Modern engineering design tends to use computer simulations such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to replace physical experiments when evaluating a quality response, e.g., the stress level in a phone packaging process. The use of computer models has certain advantages over running physical experiments, such as being cost effective, easy to try out different design alternatives, and having greater impact on product design. However, due to the complexity of FEA codes, it could be computationally expensive to calculate the quality response function over a large number of combinations of design and environmental factors. Traditional experimental design and response surface methodology, which were developed for physical experiments with the presence of random errors, are not very effective in dealing with deterministic FEA simulation outputs. In this thesis, we will utilize a spatial statistical method (i.e., Kriging model) for analyzing deterministic computer simulation-based experiments. Subsequently, we will devise a sequential strategy, which allows us to explore the whole response surface in an efficient way. The overall number of computer experiments will be remarkably reduced compared with the traditional response surface methodology. The proposed methodology is illustrated using an electronic packaging example.

In this paper, the method is proposed for transforming UML class diagrams with OCL constraints to relational database schemas, having advantages over “UML Profile for Databases” models. The proposed method consists of two phases supplementing each other: metamodel based transformations and pattern-based transformations. All transformations are based on OMG official standards or RFPs (Request for Proposals) and are prepared for use in MDA (Model Driven Architecture) context. This means, that resulting models, created using the described method, are long-lasting, independent from platform and abstract enough to be independent from technology. This work covers analysis of the field of object – relational transformations, analysis of support of OCL in currently used UML tools, transformation rule sets of metamodel transformations and pattern-based transformations, a lot of examples illustrating every transformation. Metamodel transformations are designed to transform object models written in UML language to corresponding relational models: types, classes, attributes, association classes, associations to tables, columns, foreign keys and other concepts. Pattern-based transformations are designed for generating static relational concepts such as check constraints, views, stored procedures and triggers. Using the two described transformation types and the whole method described, one can generate full-fledged relational database schemas, have precise UML models and keep much more... [to full text]

Informacijos sistemos kūrimas, pradedant nuo vartotojo reikalavimų surinkimo iki IS diegimo, palaikymo ir reinžinerijos vadinamas informacijos sistemų inžinerija. Pastaruoju metu šio mokslo vystymosi eigoje formuojasi naujas etapas – žiniomis grindžiama kompiuterizuota IS inžinerija. IS kūrimo aplinka CASE yra papildoma veiklos žinių kaupimo posistemiu, intelektualizuojančiu informacijos sistemos kūrimo procesą. Veiklos žinių posistemio paskirtis teoriškai yra užtikrinti galimybę saugomų dalykinės srities žinių pagrindu generuoti IS konceptualaus ir detalaus projektavimo etapų modelius ir programinį kodą. Veiklos modelio panaudojimas gerina sprendimų kokybę ir taupomas darbo laikas, kadangi veiklos modelyje jau yra sukauptos formalių kriterijų atžvilgiu patikrintos žinios. Priešingai negu tradicinėje kompiuterizuotoje IS inžinerijoje, kur informacijos sistema kuriama empiriškai, pradedant vartotojo poreikių išsiaiškinimu, analize ir specifikavimu. Tokiu IS kūrimo būdu dauguma CASE įrankiams taikomų projektinių modelių yra generuojami tik iš dalies ir juos iki galo realizuoti gali tik sistemos analitikas neautomatizuotu būdu. Šiame darbe bus gilinamasi į galimybę panaudojant veiklos modelį, kurio pagrindu sudarytas dalykinės srities žinių posistemis, generuoti veiklos (activity) diagramos projektinį modelį. / The principles and major steps of enterprise Meta-Model (EMM) based development of Activity model in CASE system enviroment are presented in this paper. The Enterprise Meta-Model represents the key concepts of domain knowledge. The enterprise processes, management functions, and their interactions are concidered as a components of the domain knowledge accumulated as Enterprise model in the knowledge base of CASE system. The formal and practical background for generation of Activity diagram model is mapping rules of EMM constructs to constructs of Activity diagram meta-model. In this paper experimental Enterprise knowledge model is eveluated in order to find out with activity diagram elements we can‘t generate without adding aditional classes to Enterprise model.

