Cette thèse conjugue l’étude du mythe de la métamorphose et du sentir amoureux, afin de mettre en relief les transformations produites sous l’incidence faste ou néfaste de l’éros. Apporter de nouveaux éclairages mythocritiques et proposer une approche novatrice du mythe érotomorphique à travers une analyse spectrale et fractale de ses composantes constituent nos objectifs essentiels. Les œuvres analysées appartiennent aux littératures française, anglaise, belge, argentine, roumaine et flamande, et s’inscrivent, à l’exception des contes portant sur le fiancé-animal, dans les XXe et XXIe siècles. La diversité du corpus permet d’adjoindre au fait comparatiste une ouverture du champ de la recherche à travers des traductions inédites et des œuvres qui entremêlent modernité et remotivation de la tradition mythique. Les chapitres de la thèse, Préliminaires à l’étude du mythe, Sublimations érotomorphiques, Un amour guérisseur, Entre Éros et Thanatos, Aliénations et révolutions érotomorphiques, présentent le mythe de l’érotomorphose contrôlée, involontaire ou transférentielle, comme une enveloppe verbale littéraire qui crypte la réalité amoureuse intérieure et extérieure de l’être, dans le but de révéler son véritable moi-peau. La métamorphose apparaît ainsi comme une autoreprésentation matérielle de l’ego sensorium. Accomplir cette érotogenèse revient à annuler la discontinuité corporelle qu’entraîne la transformation, en conférant au métamorphe un corps à la mesure de son idéal amoureux, à la fois moïque et physique. La transition permet de la sorte le passage de la dissociation à une parfaite consonance fractale entre l’infrastructure de l’âme et la suprastructure corporelle. / This thesis associates the study of the myth of metamorphosis and the analysis of the love faculty in order to emphasize transformations produced under the favourable or harmful incidence of eros. To cast a new light on mythocritical theories and to propose an innovative approach to the erotomorphic myth through a spectrum and a fractal analysis of its components constitute our essential objectives. The texts studied in this frame belong to French, English, Belgian, Argentinian, Romanian and Flemish literatures of the XXth and the XXIst centuries, with the exception of the fairy-tales about the animal bride. The diversity of this corpus permits to join comparative reasoning with an opening-up of the research field through original translations and literary works that intermingle modernity and remotivation of the mythic tradition. The chapters of the thesis, Preliminaries to the Study of Myth, Erotomorphic Sublimations, A Healing Love, Between Eros and Thanatos, Alienations and Erotomorphic Revolutions, present the myth of the controlled, involuntary or transferential erotomorphosis as a literary verbal envelope which encrypts the internal and external amorous reality of the human being, with the aim of revealing his true skin-ego. Metamorphosis thus appears like a material auto-representation of the ego sensorium. Accomplishing this erotogenesis means cancelling the corporal discontinuity involved in all transformations, by conferring to the metamorphe a body that matches his psychic and physical amorous ideal. The transition therefore allows passage from dissociation to a perfect fractal consonance between the corporal superstructure and the infrastructure of the heart.

