This dissertation is a historical evaluation of the movement of the English courts from the doctrine of pith and marrow to the Catnic test in the determination of non-textual infringement of patents. It considers how and why the doctrine was replaced with the Catnic test. It concludes that this movement occurred as a result of the adoption by a group of judges of literalism in the construction of patents while another group dissented and maintained the correct application of the doctrine. Although the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords initially approved the literalist approach, they, after realising its untennability, adopted the dissenters’ approach, but, ultimately, adopted the Catnic test in which features of the dissenters’ approach were included. The dissertation concludes that the doctrine of pith and marrow, correctly applied, should have been retained as the Catnic test creates uncertainty and confusion. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.

No abstract available / English / M.A. (English)

Christ has entrusted mysteries to his church which are essential for its life, teaching and mission and are to be explored in their meaning. One of it is “the glory of the Lord”. In a variety of ways the biblical testimony speaks of “the glory of the Lord”, which has revealed itself diversely and at all times. It has played a central role in God’s encounter with man in the Old and New covenant. God in his glory took his abode in the temple in order to establish worship. For this reason he let his glory become man in Jesus and let his glory live in man and in his church by his spirit up to its completion. The church has been called to the glory of God revealed in Christ. In spite of the broad biblical basis this term has played only a marginal role in many ecclesiologies until today. In present churches the glory of the Lord still remains an abstract term for many. It is not differentiated in any way or recognized in its meaning for the church. For this reason some of the most important ecclesiologies of the 20th century in German language are examined regarding the meaning and importance of the glory of the Lord. They are checked regarding its impact for ecclesiology and church-development. Its role will be compared with that in the bible. The conclusions are meant to be inspirations and impulses for ecclesiology and for church growth, for church life and community and for its mission in the world. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om barn och ungdomslitteraturen tillägnat sig filosofiska tankegångar och hur detta har utryckts i fyra skönlitterära verk. Barnlitteraturen används i skolan framförallt för att öka läsförståelse och ordkunskap. I denna studie har jag pekat på att litteraturen även kan föra fram filosofiska idéer. Uppsatsen kan fungera som en vägvisare till hur filosofiska idéer kan hämtas från skönlitteraturen och på så sätt exemplifiera dessa med hjälp av litteraturen, men också hur vi på samma sätt kan göra litteraturen mer begriplig med hjälp av filosofiska exempel. Uppsatsen har visat att barnlitteraturen innehåller djupa och intressanta filosofiska tankegångar. Både äldre och nyare barnlitteratur kan därför med fördel användas i skolan för att introducera filosofiska begrepp på ett stimulerande sätt.

This study explores the hermeneutical issues raised by critical approaches to the Book of the Twelve and their implications for the concepts of authorial intent, history, and canon. By means of a critical engagement with the Twelve’s modern reception history it seeks to demonstrate that with few exceptions, recent attempts to come to terms with the peculiar character of the prophetic intentionality at work in the Twelve reflect the continuing impact of historicism and its hermeneutical legacy upon the study of Old Testament prophecy. As a result the key roles played by theological pressures and the hermeneutical significance of canon in the Twelve’s formation history continue to be marginalized, particularly with respect to the eschatological and typological moves involved in the redactional expansion of prophecy. The study seeks to constructively address these problems by offering a theological exegesis of Hosea 1:5 and 2:23-25, arguing that the study of these ‘Day of the Lord’ texts and the larger theological significance of Hosea’s prologue for the Twelve has been virtually eclipsed by the central hermeneutical role assigned to Joel by the Twelve’s modern interpreters. The larger contribution to the hermeneutical logic of prophecy rendered by Hosea’s ‘wisdom coda’ (Hosea 14:10) has also not been given its proper due, exegetically speaking. With these concerns in mind, the study then proceeds to argue that Hosea’s prologue establishes a theological context for the logic of prophecy, eschatology, and typology in the Twelve which finds its hermeneutical ground in Exodus 32-34 and the continuing theological significance of Yahweh’s name for his providential dealings with Israel. In this way Hosea’s prologue constrains the interpretation of prophecy and the DOL in the Twelve by linking their theological function to the significance of Yahweh’s name for Israel. The wisdom coda both embraces and extends this agenda for readers of Joel through Malachi by instructing them in the proper stance toward prophecy and “the ways of Yahweh” toward Israel and the nations vis-a-vis his revealed character in Exodus 34:5-7. The book of Hosea thus ends by establishing hermeneutical guidelines for the “wise” interpretation of prophecy, a stance which is then further facilitated by the summons to wisdom in Joel’s prologue (1:1-4) and Joel’s own deployment of the DOL in Joel 1-2.

