ABSTRACT The largest part of this thesis is a novel called Still Life, which explores the mourning process of a mother who loses her baby, and the effect it has on her life and her marriage. The novel alternates between the present and the past (which is 23 years before) so that it illustrates the mother’s reaction to the death of her baby at the time of the death, and her personal development (or lack thereof) many years on.The second part of the thesis is an essay, which reflects on grieving in general and the expression of grief through literature, as well as some of the aspects of the writing process, with particular consideration given to the development of plot,the choice of point-of-view, symbolism, the ending and the choice of writing in a second language.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Cristina Torlai.pdf: 989422 bytes, checksum: c48a7831a806b249184c91debe035aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Natural disasters cause disruption in the lives of those involved, leaving the suddenly bereaved, there are both material and psychological losses to the population. Affect patterns of community and their network of psychosocial support, placing at risk the ability of individual and collective coping. This study aimed to examine the experience of mourning for people who have suffered losses from disasters, specifically floods in the city of Blumenau, SC, in December 2008. Was held in the city of Blumenau, in Santa Catarina, housing the participants. Five people participated in this survey, over 21 years, who attended the calamity of 2008 and currently reside in temporary housing or receive rental income and presenting award interdiction of residence, making it impossible to return to her family. A semistructured interview was conducted with minimal pre-structuring from a semi-structured. Through content analysis, the information was discussed with the mourning process characterized by the experience of traumatic events. In the narrative of the participants were able to identify the impact on the disaster and the fall in world presumed because the unpredictability of life, forecasts of future control of events and vulnerability, leading to loss of sense of security and protection. The disaster led to a succession of losses, since the material loss to the loss of the psychological identity of individuals and the community. It was observed that mourning for disasters is a continuous process of development of losses that requires the mourner's internal and external resources to cope with the traumatic situation. The coping resources found to support the traumas and losses was social support, faith and religion. Complete this study is to pave the way for new thoughts and questions about the losses resulting from disaster, trying to broaden the look at the quality of care for survivors, developing activities that promote the development of the mourning process by disasters / Os desastres naturais provocam uma ruptura na vida das pessoas envolvidas, deixando-as subitamente enlutadas; há perdas tanto materiais quanto psíquicas para a população. Eles afetam padrões da comunidade e suas redes de apoio psicossocial, colocando em risco a capacidade de enfrentamento individual e coletivo. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a vivência do luto de pessoas que passaram por perdas decorrentes de desastres, especificamente, as inundações na cidade de Blumenau, SC, em dezembro de 2008. Foi realizada no Município de Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, na moradia dos participantes. Participaram desta pesquisa cinco pessoas, maiores de 21 anos, que estiveram presentes na calamidade de 2008 e atualmente residem em moradia provisória ou recebem a renda aluguel e que apresentam laudo de interdição de residência, impossibilitando a família de retornar a ela. Foi realizada uma entrevista semidirigida com pré-estruturação mínima a partir de um roteiro semi-estruturado. Por meio da análise de conteúdo as informações foram discutidas e o processo de luto caracterizado a partir da vivência de evento traumático. Na narrativa dos participantes foi possível identificar o impacto sofrido pelo desastre, a quebra do mundo presumido, a imprevisibilidade da vida, as previsões de futuro, o controle dos acontecimentos e a vulnerabilidade, levando a perda do senso de segurança e proteção. O desastre provocou uma sucessão de perdas, desde as perdas materiais até a perda da identidade psicológica dos indivíduos e da comunidade. Observou-se que luto por desastres é um processo contínuo de elaboração de perdas que exige do enlutado recursos internos e externos para enfrentar a situação traumática. Os recursos de enfrentamento encontrados para suportar os traumas e perdas foi o apoio social, a fé e a religiosidade. Concluir este estudo é abrir caminho para novas reflexões e questionamentos acerca das perdas decorrentes dos desastres, buscando ampliar o olhar para a qualidade da assistência aos sobreviventes, desenvolvendo ações que propiciam a elaboração do processo de luto por desastres

