualizamos Monções com a literatura da primeira metade do século XX, reconhecendo no seu campo de debate os assuntos que aportam numa rede de interpretações sobre o Brasil, na qual a diversidade da linguagem intelectual surge como seu panorama histórico. A base teórica deste estudo acompanha uma bibliografia que problematiza \"o ato de leitura\", \"o discurso histórico\", \"a modernidade\", e \"o modernismo no Brasil\". Entendemos que esta dissertação, pelo seu problema, contribuirá no assunto \"história intelectual do Brasil\", para as décadas de 1930 e 1940, e, pelo seu método e objeto de estudo, acreditamos que este estudo contribui pelo seu esforço em historiar a linguagem do documento histórico. / This monography began with a simple purpose: to read Monções (1945). To read it, however, is also to carry the meaning of a double struggle, namely, to face the book as a document of Brazil\'s intellectual history at the beginning of the 20th century, and as an object that communicates with our present time, that allows us to question the book through dialogue and critical review. The method for analysis was some procedures created by Roland Barthes for critical review, which he designated as \"le pluriel du texte\"; and some procedures of Michel Foucault that he classifies as \'archeological research\', \'author\', and \'archive\'. These are our most important theorical references. In addictions, methodologically, we conducted the research aiming at the connection between the critical review of the book and the historical appearance of the language in its text. Due to those approaches to the text, this research is not to be mistaken by the study of the oeuvre, and its author\'s thinking. For now, it\'s a subtle distinction, but it will be decisive to turn the language of the book into the study-object of this monography. To conclude this research, we contextualized Monções with the literature of the first half of the 20th century, acknowledging many subjects of this book in a weft of interpretations of Brazil, in which the intellectual language diversity arises as its historical perspective. The theoretical basis of this research builds upons literature that argues about the \'act of reading\', \'historical discourse\', \'modernity\', and the \'modernism in Brazil\'. We expect that this monography will contribute in the field of intellectual history of Brazil in the 30\'s and 40\'s of the 20th century, and because of its methodology and object of study, it will add a new view to historize the language in the document.