Presented work covers one of the most important areas of OMG’s model driven architecture (MDA) – problems of object model transformations. Based on research of OMG specifications and other sources, author analyzes transformation process, states importance of modeling and metamodeling for designing of UML like modeling languages. Research work describes designed metamodels of experimental modeling languages: “Entity – process”, Java metamodel and relational metamodel. Author gives a short overview of model editors for these languages, created using EMF framework tools. Based on analysis, author describes very flexible architecture of model transformation implementation, based on filter and pipes architectural pattern. Usage of this architecture gives flexibility to transformation implementation and allows easy and straightforward decomposition of transformation to separate stages. Designed filter and pipes transformation architecture was used for experimental transformation implementation. Research work presents quality and quantity based results of experimental transformations.

Darbe tyrinėjami žiniomis grindžiamos IS inžinerijos principai bei veiklos metamodelio vieta IS kūrime, siekiant išplėsti veiklos metamodelio galimybės, sudarant sąlygas automatiškai generuoti UML 2.0 klasių diagramas IS projektavimo etapui. Darbo metu buvo nustatyta, jog pasirinktas metamodelis neturi tam tikrų elementų, kurie būtini klasių diagramos generavimui. Metamodelis buvo papildytas šiais elementais. Klasių diagramos generavimui buvo sukurtas algoritmas, kuris išbandytas su testiniais duomenimis. / The work covers Knowledge-Based IS engineering and an enterprise metamodel’s place in creation of IS. The main purpose is to traverse possibility of generating UML 2.0 class diagram’s based on enterprise model. To achieve this goal there should be made these tasks: • familiarize with enterprise metamodels and UML class diagram; • determine and add missing elements in EMM for generation of class diagram; • create class diagram generation algorithm and implement it; • create prototype of using generation algorithm in creation of IS; After analysis was found that EMM doesn’t have some elements that are crucial for generation of class diagrams. For this reason enterprise metamodel was appended by two new elements. Created generation algorithm was tested with some case study data to check theoretical assumptions about relationships between EMM and class diagram. This work proved that there is possible to generate class diagrams from EMM. Although some new elements should be added for it.

There is a strong synergy between the concepts of evolution and adaptation in software engineering: software adaptation refers to both the current software being adapted and to the evolution process that leads to the new adapted software. Evolution changes for the purpose of adaptation are usually made at development or compile time, and are meant to handle predictable situations in the form of software change requests. On the other hand, software may also change and adapt itself based on the changes in its environment. Such adaptive changes are usually dynamic, and are suitable for dealing with unpredictable or temporary changes in the software's operating environment. A promising solution for software adaptation is to develop self-adaptive software systems that can manage changes dynamically at runtime in a rapid and reliable way. One of the main advantages of self-adaptive software is its ability to manage the complexity that stems from highly dynamic and nondeterministic operating environments. If a self-adaptive software system has been engineered and used properly, it can greatly improve the cost-effectiveness of software change through its lifespan. However, in practice, many of the existing approaches towards self-adaptive software are rather expensive and may increase the overall system complexity, as well as subsequent future maintenance costs. This means that in many cases, self-adaptive software is not a good solution, because its development and maintenance costs are not paid off. The situation is even worse in the case of making current (legacy) systems adaptive. There are several factors that have an impact on the cost-effectiveness and usability of self-adaptive software; however the main objective of this thesis is to make a software system adaptive in a cost-effective way, while keeping the target adaptive software generic, usable, and evolvable, so as to support future changes. In order to effectively engineer and use self-adaptive software systems, in this thesis we propose a new conceptual model for identifying and specifying problem spaces in the context of self-adaptive software systems. Based on the foundations of this conceptual model, we propose a model-centric approach for engineering self-adaptive software by designing a generic adaptation framework and a supporting evolution process. This approach is particularly tailored to facilitate and simplify the process of evolving and adapting current (legacy) software towards runtime adaptivity. The conducted case studies reveal the applicability and effectiveness of this approach in bringing self-adaptive behaviour into non-adaptive applications that essentially demand adaptive behaviour to sustain.