Alfred Lord Tennyson's The Princess: A Medley has posed interpretative difficulties for readers since its 1847 debut. Critics, editors, and artists contemporary with Tennyson as well as in this century have puzzled over the poem's stance on the issue of the so-called Woman Question. Treating Tennyson as the first reader of the poem yields an understanding of the title character, Princess Ida, as an ambassador of Tennyson's optimistic and evolutionary views of human development and links his work to that of visionary educators of nineteenth-century England. Later artists, however, produced adaptations of the poem that twisted its hopefulness into satirical commentary, reduced its complexities to ease the task of reading, and put it to work in various causes, many ranged against the improvement of women's condition. In particular, a series of editions carried The Princess into various nations, classrooms, and homes, promoting interpretations that often obscure Tennyson's cautious optimism.

Student Number : 7639580 - MA research report - Faculty of Humanities / This research report explores the motif of the water journey as a metaphor for philosophical enquiry in Melville and Conrad by comparing Moby-Dick with Heart of Darkness, and Billy Budd, Sailor with Lord Jim. It takes as its starting-point M.H. Abrams’s essay, “Spiritual Travelers in Western Literature”, and adapts the typology which he introduces by identifying four different kinds of fictional journey, namely, the physical, the experiential, the narrative and the hermeneutic. By concentrating on a broadly-based semiotic approach to interpretation (while also allowing for other critical possibilities), it examines Melville and Conrad’s treatment of certain pivotal issues in metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. It compares the narrative strategies of the two authors and, by offering close readings of the four texts under discussion, it highlights the similarities and differences in the authors’ responses to a universe of teasing complexity, as well as exploring the reader’s engagement with such texts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Kabke Pinheiro.pdf: 1070062 bytes, checksum: 39cf8c3a889d01f34560f738bb29591e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / This work comprises a linguistic-discursive analysis of the character Eowyn in the novel The Lord of The Rings (1954-1955) by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973). The main objective addresses the investigation of the presence of myths about the power, the role and the depiction of women in the discourse about and attributed to that character within the book. The theoretical support which was used is based on the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model of Norman Fairclough (2001), the postulates of Mikhail Bakhtin (1992, 1993 and 1997) and the concept of myth of Roland Barthes (1980). Divided into three chapters, after the theorethical part where we also make some considerations about gender we present the author, the book and the character. Next, we describe the methodology used for the analysis and discuss the data with reference to: a) the depiction of women especially the one represented by the epithet The White Lady of Rohan and connected to the myth of feminility; b) the power of women, as belonging/granted to or taken from them; c) the role of women, with emphasis on the gender dichotomy and on the roles traditionally and hegemonically considered male or female . The study concludes that our research hypothesis that, although the discourse attributed to and about Éowyn apparently seems to be a breakthrough so as to questions of hegemonic power in gender relations, it in fact perpetuates myths related to the power, the role and the depiction of women finds its corroboration in the linguistic materiality of J.R.R. Tolkien s text. / Este trabalho constitui uma análise lingüístico-discursiva da personagem Éowyn presente no romance The Lord of The Rings (1954-55), traduzido como O Senhor dos Anéis, do escritor sul-africano John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973). O objetivo principal remete à investigação dos mitos relativos ao poder, ao papel e às representações da mulher que se fazem presentes no discurso referente à e atribuído à personagem dentro da obra. A fundamentação teórica busca sustentação na Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) de Norman Fairclough (2001), nos postulados de Mikhail Bakhtin (1992, 1993 e 1997) e no conceito de mito de Roland Barthes (1980). Dividido em três capítulos, após a parte teórica onde também fazemos algumas considerações a respeito de gênero apresentamos o autor, a obra e a personagem. A seguir, descrevemos a metodologia utilizada na análise e discutimos os dados encontrados relativos a: a) a representação feminina em especial a caracterizada pelo epíteto Senhora Branca de Rohan e ligada ao mito da feminilidade; b) o poder da mulher, como pertencente/concedido a ela ou usurpado dela; c) o papel da mulher, com ênfase na dicotomia de gêneros e nos papéis tradicional e hegemonicamente ligados a eles. O estudo conclui que nossa hipótese de trabalho de que o discurso atribuído à e referente à personagem Éowyn, apesar de aparentemente configurar-se como uma ruptura quanto às questões de poder hegemônico nas relações de gênero, na verdade perpetua mitos em relação ao poder, ao papel e às representações da mulher encontra confirmação na materialidade lingüística do texto de J.R.R. Tolkien