Ces recherches visent à développer une approche intégrée des processus d’évolution d’une vallée fluviale en relation avec les facteurs de contrôles climato-anthropiques. Cette étude est sur deux sites de la moyenne vallée du Cher. L’objectif est de caractériser la sensibilité des milieux fluviaux aux variations climatiques majeures de la transition Tardiglaciaire-Holocène ancien et aux variations plus modestes de l’Holocène récent mais également d’appréhender les réponses à l’impact des sociétés du passé depuis le Néolithique. Les résultats mettent en lumière deux temporalités principales. Tout d’abord, la transition du Tardiglaciaire à l’Holocène (15 000- 11 5000 cal. BP) traduit un contrôle climatique à l’origine d’une métamorphose du style fluvial caractérisée par le passage d’un cours à chenaux multiples à une rivière méandriforme. La seconde moitié de l’Holocène correspond à une période de forte mobilité des méandres au sein de la plaine d’inondation. Cette mobilité très importante des chenaux observée jusqu’au milieu du Moyen-Age contraste très fortement avec la situation actuelle caractérisée par une très faible migration des méandres. Ce changement morphodynamique majeur est à mettre en relation avec des aménagements hydrauliques et proto-industriels installés dès la période médiévale. Cet équipement lourd et densément réparti le long du cours d’eau constitue une véritable entrave à la mobilité de la rivière. Ces résultats mettent donc en évidence différents forçages. Ainsi les variables de contrôle sont d’ordre climatique durant la majeure partie de l’Holocène et le forçage d’origine anthropique reste modéré et discontinu. C’est à partir du milieu du Moyen-Age que le contrôle anthropique s’affirme pleinement jusqu’à modifier durablement les dynamiques hydrologiques et morphosédimentaires. / This research aims to provide an integrated approach to the evolution of a floodplain in relation to climatic and-anthropogenic controls. This study was conducted on two sites in the middle Cher valley. The objective is to characterize the sensitivity of river environments to major climatic variations of the Lateglacial-Holocene transition and to smoother variations of the recent Holocene, but also to understand the responses to the impact of societies since the Neolithic. The results highlight two main temporalities. First, the transition from the Lateglacial to the Holocene (15,000- 11,5000 cal. BP) reflects a climatic control that has led to a fluvial metamorphosis of the river pattern from a multi-channel to a meandering river. The second half of the Holocene corresponds to a period of high meander mobility within the floodplain. This very high channel mobility observed up to the middle of the Middle Ages contrasts very strongly with the current situation, which is characterized by very low migration rate. This major morphodynamic change is to be linked to hydraulic and proto-industrial structures installed since the medieval period. This heavy and densely distributed equipment along the river is a strong obstacle to the mobility of the river. These results therefore highlight different forcings. Thus, the control are of a climatic nature during most of the Holocene and anthropogenic forcing remains moderate and discontinuous. It was from the middle of the Middle Ages that anthropogenic control became fully established until it permanently modified hydrological and morphosedimentary dynamics.

This thesis focussed on the effects of a range of trace metals on various stages of Haliotis rubra development. The trace metals assessed in this thesis were the essential metals Cu, Zn and Fe; and, the non-essential metals Hg, Cd and Pb. Copper and Hg proved to be the two most toxic metals to the life stages of H. rubra studied. The concentrations affecting normal development of the fertilised egg exposed for 48h showed a decreasing order of toxicity with 48hEC50 recorded at 7µg Cu/L, 20µg Hg/L, 42µg Zn/L, 4,102µg Fe/L, 4,515µg Cd/L, and 5,111µg Pb/L. Settlement and metamorphosis occur in normal larvae when aged 5 days, and exposure of the 5 day old larvae to the metals for 48h resulted in impaired crawling success at 128µg/L Cu and Hg, and 1250µg Cd/L. Settlement was inhibited after exposure to 128µg Cu/L, 32µg Hg/L, and 1250 Cd/L. Metamorphosis of larvae 96h after exposure was inhibited by 32µg Cu/L, 512µg Zn/L, 32µg Hg/L and 625µg Cd/L. The rate of meta morphosis was enhanced after exposure to Cu and Hg at 0.5µg/L and 64 - 256µg Zn/L. Exposure to Zn at concentrations 64, 128 and 256 µg Zn/L caused an increased rate of settlement and metamorphosis. Juvenile H. rubra exposed to the six metals for 96h were most sensitive to Cu, which produced a 96hLC50 of 87µg Cu/L compared to Hg with a 96hLC50 of 173µg Hg/L. Juvenile H. rubra were relatively insensitive to Zn and Cd with the 96h LC50 of 1730µg Zn/L and 3700µg Cd/L, respectively. Exposure to individual solutions of Cu, Zn, and Cd for 28 days resulted in juvenile H. rubra bioaccumulating significant concentrations of metals in the visceramantleedible foot muscle. Accumulation of Hg was greater in the mantle-viscera-edible foot muscle. Following exposure, depuration in clean seawater for 28 days produced varying decreases in metal concentrations for each tissue compartment. Sodium-potassium activated ATPase (Na+,K+-ATPase) activity in the gills of juvenile H. rubra was significantly affected following expos ure to the trace metals for 28 days, with a decreasing order of effect on enzyme activity of Hg-Cu-Cd-Zn. Depuration of H. rubra in clean seawater for 28 days resulted in the recovery of Na+,K+-ATPase activity to varying degrees. The recovery of ATPase activity was more efficient following exposure to Cd-Zn-Cu-Hg. The overall results of this thesis provide initial baseline information to evaluate the sensitivity of H. rubra to trace metal toxicants, and these results may be utilised by regulators for establishing marine water quality guidelines to protect H. rubra and other abalone species in their natural habitats.