Data integration has been, and still is, a challenge for applications processing multiple heterogeneous data sources. Across the domains of schemas, ontologies, and metamodels, this imposes the need for mapping specifications, i.e. the task of discovering semantic correspondences between elements. Support for the development of such mappings has been researched, producing matching systems that automatically propose mapping suggestions. However, especially in the context of metamodel matching the result quality of state of the art matching techniques leaves room for improvement. Although the traditional approach of pair-wise element comparison works on smaller data sets, its quadratic complexity leads to poor runtime and memory performance and eventually to the inability to match, when applied on real-world data. The work presented in this thesis seeks to address these shortcomings. Thereby, we take advantage of the graph structure of metamodels. Consequently, we derive a planar graph edit distance as metamodel similarity metric and mining-based matching to make use of redundant information. We also propose a planar graph-based partitioning to cope with large-scale matching. These techniques are then evaluated using real-world mappings from SAP business integration scenarios and the MDA community. The results demonstrate improvement in quality and managed runtime and memory consumption for large-scale metamodel matching.

A construção de aplicações Web é algo complexo, pois envolve requisitos não previstos na modelagem de sistemas convencionais. O ambiente Web agrega características como: navegabilidade, estruturação de hiperdocumentos, workflow, acessibilidade, escalabilidade, usabilidade, compatibilidade, interoperabilidade, segurança, aspectos culturais, entre outros. O presente trabalho propõe que a modelagem de sistemas de informação na Internet incorpore características existentes na modelagem de sistemas de gerência de workflow manipulando hiperdocumentos. A notação utilizada é uma extensão à notação da UML (Unified Modeling Language). Esta consiste de novos estereótipos que modelem hiperdocumentos e sistemas de gerência de workflow em sistemas de informação na Web. A extensão propõe a utilização de diagrama de atividades estendido para modelar o workflow de atividades, o qual manipula hiperdocumentos envolvidos no domínio de uma aplicação Web. Os hiperdocumentos são modelados através de diagramas de estrutura de documentos, que são derivados do diagrama de classes da UML. A navegabilidade dos documentos é desenhada através dos diagramas de contexto de navegação e restrições de acessos de em casos de uso. Finalizando a modelagem, o diagrama de estrutura de documentos recebe todas as características dinâmicas, estáticas e de ligação que são modeladas através dos diagramas estendidos bem como pelos diagramas comportamentais e estáticos da UML. A modelagem segue a notação da UML, sendo sugerido que numa primeira etapa, modele-se os hiperdocumentos e sua estruturação preliminar. Na seqüência, com auxílio do diagrama de casos de uso, modela-se o fluxo de atividades através do diagrama de atividades estendido. Após este levantamento, tanto de documentos quanto de atividades envolvidas no domínio da aplicação, modela-se o contexto de navegação e restrições em acessos de casos de uso, que evidenciam os componentes de ligação necessários à navegabilidade entre os hiperdocumentos. Através da extensão proposta à notação da UML, que considera aspectos de workflow, estruturação de hiperdocumentos e navegabilidade, as fases de projeto e implementação de software, sofrem menos alterações e interferências de adaptação às características das ferramentas de implementação para este novo ambiente. / Implementation of Web applications is a complex task since it involves requirements not previously accounted for modelling conventional systems. The Web environment possesses characteristics such as ease of navigation, hyperdocument structuring, workflow, access and scale facilities, usability, compatibility and interoperability, safety and cultural aspects amongst others. The present work proposes that modelling of information systems in the Internet incorporate the existing characteristics of modelling workflow management systems to handle structured hyperdocuments. The notation used is an extension to the UML (Unified Modelling Language) notation, which consists in new stereotypes for hyperdocument modelling and incorporated workflow in information systems. The extension proposes use of the extended diagram of activities to model the activity workflow which will handle the hyperdocuments involved in the domain of a Web application. The hyperdocuments will be modelled using diagrams of document structure, which are derived from the UML class diagrams. The navigation of documents is designed using the surfing context diagrams and access restriction associated to the use cases. Modelling is finalised by adding to the document structure all the dynamic, static and link characteristics which are modelled though the extended diagrams, as far as the behaviour and static diagrams of the UML. The modelling procedure follows the UML notation, being suggested that, in a first step, the modelling of a preliminary document structuring. In sequence, using the diagram of use cases, the activity flow is modelled by using the extended diagram of activities. After the research procedures associated to documents and activities related to the application domain, the surfing contexts and access restrictions of the use cases are modelled to evince the link components necessary to the navigation amongst documents. The use of the proposed extension to the UML notation, which accounts for workflow aspects, hyperdocument structuring and its navigation, will lead to less changes of the project development and software implementation to account for the characteristics of the implementation tools for this new environment.