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o diálogo intermidiático que se estabelece na passagem de A Sociedade do Anel, de John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892 – 1973) para o jogo The Lord of The Rings Online (Lotro) e pretende dar conta de aspectos importantes na construção desse diálogo, de como se instala e como se movimenta, dando enfoque, segundo o viés comparatista, ao processo de remidiação e aos aspectos de estrutura, meia-realidade e ficção interativa, próprios da interação entre as mídias pertencentes ao corpus. A obra de John R. R. Tolkien já passou por inúmeros e complexos processos (re)midiação, The Lord of The Rings Online é um deles. O jogo contempla toda a parte do mapa da Terra Média e a história narrada nos dois primeiros volumes de O Senhor dos Anéis e guia seus jogadores por missões denominadas epic books, que seguem, assim como os nove membros da sociedade do anel, os caminhos até as grandes batalhas em Mordor. A análise aqui realizada parte da problemática de classificação do que uma mídia é (MCLUHAN, 2013) e do modo como as mídias se relacionam entre si e o contexto em que são inseridas (BOLTER; GRUSIN, 2000), agregando os postulados teóricos do videointerativo. A partir do corpus de pesquisa, propõe-se um estudo comparado que compreende, exemplificando as devidas diferenças de articulações estruturais e de outros aspectos, a passagem (VAN TIEGHEM, 1931) da literatura para o videogame como um empreendimento bem-sucedido, que valoriza as duas mídias e promove novas experiências ao leitor. / This M.A. thesis analyses the intermediatic dialogue established between The Fellowship of the Ring, a book written by Professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892 - 1973), and The Lord of the Rings Online (Lotro), a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game. Here, I intend to explain important aspects for the construction of this dialogue such as how it is created and how it has been articulating itself, focusing, according to Comparative Literature Studies’, on the remediation process and on aspects such as structure, half-reality and interactive fiction, characteristic of the interaction between both media. John R. R. Tolkien’s book has gone through several complex processes of (re)mediation, being The Lord of the Rings Online one of them. The game features the part of Middle-Earth that is told in the first two volumes of The Lord of the Rings. Lotro guides its players through missions called epic quests, which follow the nine members of the fellowship of the ring to the great battles at Mordor. The analysis proposed starts from the problematic issue of classifying what a medium is (MCLUHAN, 2013), the way through which media relate to one another and the context in which they are created (BOLTER; GRUSIN, 2000), adding the theoretical postulates of videogames. It is a comparative analysis that includes, as an example of the appropriate differences in structural articulations and other aspects, the passage (VAN TIEGHEM, 1931) from literature into videogame as a successful exchange that values both media, while promoting new experiences to the reader.

‘The poet’, Eliot wrote, ‘is occupied with frontiers of consciousness beyond which words fail, though meanings still exist’. This dissertation is an investigation into the ways in which four poets – Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Hardy, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and T. S. Eliot – imagine what it might mean to labour in verse towards the ‘frontiers of consciousness’. This is an old question about the value of poetry, about the kinds of understanding, feeling, and participation that become uniquely available as we read (or write) verse. But it is also a question that becomes peculiarly pressing in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries. In my introductory chapter, I sketch out some of the philosophical, theological, and aesthetic contexts in which this question about what poetry might do for us becomes particularly acute: each of these four poets, I suggest, invests in verse as a means of sustaining belief in those things that seem excluded, imperilled, or forfeited by what is felt to be a peculiarly modern or (to use a contested term) ‘secularized’ understanding of the world. To write poetry becomes a labour towards enabling or ratifying otherwise untenable experiences of belief. But while my broader concern is with what is at stake philosophically, theologically, and even aesthetically in this labour towards the frontiers of consciousness, my more particular concern is with the ways in which these poets think in verse about how the poetic organisation of language brings us to momentary consciousness of otherwise unavailable ‘meanings’. For each of these poets, it is as we begin to listen in to the paralinguistic sounds of verse that we become conscious of that which lies beyond the realms of the linguistic imagination. These poets develop figures within their verse in order to theorize the ways in which this peculiarly poetic ‘music’ brings us to consciousness of that which exceeds or transcends the limits of the world in which we think we live. These figures begin as images of the half-seen (glimmering, haunting, dappling, crossing) but become a way of imagining that which we might only half-hear or half-know. Chapter 2 deals with Tennyson’s figure of glimmering light that signals the presence, activity, or territory of the ‘higher poetic imagination’; In Memoriam, I argue, represents the development of this figure into a poetics of the ‘glimpse’, a poetry that repeatedly approaches the horizon of what might be seen or heard. Chapter 3 is concerned with Hardy’s figuring of the ‘hereto’ of verse as a haunted region, his ghostly figures and spectral presences becoming a way of thinking about the strange experiences of listening and encounter that verse affords. Chapter 4 attends to the dappled skins and skies of Hopkins’ verse and the ways in which ‘dapple’ becomes a theoretical framework for thinking about the nature and theological significance of prosodic experience. And Chapter 5 considers the visual and acoustic crossings of Eliot’s verse as a series of attempts to imagine and interrogate the proposition that the poetic organisation of language offers ‘hints and guesses’ of a reality that is both larger and more significant than our own.