It is generally thought that in amphibians, thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metamorphosis, while sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) regulate gonadal differentiation. However, inhibition of TH synthesis in frogs alters gonadal differentiation, suggesting instead that these two endocrine axes interact during development. Specifically, THs may be involved in male development, while estrogens may inhibit tadpole metamorphosis. However, we do not currently know the mechanisms that account for these interactions, let alone how such mechanisms may differ between species. To develop and test new hypotheses on the roles of sex steroids and THs, I first examined transcriptional profiles (mRNA) of enzymes and receptors related to sex steroids and THs during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Silurana tropicalis. Tadpoles were exposed to either an estrogen synthesis inhibitor (fadrozole) or TH (triiodothyronine, T3) during early larval or tadpole development. Acute exposures of S. tropicalis to fadrozole or T3 during early development resulted in increased expression of androgen- and TH-related genes in whole body larvae, while chronic exposure to fadrozole during metamorphosis affected gonadal differentiation but did not affect tadpole development. On the other hand, acute exposure to T3 during metamorphosis increased the expression of androgen-related transcripts both in the brain and gonad. In S. tropicalis, the results suggested that cross-talk is primarily in one direction (i.e., effect of THs on the reproductive axis) with a strong relationship between TH and androgen status. Lastly, I established developmental transcript profiles and investigated T3 regulation of brain and gonad transcripts in Engystomops pustulosus. I then compared these results with S. tropicalis and an earlier study in Lithobates pipiens. While each species developed with similar profiles, they differed in their response to T3. Exposure to T3 resulted in either an increase in androgen-related genes (S. tropicalis) or a decrease in estrogen-related genes (E. pustulosus and L. pipiens). In conclusion, these data demonstrated that cross-talk mechanisms differ among these three evolutionary separate species, but in all cases, T3 appears to affect the balance of sex steroids, stimulating the androgen system and providing potential mechanisms of the masculinising effects of THs. These results will contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hormone interactions and their evolutionary basis in frogs.

It is generally thought that in amphibians, thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metamorphosis, while sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) regulate gonadal differentiation. However, inhibition of TH synthesis in frogs alters gonadal differentiation, suggesting instead that these two endocrine axes interact during development. Specifically, THs may be involved in male development, while estrogens may inhibit tadpole metamorphosis. However, we do not currently know the mechanisms that account for these interactions, let alone how such mechanisms may differ between species. To develop and test new hypotheses on the roles of sex steroids and THs, I first examined transcriptional profiles (mRNA) of enzymes and receptors related to sex steroids and THs during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Silurana tropicalis. Tadpoles were exposed to either an estrogen synthesis inhibitor (fadrozole) or TH (triiodothyronine, T3) during early larval or tadpole development. Acute exposures of S. tropicalis to fadrozole or T3 during early development resulted in increased expression of androgen- and TH-related genes in whole body larvae, while chronic exposure to fadrozole during metamorphosis affected gonadal differentiation but did not affect tadpole development. On the other hand, acute exposure to T3 during metamorphosis increased the expression of androgen-related transcripts both in the brain and gonad. In S. tropicalis, the results suggested that cross-talk is primarily in one direction (i.e., effect of THs on the reproductive axis) with a strong relationship between TH and androgen status. Lastly, I established developmental transcript profiles and investigated T3 regulation of brain and gonad transcripts in Engystomops pustulosus. I then compared these results with S. tropicalis and an earlier study in Lithobates pipiens. While each species developed with similar profiles, they differed in their response to T3. Exposure to T3 resulted in either an increase in androgen-related genes (S. tropicalis) or a decrease in estrogen-related genes (E. pustulosus and L. pipiens). In conclusion, these data demonstrated that cross-talk mechanisms differ among these three evolutionary separate species, but in all cases, T3 appears to affect the balance of sex steroids, stimulating the androgen system and providing potential mechanisms of the masculinising effects of THs. These results will contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hormone interactions and their evolutionary basis in frogs.