A construção de aplicações Web é algo complexo, pois envolve requisitos não previstos na modelagem de sistemas convencionais. O ambiente Web agrega características como: navegabilidade, estruturação de hiperdocumentos, workflow, acessibilidade, escalabilidade, usabilidade, compatibilidade, interoperabilidade, segurança, aspectos culturais, entre outros. O presente trabalho propõe que a modelagem de sistemas de informação na Internet incorpore características existentes na modelagem de sistemas de gerência de workflow manipulando hiperdocumentos. A notação utilizada é uma extensão à notação da UML (Unified Modeling Language). Esta consiste de novos estereótipos que modelem hiperdocumentos e sistemas de gerência de workflow em sistemas de informação na Web. A extensão propõe a utilização de diagrama de atividades estendido para modelar o workflow de atividades, o qual manipula hiperdocumentos envolvidos no domínio de uma aplicação Web. Os hiperdocumentos são modelados através de diagramas de estrutura de documentos, que são derivados do diagrama de classes da UML. A navegabilidade dos documentos é desenhada através dos diagramas de contexto de navegação e restrições de acessos de em casos de uso. Finalizando a modelagem, o diagrama de estrutura de documentos recebe todas as características dinâmicas, estáticas e de ligação que são modeladas através dos diagramas estendidos bem como pelos diagramas comportamentais e estáticos da UML. A modelagem segue a notação da UML, sendo sugerido que numa primeira etapa, modele-se os hiperdocumentos e sua estruturação preliminar. Na seqüência, com auxílio do diagrama de casos de uso, modela-se o fluxo de atividades através do diagrama de atividades estendido. Após este levantamento, tanto de documentos quanto de atividades envolvidas no domínio da aplicação, modela-se o contexto de navegação e restrições em acessos de casos de uso, que evidenciam os componentes de ligação necessários à navegabilidade entre os hiperdocumentos. Através da extensão proposta à notação da UML, que considera aspectos de workflow, estruturação de hiperdocumentos e navegabilidade, as fases de projeto e implementação de software, sofrem menos alterações e interferências de adaptação às características das ferramentas de implementação para este novo ambiente. / Implementation of Web applications is a complex task since it involves requirements not previously accounted for modelling conventional systems. The Web environment possesses characteristics such as ease of navigation, hyperdocument structuring, workflow, access and scale facilities, usability, compatibility and interoperability, safety and cultural aspects amongst others. The present work proposes that modelling of information systems in the Internet incorporate the existing characteristics of modelling workflow management systems to handle structured hyperdocuments. The notation used is an extension to the UML (Unified Modelling Language) notation, which consists in new stereotypes for hyperdocument modelling and incorporated workflow in information systems. The extension proposes use of the extended diagram of activities to model the activity workflow which will handle the hyperdocuments involved in the domain of a Web application. The hyperdocuments will be modelled using diagrams of document structure, which are derived from the UML class diagrams. The navigation of documents is designed using the surfing context diagrams and access restriction associated to the use cases. Modelling is finalised by adding to the document structure all the dynamic, static and link characteristics which are modelled though the extended diagrams, as far as the behaviour and static diagrams of the UML. The modelling procedure follows the UML notation, being suggested that, in a first step, the modelling of a preliminary document structuring. In sequence, using the diagram of use cases, the activity flow is modelled by using the extended diagram of activities. After the research procedures associated to documents and activities related to the application domain, the surfing contexts and access restrictions of the use cases are modelled to evince the link components necessary to the navigation amongst documents. The use of the proposed extension to the UML notation, which accounts for workflow aspects, hyperdocument structuring and its navigation, will lead to less changes of the project development and software implementation to account for the characteristics of the implementation tools for this new environment.