A morte é um tema que sempre despertou a curiosidade do homem. O advento da tecnologia, acompanhado da modernização das técnicas médicas, possibilitam a cura de inúmeras doenças. A vida moderna assumiu uma característica importante: o medo que o homem passou a ter da morte. A morte saiu das casas e do convívio familiar e instalou-se nos hospitais, passando a ser vivenciada por pessoas que ali desenvolvem seu trabalho. São os profissionais de saúde que, atualmente, sofrem o impacto da perda e têm de lidar com todos os sentimentos oriundos da morte. O objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer o significado da morte dos pacientes, para os profissionais de enfermagem do Centro Cirúrgico de Urgência e Emergência do HCFMRP. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio do método clínico-qualitativo. Os participantes da pesquisa foram os auxiliares, técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros do centro cirúrgico em questão. Os dados foram coletados mediante a realização de entrevista semidirigida e organizados em quatro temas: morte infantil, racionalização da morte, envolvimento emocional e apoio aos profissionais de saúde. A equipe de enfermagem demonstrou uma capacidade emocional prejudicada para elaborar as perdas vivenciadas em seu cotidiano de trabalho, principalmente quando a morte envolve crianças e jovens. Tem-se enraizado o conceito de que somente na cura existe a gratificação de seu trabalho, enxergando na morte, frustração e fracasso profissional, o que lhes acarreta uma carga emocional negativa e sofrimento psíquico, colocando-os sob o risco de desenvolverem a síndrome de Bournout e inviabilizando o estabelecimento de vínculos afetivos na relação profissional e também pessoal. Evidenciamse a necessidade da inclusão de disciplinas voltadas para o tema da morte, nos currículos de formação desses profissionais, e o apoio das instituições para promoverem situações que auxiliem o profissional na elaboração do processo de luto, como os chamados Grupos Balint e Grupos de Reflexão. / Death is a theme that has always aroused man\'s curiosity. The arrival of technology, accompanied by the modernization of medical techniques, permits a cure for countless diseases. Modern life has acquired an important characteristic: the fear man has caught of death. Death has left the homes and family sphere and entered the hospitals, being experienced by the people who work there. These are health professionals, who now suffer the impact of loss and have to deal with all feelings originating in death. This study aims to get to know the meaning of patients\' death for nursing professionals at the Emergency Surgery Center of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School Hospital das Clínicas, Brazil. The research was developed through the clinical-qualitative method. Research participants were nursing auxiliaries and technicians and nurses from the surgery center under study. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview and organized in four themes: children\'s death, rationalization of death, emotional involvement and support to health professionals. The nursing team demonstrated impaired emotional ability to elaborate the losses experienced in their daily work, mainly when death involves children and young people. There is an established concept that the gratification for their work only exists in cure, seeing death as frustration and professional failure. This charges them with a negative emotional burden and mental suffering, exposes them to the risk of developing the burnout syndrome and makes it impossible for them establish affective bonds in their professional and also personal relationship. The need is evidenced to include subjects on death into the training curricula of these professionals. Institutional support is needed to promote situations that help professionals to elaborate the mourning process, such as the so-called Balint and Reflection Groups.

Têm sido muitas as formas como o homem ocidental encara a morte desde a idade média: evento natural da vida, destino certo do homem, castigo de Deus, glamour exclusivo dos jovens amantes, fracasso da medicina, descarte de mercadoria. Assim como na história do homem, a história do cinema também retratou as diferentes formas do homem encarar a morte. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar, no discurso fílmico, o que dizem os filmes sobre a morte, formas contemporâneas de encarar a morte. O método de pesquisa consistiu na análise dos filmes Mar Adentro (Alejandro Amenabar), O Quarto do Filho (Nanni Moretti) e O Sétimo Selo (Ingmar Bergman), sob dois aspectos: a análise dos elementos fílmicos fotografia, iluminação, câmera, figurino, cenário, maquiagem, roteiro, montagem, personagens; a análise do filme como narrativa, identificando a fábula, os temas e o discurso. As análises fílmicas revelaram um discurso intimista da morte. A morte foi retratada como experiência íntima e singular. De acordo com a literatura tanatológica, a morte como experiência subjetiva é uma das formas atuais de encarar a morte nas sociedades ocidentais. O fenômeno da intimização da morte também se apresenta no discurso fílmico de algumas obras cinematográficas, confirmando uma mentalidade histórico-cultural do homem / There have been many ways of the western man face the death since the middle Ages: natural event of life; inevitable fate; God punishment; exclusive glamour of young lovers; medicine failure, discard material. In the history of cinema as well as in the human history face death is also portrayed in different ways. The purpose of this study was identifying in the film discourse what the films says about this event and the contemporary ways to face it. The method of the research consists in analyze the films; The Sea Inside (Alejandro Amenabar), The Son´s Room (Nanni Moretti), The Seventh Seal (Ingmar Bergman) in two aspects: analysis of the film elements like cinematography, lighting, camera, costumes designer, scenery, makeup, script, editing, characters; and the film analysis like a narrative, identifying the fable, the themes and the discourses. This analyses show an intimate narrative of death which was portrayed like a unique experience. According to the thanatological literature, death as subjective experience is one of the current ways of facing death in Western societies. The phenomenon of death in an intimate perspective also appears in the film discourse of some cinematographic works, confirming a historical-cultural mentality of humanity