Texte remanié de : Thèse : Lettres classiques : Reims : 1997. / Bibliogr. p. [611-]624. Index.

The purpose of this thesis has been to explore in what ways Franz Kafka’s ”The Metamorphosis” can be read as a story of gender. By bringing together Judith Butler’s theory of materialization and Lennard J. Davis’s crip theory I have spoken of Dismodernity as the domain of abject bodies that have been repudiated by (post)modern societies as untintelligible and dysfunctional. From this vantage point ”The Metamorphosis” can be seen as an allegory of Dismodernity and the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, can be seen as a political figure of Dismodernity. Therefore, I have tried to draw a feminist insect politics out of his metamorphosis from (hu)man into insect. By doing a close reading, through the theoretical lenses of Judith Butler, Lennard J. Davis and Donna Haraway, Gregor Samsa can be read as an abject non-masculinity which is both produced and made impossible by a heterosexual matrix’s need of intelligible genders and a capitalist system’s need of functional workers. As an abject non-masculinity Gregor Samsa works as a queer (unintelligible) and dismodern (dysfunctional) trickster that both disturbs and makes visible the established gendered norms of (un)intelligibility and (dis)ability through a blurring of the boundaries between human/animal, public/private and masculinity/femininity. As an involuntary trickster he also challenges gender studies and its seeking for ultimate representations for oppositional consciousness pure in their radical potential.

It is generally thought that in amphibians, thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metamorphosis, while sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) regulate gonadal differentiation. However, inhibition of TH synthesis in frogs alters gonadal differentiation, suggesting instead that these two endocrine axes interact during development. Specifically, THs may be involved in male development, while estrogens may inhibit tadpole metamorphosis. However, we do not currently know the mechanisms that account for these interactions, let alone how such mechanisms may differ between species. To develop and test new hypotheses on the roles of sex steroids and THs, I first examined transcriptional profiles (mRNA) of enzymes and receptors related to sex steroids and THs during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Silurana tropicalis. Tadpoles were exposed to either an estrogen synthesis inhibitor (fadrozole) or TH (triiodothyronine, T3) during early larval or tadpole development. Acute exposures of S. tropicalis to fadrozole or T3 during early development resulted in increased expression of androgen- and TH-related genes in whole body larvae, while chronic exposure to fadrozole during metamorphosis affected gonadal differentiation but did not affect tadpole development. On the other hand, acute exposure to T3 during metamorphosis increased the expression of androgen-related transcripts both in the brain and gonad. In S. tropicalis, the results suggested that cross-talk is primarily in one direction (i.e., effect of THs on the reproductive axis) with a strong relationship between TH and androgen status. Lastly, I established developmental transcript profiles and investigated T3 regulation of brain and gonad transcripts in Engystomops pustulosus. I then compared these results with S. tropicalis and an earlier study in Lithobates pipiens. While each species developed with similar profiles, they differed in their response to T3. Exposure to T3 resulted in either an increase in androgen-related genes (S. tropicalis) or a decrease in estrogen-related genes (E. pustulosus and L. pipiens). In conclusion, these data demonstrated that cross-talk mechanisms differ among these three evolutionary separate species, but in all cases, T3 appears to affect the balance of sex steroids, stimulating the androgen system and providing potential mechanisms of the masculinising effects of THs. These results will contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hormone interactions and their evolutionary basis in frogs.