Le secteur du bâtiment est en évolution et se doit de répondre aux problématiques environnementales actuelles aussi bien dans la construction neuve que dans la réhabilitation. La simulation thermique offre le moyen de répondre à cette problématique, mais se limite à une estimation des performances spécifiques aux paramètres qui ont été définis. Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie basée sur les puissances de calcul actuelles pour évaluer le comportement du bâtiment sur différentes plages de variation des entrées. Ces variations permettront, en fonction des propriétés qui leur sont attribuées, de rechercher des solutions de réhabilitation ou d'évaluer l'incertitude sur les sorties du modèle thermique. Afin de réaliser cela, des méthodes d'analyse de sensibilité performantes sont utilisées à travers un outil d'analyse spécifiquement développé pour le logiciel de simulation EnergyPlus. Cet outil permet une évaluation quasi automatique du modèle énergétique de bâtiment via : des techniques d'échantillonnage éprouvées LHS et LP-Tau, des techniques d'analyse performante pour un nombre de simulations réduit RBD-FAST et RBD-SOBOL, une gestion avancée des entrées et sorties permettant une évaluation détaillée du bâtiment, quelle que soit sa géométrie. Les techniques d'analyse de sensibilité sont employées pour proposer une vision précise des principales relations présentes au sein du modèle. Pour répondre à la contrainte du coût de calcul, la recherche de solution est réalisée à travers un méta-modèle issu d'une décomposition en polynôme de chaos. Une interface graphique utilise cette approximation du modèle complexe du bâtiment pour proposer de façon instantanée une vision claire du comportement de chaque entrée sur les sorties, ainsi que leurs tendances et les plages de variation idéales afin de choisir des solutions. Il est possible de coupler la recherche de solution à l'analyse d'incertitude afin de proposer des solutions robustes et identifier les principales raisons d'un écart entre simulation et réalité. La méthodologie des travaux de thèse encourage à l'optimisation de la compréhension du modèle plus qu'à la recherche d'une solution particulière.L'objectif de la démarche est de fournir des outils d'analyse afin d'aider l'expert dans la recherche de solution et ainsi de mettre en place des représentations graphiques qui facilitent la compréhension du système bâtiment, pour un gain en transparence et l'intégration de nombreuses contraintes de projet. / The building sector is evolving and has to meet the current environmental issues in both new construction and rehabilitation. The thermal simulation provides the mean to address this problem, but the estimated performance is limited to a specific set of parameters that have been defined. This thesis proposes a methodology based on the increased computing power to assess the building behaviour on different ranges of the inputs variation. Depending on the properties allocated to them, the changes of the variations will allow to seek solutions to restore or to assess the uncertainty in the outputs of the thermal model. To achieve this, effective sensitivity analysis methods are used across an analysis tool specifically developed for the simulation software EnergyPlus. This tool allows an almost automatic evaluation of the energy model building thanks to the proven sampling techniques such as LHS and LP-Tau; the efficient analysis techniques like RBD-FAST and RBD-SOBOL in order to reduce the number of simulations; an advanced management of the inputs and the outputs for a detailed assessment of the building regardless of its geometry. The sensitivity analysis techniques are used to provide an accurate picture of these key relationships within the model. To meet the constraints of the computational cost, the search for a solution is achieved through a metamodel from a Polynomial Chaos Expansion PCE. A GUI uses the approximation of the complex model of the building to provide instantly a clear vision of the behaviour of each entry on the outputs, their trends and their ideal ranges of variation to choose solutions. It is possible to couple the search for a solution to the uncertainty analysis to provide robust solutions and identify the main reason for the gap between simulation and reality. The methodology of the PhD work promotes the optimization of the model understanding more than looking for a specific solution. The purpose of the approach is to provide analytical tools to assist the expert in the search for a solution and so, develop graphical representations that facilitate the understanding of the building system for a gain in transparency and integration of many design constraints.