This thesis documents mourners’ experiences of funerals in contemporary Britain, and considers the implications of these for an understanding of funerals’ social significance. It represents the first time that experiences of these people, who attend funerals but do not contribute to their planning, have been taken into account in an analysis of funerals in contemporary Britain. The data on which the thesis draws have been generated in collaboration with the Mass-Observation Project, a long-running, large-scale qualitative writing project based at the University of Sussex. Participants in the project are self-identified ‘ordinary people’ who were asked to write in detail about the most recent funeral they had been to, as well as the best and worst they had ever attended. These data were analysed thematically. The thesis argues that the three previously identified ‘authorities’ over death and dying of religion/tradition, professional/expert, and individual/self do not fully account for mourners’ experiences of funerals. By examining the ‘doing’ and ‘displaying’ of family at funerals, the thesis demonstrates that for mourners, the family constitutes a further authority over the funeral. Among other themes, the significance of speakers at the funeral and of mourners’ own authenticity are drawn on to then argue that Davies’ theorisation of funerals as ‘words against death’ needs to take account not only of what is done at funerals but who does it; that funerals are also ‘people and their relationships against death’.

Esta dissertação de mestrado põe em questão o morrer, verbo tão elástico que confunde-se com a própria vida. Partindo do pressuposto que o morrer é um processo que cabe aos vivos e, por isso, é atravessado pelas relações do sujeito com a verdade, o seguinte trabalho pretende analisar, a partir do instante presente, como a sociedade moderna ocidental se organizou para dar conta dos infinitos mistérios que a morte desperta nos indivíduos em paralelo com o projeto de governo do Estado de gestão e controle da população, a partir das práticas biopolíticas e da legitimidade do saber médico que prescreve o que é uma vida, quais são os valores que a determinam e sob que códigos e condutas os seres devem se submeter para serem considerados existentes. Aliado ao filósofo Michel Foucault e Giorgio Agamben, propõe-se um percurso sinuoso da emergência do racismo biológico e do racismo de Estado para refletir sobre os grandes genocídios do século XX, sob a perspectiva de uma Tanatopolítica. Através do recurso do ensaio, este trabalho provocará a pergunta: como escrever sobre algo que não se fala O ensaio, mais do que um método, é um artesania capaz de costurar o tempo e a história em busca do passado de nossas verdades presentes e um convite ao leitor a um livre flanar pelos rastros de um conhecimento subsumido das cátedras acadêmicas, mas que clama por sua palavra e seu sepultamento. Ensaiar é permitir, também, que a ficção, a poesia e a literatura entrem pela porta da frente na obstinação do saber. Se a ciência moderna carece de evidências acerca do morrer e seus processos, o ensaio responde, sem ferir os mistérios do mundo, com mais questões que permitem criar outras realidades, fora das instituídas. Junto com Walter Benjamin, Jorge Larrosa, Peter Pal Pelbart e outros filósofos, a dissertação problematiza a distância entre a pesquisa e a militância, flertando com o saber morrer e apostando no luto enquanto luta, ensaiando outras maneiras de dar sentido a ausência com a inventividade política dos movimentos de ocupação atuais para fazer frente ao projeto biopolítico. / This master's dissertation questions dying: a verb so elastic that it is confused with life itself. Based on the assumption that dying is a process that belongs to the living and is therefore crossed by the subject's relations with the truth, the following work intends to analyze, from the present moment, how modern Western society organized itself to address the infinite mysteries that death awakens in the individuals in parallel with the state governor's project of management and control of the population, from the biopolitical practices and the legitimacy of the medical knowledge that prescribes what a life is, what the values that determine it are and under what codes and behaviors living beings must undergo to be considered existing. Allied with the philosophers Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, it is proposed a sinuous route of the emergence of the biological racism and the racism of State to reflect on the great genocides of century XX, from the perspective of Tanatopolitics. This work will provoke the question in the form of an essay: how do we write about something that is not spoken The essay, more than a method, is a craft capable of sewing time and history in search of the past of our present truths and an invitation to the reader to a free walk through the traces of a subsumed knowledge of academic chairs, but that claims by its word and its burial. Essaying is to allow, also, that fiction, poetry, and literature enter the front door in the obstinacy of knowledge. If modern science lacks evidence about dying and its processes, this essay responds, without hurting the mysteries of the world, with more questions that enable us to create other realities, other than those instituted. Along with Walter Benjamin, Jorge Larrosa, Peter Pal Pelbart, and other philosophers, this dissertation problematizes the distance between research and militancy, flirting with the acceptance of dying, and betting on mourning while fighting, essaying other ways to make sense of absence with the political inventiveness of the current occupation movements facing the biopolitical project.