Regulation of transcription is an important molecular mechanism through which organisms can respond to environmental change. Environmentally-related transcriptional variation can play a significant role in evolution, potentially acting as a mechanism for the formation of new adaptive phenotypes. Organisms are most sensitive to the influence of external environmental variation during development, yet very few studies have explored environmentally-related transcriptional variation in early life history stages. Marine invertebrate metamorphosis, where intimate larval-environment interactions trigger settlement onto the benthos and a drastic morphological shift from larval to adult form, exemplifies the influence of environment on development. Variation in both the timing of metamorphosis and the form of specific metamorphic inductive cues, even at an intraspecific level, suggests that larvae have molecular mechanisms for surviving settlement and metamorphosis in a range of environmental conditions. The extent of transcriptional variation at metamorphosis remains largely unknown due to limited information on both the natural inductive cues and the molecular mechanisms directing metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Contributing to current understanding of the interplay between genes, environment and phenotype during development, I explored molecular and ecological aspects of metamorphosis in a marine invertebrate, the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. First, I employed cDNA microarray methods to identify candidate genes and document widespread transcriptional changes occurring in Haliotis asinina larvae during larval development and metamorphosis. Microarray results reveal that as the abalone veliger larva matures, it requires coordinated regulation of temporally different gene batteries involved in a wide range of physiological and developmental processes associated with the transition to a new, benthic habitat. All candidate genes showed changes in expression following exposure of larvae to coralline algae, an external inductive cue, demonstrating the remarkable effect of environment on transcription during marine invertebrate metamorphosis. 144 genes, ~40% of which are novel, were identified as candidates for a role in H. asinina metamorphosis. This high proportion of novel genes indicates that the conserved signaling pathways operating in marine invertebrate metamorphosis likely regulate the expression of taxon-specific genes. The relationship between abalone larvae and their natural inductive cue, coralline algae, is species-specific. To characterize the metamorphic cue preferences of Haliotis asinina larvae from Heron Island Reef, Australia, I documented larval induction response to a number of different coralline algae species commonly found in adult H. asinina habitat. H. asinina larvae exhibit highly specific responses to induction of metamorphosis by different coralline algae species, with 0 – 100% metamorphosis by 48 hours post induction depending on algae species. Unlike any other abalone species studied, the most effective inducers of Heron Island Reef H. asinina are articulated corallines of the genus Amphiroa. Comparing the response of different larval families to select species of coralline algae indicated that coralline algae community composition is likely to significantly impact H. asinina population structure. Additionally, I compared larval response to dead and live coralline algae to show that induction specificity is driven by chemical, not physical, properties. Characterization of the surface cell biomarkers of three different coralline algae species indicates that algal biomolecular composition relates to variations in H. asinina induction response. To explore the influence of variation in larval induction environment, I compared transcription patterns of 17 metamorphosis-related genes in Haliotis asinina larvae induced by three different species of coralline algae. H. asinina post-induction gene expression profiles vary according to the species of coralline algae inducer. This transcriptional variation occurs in genes with diverse functions and spatial expression patterns, highlighting the global nature of the impact of benthic microhabitat on gene expression. The environment-specific modulation of gene expression in H. asinina post-induction may be a means for marine invertebrates to cope with changes in their settlement environment at metamorphosis. Genes expressed in the larval sensory structures acting to detect external metamorphic cues may be particularly good candidates for studying environmentally-related transcriptional variation. I identified three novel genes expressed in putative sensory structures of Haliotis asinina larvae just prior to metamorphosis. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of these genes correlate with changes in larval ciliation patterns throughout metamorphosis, strongly suggestive of a role in metamorphic initiation. The three genes exhibit significant overlap in spatial expression profiles, indicative of genetic crosstalk between different sensory systems at metamorphosis. Transcriptional variation in gastropod sensory system genes may have assisted the evolution of different metamorphic inductive cues for different species. The results presented here establish an important role for transcriptional variation during marine invertebrate metamorphosis. Transcriptional variation underlies the morphological change from larval to adult body plan and also appears to assist larval recruitment in variable benthic habitats. Modulation of gene expression at metamorphosis in response to the environment may ultimately influence marine invertebrate species biogeography and evolution.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of English, 2007. / Bibliography: p. 239-289.