A morte e o luto na atualidade são grandes tabus, sendo esse assunto evitado e muitas vezes ignorado. Em uma sociedade voltada para o prazer, a dor de vivenciar uma perda pode ser mais difícil de ser elaborada. A adolescência é uma fase da vida caracterizada por intensas mudanças físicas e psíquicas, exigindo do adolescente uma profunda reorganização. A vivência de uma morte real e significativa pode acarretar nele sentimentos mais exacerbados, exatamente por estar passando por esta fase do desenvolvimento cercada de instabilidade. O ambiente escolar, por ser um local de aprendizado e relacionamentos entre os pares, é de grande importância para a socialização desses adolescentes. Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetivou compreender a vivência do adolescente enlutado em consequência da morte de um dos pais e as repercussões desse luto no ambiente escolar. Trata-se de um estudo clínico- qualitativo, que busca a descrição e compreensão dos fenômenos humanos através dos sentidos e significados. Foram realizadas três entrevistas abertas com alunos de escolas públicas de Ribeirão Preto, todas foram audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à analise de conteúdo, de acordo com o métodos clínico- qualitativo. Após a realização das leituras flutuantes e análise do material, observou-se que a morte de um dos pais na adolescência impactou os jovens de diversas maneiras. Acompanhar o declínio da saúde dos pais, o processo da morte e todas as consequências dentro da família foram aspectos definidos como desestruturantes, levando a pedidos a Deus pela recuperação da saúde do pai/mãe enfermo. O momento da notícia do falecimento, as mudanças na rotina e nos hábitos, a reorganização familiar foram apontados como aspectos intensos do processo de luto. As formas encontradas de lidar com a perda estiveram relacionadas a vínculos ressignificados com os familiares, levando os adolescentes a manterem-se nos propósitos prometidos aos falecidos. As repercussões na escola envolveram falta de concentração, assiduidade prejudicada, comportamento agressivo e lembranças do falecido na sala de aula. Em relação aos professores e funcionários da escola, percebe-se que os aspectos práticos, como abonar faltas e rever notas foram evidentes e importantes. Porém, não foi percebido acolhimento emocional dos jovens, sendo este apoio dado muitas vezes pelos colegas de sala. O luto é vivido de maneira singular e única, porém a fase do desenvolvimento e o grau de vinculação indicam que o luto do adolescente por morte de um dos genitores pode ser mais difícil de se elaborar. A escola necessita trabalhar com o aluno de maneira integral, para que os adolescentes enlutados possam sentir-se acolhidos e/ou encaminhados para serviços especializados em casos mais graves. A implementação da \"Educação para a Morte\" pode auxiliar tanto os adolescentes quanto os profissionais da educação para lidar de maneira mais saudável com a morte e o luto / Death and mourning are huge taboos nowadays - issues which are avoided and many times despised. In a society that enhances satisfaction, the pain of experiencing such loss may be harder to figure out. Adolescence is a time in life featured by huge physique and psychological changes, requiring from the teenager a profound reordering of things. Experiencing a real and significant death may lead to more exacerbated feelings in the teenager, just because he or she is going through this phase of development surrounded by instability. This schooling realm is very important for teens\' social interaction: a place where he or she learns and interacts in pairs. This qualitative research aims at understanding the experience of mourning teens due to the death of a parent and its outcomes in the schooling realm. This study is both clinics and qualitative, aiming at the description and apprehension of human phenomena through senses and meanings. Three open interviews with public school students in Ribeirão Preto were accomplished, recorded in audio and written down in full. Data were collected and presented to be analyzed as for their contents, according to methods both clinical and quantitative. After the processes of reading and analyzing the material, it was observed that the passing away of a parent during the period of adolescence caused several different impacts on youths. Seeing the parent\'s health going down, the process of death and all its consequences inside the family were aspects known as \'destructive to the structure\' of the teen, leading to requests to God for the health recovery of the ill parent. The time of death, the changes in habits and routines and the family reorganization were seen as intense aspects of the mourning process. The ways found to deal with such loss were related to a rearranged link in family bonds, leading the adolescents to keep those purposes formerly promised to the deceased one. Facts in the school environment involve lack of concentration, unbalanced presence, aggressive behavior and frequent remembrances of the deceased one in the classroom. As far as the school teachers and staff are concerned, we notice that the practical aspect is to \'forget\' absences and reevaluate the pupil\'s grades; such practices are both evident and important. However, it was not noticed any emotional receptivity towards the youth among the above mentioned groups; such support seems to be granted by the pupil\'s classmates. The mourning is lived out in a unique way; however, the phase of development and the bonding degree show that a teen\'s mourning due to the death of a parent can be harder to work out. It is necessary for the school to deal thoroughly with the pupil, so that the suffering adolescent may be able to feel welcomed and/or addressed to specialized services in more severe cases. The implementation of the \"Education for Death\" can aid both teens and teaching professionals to deal with death and mourning in a healthier way

Bereavement, while universal, is experienced and expressed uniquely; it is both ultimate and particular. As the predominant social expression of grief, funerals are purported to be waning and/or transitioning to emergent, less conventional ceremonial forms. In this research, the possible salutary utility of funerals is outlined, and trends relative to the cost, nature (type), and prevalence of funeral services are examined relative to an extant data set from two funeral homes of shared ownership in northeast Tennessee. This data analysis of specific funeral trends in south central Appalachia is juxtaposed against the broader backdrop of current theoretical, clinical, and socio-cultural understandings of bereavement, grief, and mourning.

Bereavement is an experience that most people will encounter multiple times across their lifetime. Some people who experience grief are going to seek support in this process from a therapist. The NASW Code of Ethics suggests that social workers only practice in fields in which they are competent. This study will look at the self-perceived grief competency of master’s level therapists. Demographic data and a survey designed to measure the competency of a master’s level therapist was utilized to collect data to measure the self-perceived grief competency. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way between groups ANOVA, and correlation analysis. The results of this study were mixed. Overall, there was no significant difference between MSWs, MFT and other therapists in their grief experience. However, among other significant findings, years in the field is associated with higher levels of training and experience. Further research will be needed to better assess for preparedness. However, findings suggest the importance of training social workers to adequately meet the needs of grieving individuals in lieu of years of experience.

James McGeoch's headstone, which can be seen at the Presbyterian Cemetery in Symonds Street, Auckland, carries a simple sentiment in the Scottish dialect that resonates with first generation migrants everywhere: 'It was hard to die frae hame'. This thesis is an investigation into the experiences of death and mourning among nineteenth century Scottish migrants to New Zealand. It considers the ways in which death, and the framework of social conventions through which it is interpreted and dealt with, might provide evidence for the persistence or renegotiation of cultural behaviours among migrant communities. The focus of this study is on the working classes and in particular those who resided in, and emigrated from, Scotland's larger cities and towns. A complex of ideas and customs informed cultural practices regarding death among the working classes. This thesis highlights the multiple challenges that the process of migration posed to these cultural practices. The ongoing renegotiation of such ideas and customs were important components in the formulation of cultural and religious identities in New Zealand. This thesis is simultaneously an investigation of deathways, a migration study, a consideration of the working class experience, and a tentative venture into the history of emotion. Using a diverse range of sources, including New Zealand coroners' reports, gravestone inscriptions, and personal autobiographical accounts as written in journals, diaries and letters, this study highlights the complexity and variety of migrants' experiences of death and attempts to uncover the multiple meanings of these experiences.